15.5 Mutlaq (ya Kukubalika Bila Masharti) na Muqayyad (ya Kuwekewa Masharti)
15.5 Mutlaq (absolute) And Muqayyad (qualified)
Dhana hii ni sawa na dhana mbili zilizounganishwa za ‘aamm na khaass. Tofauti kubwa ni kwamba neno ambalo ni ‘aamm hujumuisha kila mwanachama wa kundi linalolitaja, ilhali neno la mutlaq kwa kawaida hutumika kwa yeyote mmoja kati ya wengi, lakini si kwa wote.93 Kwa mfano, nikimwambia mtumishi, “Mpe dola kumi kila mhitimu wa shule ya upili anayekuja nyumbani,” usemi huu ni ‘aamm.
This pair of concepts is similar to the paired concepts, ‘aamm and khaass. A major difference is that the word which is ‘aamm encompasses every member of the category it names, whereas the mutlaq word usually applies to any one of a multitude, but not to all.93 For instance, if I say to a servant, “Give ten dollars to every high school graduate who comes to the house,” this expression is ‘aamm.
Mtumishi hatakuwa ametii amri yangu isipokuwa atatoa dola kumi kwa kila mtu anayekidhi sifa hizo. Kwa upande mwingine, ikiwa ningemwambia, "Toa dola kumi kwa mskini (miskeen)," 94 usemi huu ni mutlaq. Atakuwa ametekeleza amri ikiwa atampa mtu mmoja tu ambaye ni maskini.