7.3 Enzi ya ‘Uthmaan 644-656 CE/23-35 AH - Usūl At-tafsīr | Quran Course

7.3 Enzi ya ‘Uthmaan 644-656 CE/23-35 AH - Usūl At-tafsīr | Quran Course

Katika mikoa ya Waislamu, baadhi ya Waarabu walianza kujivunia kwamba lahaja yao ilikuwa bora kuliko za wengine. Pia, wakati Waislamu wapya walipofanya makosa katika usomaji wao wa Qur'aan, wakati mwingine ilikuwa vigumu kutambua kama ilikuwa kweli kosa au kama ilikuwa mojawapo ya zile visomo saba ambavyo Mtume ﷺ alikuwa amefundisha. Matatizo haya hatimaye yalikuwa chanzo cha mkanganyiko katika mikoa ya Waislamu nje ya Arabia. Mmoja wa Maswahaba aliyeitwa Huthayfah bin al-Yamaan aliona mkanganyiko huo alipokuwa 'Iraaq, na aliogopa kwamba unaweza kusababisha kuvunjika kwa umma wa Kiislamu na kubadilishwa kwa Qur'aan. Aliporudi mji mkuu, alimjulisha Khalifa 'Uthmaan kile alichokuwa amesikia na kuona. Khalifa 'Uthmaan alitambua uzito wa hali hiyo na akawaita pamoja Maswahaba wakuu ili kutafuta suluhisho la tatizo hilo.

In the Muslim provinces, some Arabs began to boast that their dialect was superior to that of the others. Also, when new Muslims made mistakes in their recitation of the Qur’aan, it was sometimes difficult to tell whether it was really an error or whether it was one of the seven reading which had been taught by the Prophet (r). These problems eventually became a source of confusion in the Muslim provinces outside of Arabia. One of the sahaabah by the name of Huthayfah ibn al-Yamaan noticed the confusion while he was in ‘Iraaq, and feared that it might lead to a breakup of the Muslim nation and the changing of the Qur’aan. On his return to the capital, he informed Caliph ‘Uthmaan of what he had heard and seen. Caliph ‘Uthmaan realized the seriousness of the situation and called the major sahaabah together in order to find a solution to the problem.

Waliamua kutengeneza nakala rasmi za Qur’ani kutoka ile iliyokusanywa wakati wa Khalifa Abu Bakr, na kuwazuia watu kuisoma nyingine. ‘Uthmaan alimwomba Hafsah nakala asili ya Qur’ani, kisha akamwita Zayd ibn Thaabit kuwa kiongozi wa kamati ya wasomi wanne wa Qur’ani, ambao wangeshughulikia kazi ya kutengeneza nakala rasmi.82

They decided to make official copies of the Qur’aan from the one compiled in Caliph Aboo Bakr’s time and limit the people to its recitation. ‘Uthmaan asked Hafsah for the original copy of the Qur’aan and called on Zayd ibn Thaabit to head a committee of four Qur’aanic scholars who would take on the task of making the official copies.82

Mbinu zile zile za uchambuzi zilizotumiwa na wanazuoni wa Biblia kwenye hati za Biblia, ambazo zilifichua kasoro na mabadiliko mengi ndani yake, zimetumiwa pia kwenye hati za Qur-aan zilizokusanywa kutoka kote duniani. Hati za kale kutoka vipindi vyote vya historia ya Kiislamu zilizopatikana katika Maktaba ya Congress huko Washington, Jumba la Makumbusho la Chester Beatty huko Dublin, Ireland, na katika Jumba la Makumbusho la London, zimelinganishwa na zile zilizopo katika majumba ya makumbusho ya Tashkent, Uturuki na Misri. Matokeo ya tafiti zote hizo yanathibitisha kwamba hakujakuwa na mabadiliko yoyote katika maandishi ya Qur-aan tangu yalipoandikwa awali. Kwa mfano, "Institute fur Koranforschung" ya Chuo Kikuu cha Munich, Ujerumani, ilikusanya na kulinganisha zaidi ya nakala 42,000 kamili au pungufu za Qur-aan. Baada ya takriban miaka hamsini ya utafiti, waliripoti kwamba kwa upande wa tofauti kati ya nakala mbalimbali, hakukuwa na tofauti za maana, isipokuwa makosa ya mara kwa mara ya wanakili, ambayo yangeweza kubainika kwa urahisi. Taasisi hiyo iliharibiwa na mabomu ya Marekani wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia.91

The same principles of analysis that were applied to Bible manuscripts by Bible scholars, and which exposed its many flaws and changes, have been applied to Qur’aanic manuscripts gathered from around the world. Ancient manu-scripts from all periods of Islaamic history found in the Library of Congress in Washington, the Chester Beatty Museum in Dublin, Ireland and at the London Museum have been compared with those in museums in Tashkent, Turkey and Egypt. The result of all such studies confirm that there has not been any change in the text from its original writing. For example, the “Institute fur Koranforschung” of the University of Munich, Germany, collected and collated over 42,000 complete or incomplete copies of the Qur’aan. After some fifty years of study, they reported that in terms of differences between the various copies, there were no variants, except occasional mistakes of copyists, which could easily be ascertained. The institute was destroyed by American bombs during the Second World War.91