Har bir er yoki bino mulki, unga barcha musulmonlarning huquqi bog'langan bo'lib, jamoat mulkiga kirmaydigan narsa davlat mulkidir. Davlat mulki xususiy egalik qilinishi mumkin bo'lgan mulklardan iborat bo'ladi, masalan, yer, binolar va ko'char mol-mulk. Lekin unga barcha musulmonlarning huquqi bog'langanligi sababli, uni boshqarish va ishlatish Xalifaga topshiriladi, chunki u barcha musulmonlarning huquqi bog'langan narsalarni tasarruf etishga qonuniy vakolatli shaxsdir. Bu mulklar jamoat mulki emas, chunki Xalifaga ularning asli (Asl) va foydasini shaxslarga egalik qilib berish joiz, jamoat mulkining asli esa, shaxs yoki guruh bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, hech kimga egalik qilib berish unga joiz emas. Shuning uchun bu mulklar davlat mulkiga aylanadi, chunki davlatning ularni tasarruf etish vakolati bor va egalik ma'nosi aynan shudir.

Each asset of land or building to which is attached a right for all the Muslims, and which does not belong to the public property, is a State property. The State property consists of assets which can be owned privately, like land, buildings and movable property. But since a right for all the Muslims is attached to it, taking charge of it and running it are entrusted to the Khalifah because he is the legitimate person responsible for the disposal of everything to which is attached a right for all the Muslims. These assets are not of the public property, as it is permitted for the Khalifah to grant the ownership of their origins (Asl) and their benefit to individuals, whereas it is not permitted for him to grant the ownership to anyone, whether an individual or group, the origin of public property. Therefore, these assets become State property, for the State has the authority to dispose of them, and this is the meaning of ownership.

Davlat jamoat mulkini va davlat mulkini boshqarishni o'z zimmasiga olsa-da, ikki mulk o'rtasida farq bor. Neft, gaz, qayta tiklanadigan ma'danlar, dengizlar, daryolar, buloqlar, ochiq maydonlar, o'rmonlar, yaylovlar va masjidlar kabi jamoat mulkiga kiruvchi barcha narsalarning mulkini Xalifaga biror kishiga yoki guruhga berish joiz emas, chunki ular barcha musulmonlarning mulkidir. Xalifa o'ziga xos boshqaruv turi orqali barcha xalqqa bu mulklardan foydalanish imkonini berishi kerak, musulmonlarning ishlariga qarashda va ularning manfaatlarini ro'yobga chiqarishda o'z ijtihodiga muvofiq.

Though the State takes charge of managing the public property and state property, there is a distinction between the two properties. All that is part of the public property such as petroleum, gas, replenishable minerals, seas, rivers, springs, open squares, forests, pastures and mosques, is not permitted for the Khalifah to grant its ownership to anyone, whether an individual or group, as they are property for all Muslims. The Khalifah has to enable all the people, through a specific type of management, to benefit from these properties according to his own Ijtihad in looking after the affairs and discharging the interests of the Muslims.

Davlat mulkiga kiruvchi yer va binolarga kelsak, ularning mulkini shaxslarga berish, uning asli va foydasini yoki asl mulkini bermasdan faqat foydasini berish, yoki uni obod qilish va egallashga ruxsat berish Xalifaning vazifasidir. U bularning barchasini o'zi musulmonlar uchun to'g'ri va foydali deb bilganicha tasarruf etadi.

As for what is part of state property of land and buildings, it is for the Khalifah to grant ownership of it to individuals, whether its origin and its benefit or its benefit without granting ownership of its origin, or to allow its cultivation and possession. He disposes of all this, according to what he views as proper and good for the Muslims.

1. Cho‘llar, tog‘lar, dengiz sohillari (plyajlar) va hech kimning mulkida bo‘lmagan, ekilmagan (o‘lik) yerlar.

1. Deserts, mountains, sea coasts (beaches) and uncultivated (dead) land not owned by individuals.

Har bir cho‘l va har bir tog‘, tepalik, vodiy, sohil yoki o‘zlashtirilmagan yer — uzoq vaqtdan beri o‘lik bo‘lib, ilgari hech qachon o‘zlashtirilmagan bo‘lsin yoki ilgari o‘zlashtirilgan bo‘lsin, egalari yo‘qolgani uchun o‘lik yerga aylangan bo‘lsin — ularning barchasi o‘lik (obod emas) hisoblanadi va Davlatga tegishli bo‘ladi. Xalifa ularni o‘z fikri va ijtihodiga ko‘ra, musulmonlarning manfaatiga qanday mos ko‘rsa, shunday tasarruf etadi. Ularning bir qismini ajratib berish yoki yerni obod qilish yoki xususiy mulk sifatida o‘ralgan holda qo‘riqlashga (tahjeer) ruxsat berish uning ixtiyorida. Bilol ibn al-Horis al-Muzaniydan rivoyat qilinadi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ unga butun Al-Aqiqni ajratib berdilar.” Boshqa rivoyatda: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Bilol ibn al-Horis al-Muzaniyga dengiz bilan toshlar orasidagi yerni ajratib berdilar.” Amr ibn Shu‘aybdan, u otasidan rivoyat qilib aytdi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Muzayna yoki Juhayna qabilasidan bo‘lgan odamlarga (yer) ajratib berdilar.” Adiy ibn Hotimdan rivoyat qilinadi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Furot ibn Hayyon al-Ajliyga Al-Yamomadagi bir yerni ajratib berdilar.” Abyadh ibn Hammal al-Mazinidan rivoyat qilinadi: “U Allohning Elchisi ﷺ huzuriga elchi bo‘lib yuborilgan va undan tuzli konni unga ajratib berishni so‘ragan, Elchi ﷺ uni unga ajratib bergan. U qaytib ketayotganda majlisdagi bir kishi dedi: ‘Unga nimani ajratib berganingizni bilasizmi? Unga ulkan miqdordagi tuzni, ya’ni (ma’dan) suvini ajratib berdingiz.’ Shunda Elchi ﷺ uni undan qaytarib oldilar.” Amr ibn Dinordan rivoyat qilinadi, u dedi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Madinaga kelganlarida Abu Bakrga yer ajratib berdilar, Umarga ham ajratib berdilar. Elchi ﷺ Az-Zubayr ibn al-Avvomga keng yer ajratib berdilar. Shuningdek, unga An-Naqi’dagi o‘zlashtirilmagan yerdan otini poygada yugurtirishga yetarli joy ajratib berdilar va daraxtli hamda xurmo daraxtli yer ham ajratib berdilar.” Bu hadislar Payg'ambar (saw) Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Az-Zubayr, Bilol al-Muzaniy, Abyad b. Hammal, Furrat b. Hayyon, Muzayna va Juhayna xalqlari hamda boshqalarga (yer) ajratib berganini aniq ko'rsatadi, ular esa, cho'llar, tog'lar, vodiylar va hech kimning mulki bo'lmagan obodlanmagan yerlar Davlat mulki ekanini va ularni Xalifa musulmonlar manfaatiga ko'ra o'zi ma'qul ko'rgan tarzda tasarruf etishi lozimligini bildiradi. Payg'ambar (saw)ning bu yerlarni tasarruf etishi va ularni shunday kishilarga ajratib berishi, ularning meros yoki fath orqali unga shaxsiy mulk bo'lmaganini hisobga olganda, ular Davlat mulki ekanini aniq ko'rsatadi. Agar ular Davlat mulki bo'lmaganida, u ularga egalik qilmagan bo'lar edi va ularni ajratib bermagan bo'lar edi, chunki u ularning birortasiga shaxsiy (yoki xususiy) mulkdor sifatida egalik qilmas edi.

Bu Kufa bilan Basra orasidagi, Dijla va Al-Furot suvi ikki daryo o‘zanini o‘rab turgan to‘siqlarning ba’zilarini buzib, suv buzilgan joylardan otilib chiqib, yerlarni suv bosadigan past joylardir. Bu yerlar suv bosganligi sababli ekishga yaroqsiz bo‘lib qoladi, garchi ilgari bog‘lar, ekinzorlar va uylar bo‘lgan bo‘lsa ham. Bu botqoqliklar (al-Bato‘ih) Qobat ibn Firuz davrida paydo bo‘lgan, keyinchalik musulmonlar bilan forslar o‘rtasidagi urushlar tufayli ularga e’tibor berilmay, parvo qilinmagani sababli ko‘payib, kengayib ketgan. Shunday qilib, ularning maydoni 30 farsax ko‘paytirilgan 30 farsax, ya’ni 27 225 kvadrat kilometrga teng bo‘lgan. Farsax taxminan 5,5 kilometrga teng. Suv bosib, ekish uchun yaroqsiz bo‘lib qolgan bu yerlar, ilgari binolar va o‘simliklar bilan band bo‘lgan bo‘lsa ham, egasiz (o‘lik) yer hukmida bo‘ladi. Shunday ekan, ular hech kimning mulki bo‘lmagan holda Bayt al-Mol va davlat mulki hisoblanadi. Bu daryo botqoqliklariga zich o‘rmonlar, o‘rmonzorlar va balchiqliklar ham bog‘liqdir, chunki ular ularga o‘xshash bo‘lib, ularning hukmini oladi.

These are the low lands over which water overflows such as the riverplains present between Kufa and Basra over which flows the water of Dijla and al-Epherate after it breaks some of the fences that surround the watercourse of the two rivers and make the water gush from the places of breaching and cause the lands to overflow thus making them unsuitable for cultivation even though they were gardens, farms and houses. These riverplains (al-Bata’ih) resulted at the time of Qabath ibn Firoz, and they increased afterward and spread due to the negligence and ignoring of them because of the wars between the Muslims and Persians. Thus their area reached 30 Farsakh times 30 Farsakh i.e. what is equivalent to 27,225 square kilometres as a Farsakh is approximately equal to 5.5 kilometres. These lands which the water overflows and become unsuitable for planting due to the overflow of water take the rule of uncultivated (dead) land even if they happened to be inhabited with buildings and plants before. Thus they become property of Bait ul-Mal and property of the State as long as they are not owned by anybody. Linked with these river-plains are the thick forests, jungles and swamps as they are similar to them and take their rule.

Bu barcha yerlar bo‘lib, Xalifa ularni egasi bo‘lmagan, ya’ni aholisi uni tark etgan yoki bosib olingan davlatga, uning hukmdorlari va rahbarlariga tegishli bo‘lgan, urushda o‘ldirilgan yoki jangdan qochib, uni tashlab ketgan kishilarga tegishli bo‘lgan bosib olingan yerlardan Bayt al-mol (davlat xazinasi)ga qo‘shishni qaror qiladi.

These are all lands which the Khalifah decides to add to Bait ul-Mal from the conquered lands which remain without an owner after its people evacuated it or was owned by the conquered State, its rulers and leaders or those who were killed in the war or fled from the battle and abandoned it.

Birinchi bo‘lib ghanimat molining bu ulushini ajratib, uni faqat Bayt ul-Mol uchun belgilagan kishi ‘Umar ibn al-Xattob bo‘lgan. Abu Yusuf aytdi: Abdulloh ibn Abu Xurraning quli Abdulloh ibn al-Validning rivoyat qilishicha, u dedi: “‘Umar ibn al-Xattob Iroq xalqidan o‘n tur mulkni ajratib oldi: urushda o‘ldirilganning yerlarini, qochib ketganning yerlarini, Xusrav (fors shohi Kisro)ga tegishli barcha yerlarni, uning oilasining har bir a’zosiga tegishli barcha yerlarni, barcha suv bo‘yidagi qamishzorlarni, har bir monastir pochta punktini. Va u dedi: Fors shohlariga tegishli qolgan to‘rt mulkni unutib qo‘ydim”, dedi u. Va dedi: “‘Umar musodara qilgan narsaning xirojі yetti million dirhamga teng bo‘ldi.”

The first to segregate this share of the booty, and make it purely for Bait ul-Mal, was ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab. Abu Yusuf said: Abdullah b. Al-Walid, the slave of Abdullah ibn Abi Hurra, narrated to me and said: “‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab segregated from the people of Iraq ten types (of property): The lands of the one killed in the war, the one who fled, all lands belonging to Khosrau (the Persian king (Kisra)), all lands belonging to anyone of his family, all thickets of water, and every monastic post office, and he said: I forgot four remaining properties belonging to the Persian kings’, he said: ‘And the Kharaj of what ‘Umar sequestered amounted to seven million Dirhams.’.

Shuning uchun Xilofat davlati yerlarni zabt etganda, xalifa zabt etilgan davlatga, uning hukmdorlari yoki rahbarlariga, urush maydonida o'ldirilganlarga yoki urush paytida yerini tashlab qochgan kishilarga tegishli bo'lgan barcha binolar va yerlarni Bayt ul-mol, ya'ni davlat mulki hisobiga qo'shishi kerak. Xalifa buni o'zi munosib ko'rgan va Islom hamda musulmonlar manfaatiga mos tarzda tasarruf etadi.

Therefore, when the Khilafah state conquers lands the Khalifah has to add to the property of Bait ul-Mal, i.e. State property, all buildings and lands which were owned by the conquered state, or its rulers or leaders, or those killed in the fields of war or those who fled from the war leaving their land behind. The Khalifah will dispose of it as he sees fit and of interest to Islam and Muslims.

Bular davlat tomonidan zabt etilgan yerlarda, fath qilingan mamlakatda, bosib olingan davlatning idoralari va bo'limlariga, uning muassasalari, kommunal xizmatlari, universitetlari va maktablari, kasalxonalari, muzeylari, kompaniyalari va zavodlariga tegishli deb belgilangan saroylar, binolar va tomli uylardir. Shuningdek, bular davlatga, uning hokimlariga, rahbarlariga yoki urushdan yoxud jang maydonidan qochganlarga, yoki musulmonlardan qo'rqib, ularni tashlab qochgan kishilarga tegishli mulklardir. Bu saroylar, binolar va tomli uylarning barchasi musulmonlar uchun o'ljа va ganimat bo'ladi, ular Bayt ul-mol hisobiga o'tadi va davlat mulki hisoblanadi.

These are the palaces, buildings or roofed houses seized by the State in the land it conquered and which were designated to the offices and departments of the conquered state, or to its institutions, utilities, universities and schools, hospitals, museums, companies and factories. They were also properties owned by the State, its rulers, leaders or those who fled the war or the battlefield, or those who were frightened of the Muslims and fled leaving them behind. All these palaces, buildings and roofed houses become booty and spoils to the Muslims, and they are due to the Bait ul-Mal and owned by the State.

Xuddi shunday, Davlat tomonidan qurilgan yoki Bayt ul-Mol mablag'lari hisobiga sotib olingan har qanday bino yoki tomi yopiq uy Davlatga tegishli bo'lib, u Davlatning idoralari yoki uning muassasalari, bo'limlari, kommunal xizmatlari, universitetlari va maktablari, kasalxonalari yoki o'zi nazorat qiladigan har qanday xizmat uchun belgilanadi. Davlat, shuningdek, unga berilgan, sovg'a qilingan yoki vasiyat qilingan, yoki merosxo'ri bo'lmagan kishilardan yoki merosxo'ri bo'lmagan holda, yoki dinidan qaytgan va dinidan qaytganligi sababli vafot etgan yoki o'ldirilgan kishidan meros qolgan har qanday bino yoki tomi yopiq uylarga ham egalik qiladi.

Similarly every building or roofed house built by the State or purchased by funds from Bait ul-Mal is owned by the State and is designated for the offices of the State or its institutions, departments, utilities, universities and schools, hospitals or any utility which it supervises. The State also owns every building or roofed houses awarded, donated or bequeathed to her, or inherited from those who have no inheritor or from the apostate who has died or been killed due to his apostasy.

Shariat Xalifaga musulmonlarning ishlarini yuritish, ularning manfaatlarini ta’minlash va ularning ehtiyojlarini yaxshilik va foydali bo‘lgan narsalar bilan qondirishni, o‘zining ijtihodi asosida, topshirgan. U davlat mulkidan imkoni boricha foydalanishi kerak, shunda Bayt ul-Molning daromadlari oshadi, barcha musulmonlar manfaat ko‘radi va davlat mulki e’tiborsiz qolib, undan olinadigan foyda isrof bo‘lmaydi hamda daromadlari to‘xtab qolmaydi.

Shari’ah has entrusted to the Khalifah the taking care of the affairs of Muslims, discharging their interests and fulfilling their needs with what is of good and benefit, according to his own Ijtihad. He has to utilise the State properties to the best of his ability, so as to increase the revenues of Bait ul- Mal, to benefit all Muslims, and to prevent the State properties from being neglected, their benefits wasted and their revenues stopped.

Allohning Elchisi ﷺ va undan keyingi xalifalar bu mulklardan Islom va musulmonlar uchun foydali deb bilgan narsalariga ko‘ra foydalanardilar.

The Messenger of Allah (saw) , and the Khulafa’a after him, all used to utilise these properties according to what they saw as beneficial to Islam and Muslims.

Davlat mulklarini sarflash davlatning savdogar, ishlab chiqaruvchi yoki tadbirkor bo‘lib qolishi, ya’ni savdogar, ishlab chiqaruvchi yoki tadbirkor kabi harakat qilishi degani emas. Davlat vasiy (homiy)dir, shuning uchun uning davlat mulklaridan foydalanishida xalq ishlariga g‘amxo‘rlik qilish, ularning manfaatlarini ro‘yobga chiqarish va ehtiyojlarini ta’minlash ko‘zga tashlanishi kerak. Shunday ekan, uning asosiy vazifasi tamoyil jihatdan vasiylik bo‘lib, mol-mulk orttirish emas.

Investing the State properties does not mean that the State becomes a merchant, a producer or a businessman, such that it behaves as a merchant, manufacturer or businessman. The State is a guardian, therefore there should appear in its utilisation of the State properties, the taking care of the affairs of the people, discharging their interests and providing for their needs. So its job in principle is guardianship and not one of acquisition.

Davlat mulklaridan quyidagilar kabi bir qator usullarda foydalanish mumkin: -.

The State properties can be used in a number of ways including: -.

1. Sotish yoki ijaraga berish: Davlat mulki bo‘lgan va jamoat manfaati uning mulkini yoki undan foydalanish huquqini xalqqa berishni talab qiladigan har qanday yer yoki binolarni, manfaatga erishish nuqtai nazaridan o‘z ko‘rishiga ko‘ra, ularga sotishi yoki ijaraga berishi mumkin. Bu shaharning ichidagi yer bo‘lsinmi, bozorlar yoki uylar qurish uchun, yoki shahar tashqarisida yoki unga yaqin joyda omborxonalar yoki mollar, qo‘ylar, chorva hayvonlari yoki uy parrandalari uchun qo‘ralar qurish uchun, yoki dengiz yoki daryo qirg‘oqlarida zavodlar yoki iqtisodiy inshootlar qurish uchun, yoki dehqonchilik va o‘rmonzorlashtirish uchun ekin ekiladigan qishloq xo‘jaligi yeri bo‘lsinmi. Qishloq xo‘jaligi yeri bundan istisno bo‘lib, u faqat sotiladi, ijaraga berilmaydi.

Marafiq (kommunal xizmatlar) — bu foyda olinadigan mulklar, masalan, uy, yer va davlatga tegishli mulklardir. Bu so'z "Rafiqe Bihi" iborasidan olingan bo'lib, u "unga yordam berdi va foyda keltirdi" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Jamoat kommunal xizmatlari — davlat tomonidan barcha fuqarolar manfaati uchun yaratilgan mulklar va xizmatlar bo'lib, ularga quyidagilar kiradi:

Utilities (Marafiq) are the assets from which benefit is derived, such as those of a house, land and government. This is derived from the word Rafiqe Bihi which means ‘helped him and benefited him’. The public utilities are the assets and services established by the State for the benefit of all citizens, and they include:

1. Aloqa xizmatlari, masalan, xatlar, telefon, telegramma, teleks, televideniye va sun'iy yo'ldosh aloqasi va boshqalar.

1. Communications Services such as for letters, telephones, telegrams, telex, television and satellite communications etc.

2. Pul almashtirish xizmatlari: pul o‘tkazish, omonat qo‘yish, valyutani almashtirish, oltin va kumush tangalar zarb qilish yoki ularni quyma (slitka)ga aylantirish. Davlat banki bu xizmatlarni, shuningdek, ruxsat etilgan, ribosiz (foizsiz) xizmatlarni amalga oshirish uchun mas’ul bo‘ladi.

2. Money-exchange Services for transferring, depositing, changing currency, minting gold and silver currency or transforming it into ingots. The State bank will take charge of these services and those non-usurious services allowed to be executed.

3. Jamoat transport xizmatlari, masalan, jamoat yo‘llaridan tashqaridagi poyezdlar, jamoat yo‘llaridagi temir yo‘llar esa jamoat yo‘llarining qoidasiga ko‘ra jamoat mulki hisoblanadi; bu qoida samolyotlar va dengiz transportiga ham tegishlidir.

3. Public Transport Services, such as trains in other than the public roads, as railroads in public roads are public property following the rule of public roads, which also applies to planes and means of sea transport.

Bu vositalar shaxsiy mulk bo‘lib, shaxslarning ularga egalik qilishi ruxsat etilgan. Shu bilan birga, agar davlat musulmonlarga yordam berish va ularning transportini osonlashtirish uchun foydali deb ko‘rsa, davlatning bunday vositalarga, masalan, samolyot, poyezd va paroxodlarga egalik qilishi ruxsat etiladi.

These means are of individual property which are permitted for individuals to own. At the same time, it is allowed for the State to own these means, such as planes, trains and steamships, if it sees it fit for Muslims to help them and to facilitate their transport.