Ekinlar va mevalarning zakoti Kitob va Sunnat bilan farz qilingan. Kitobga kelsak, Allohning (SWT) quyidagi so'zi bor:

The Zakat of crops and fruits is obliged by the Book and the Sunnah. As for the Book, there is the saying of the Allah (swt) :

"Va uning haqqini hosil yig'ilgan kuni bering" [Al-An'om: 141]. Sunnatga kelsak, Payg'ambar ﷺ shunday degan: "Besh avsoqdan kam miqdordagi narsada sadaqa yo'q" (muttafaqun alayh). Avsoq — "vasq" so'zining ko'plik shakli bo'lib, u 60 sa'ga teng o'lchov birligidir, sa' esa 2,176 kg. Shuningdek, Ibn Umar Payg'ambar ﷺ dan rivoyat qiladi: "Osmon suvi, daryo yoki 'Atariyya' (yomg'ir bilan sug'oriladigan daraxt yoki o'simliklar) bilan sug'oriladigan yerdan 'ushr' (o'ndan bir) olinadi. Daryolardan yoki quduqlardan chelak bilan sug'oriladigan yerdan esa yarim 'ushr' olinadi" (Buxoriy rivoyat qilgan).

“And give its right the day of its harvesting” [Al-Anam: 141] As for the Sunnah, there is the saying of the Prophet (saw) : “There is no Sadaqah on anything less than five (Awsuq)” (agreed upon). Awsuq is plural of Wasq which is a measure of 60 sa’a and the Sa’a is 2.176 kg. Also ibn ‘Umar narrated from the Prophet (saw) who said: “There is tithe (‘Ushr) on land which receives its water from the sky, a river or was ‘Athariyya (trees or plants watered by rain). There is half-tithe on land which was irrigated by a bucket from rivers or wells” (collected by Bukhari).

Zakat farz qilinadi bugʻdoy, arpa, xurmo va kishmish mahsulotlaridan. Bu Muso ibn Talhaning ‘Umardan rivoyat qilgan hadisiga asoslanadi, u aytdi: «Darhaqiqat, Payg‘ambar ﷺ faqat shu to‘rt narsadan sunnat zakotini farz qilgan: bug‘doy, arpa, xurmo va kishmish.» Muso ibn Talha yana aytdi: «Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Muoz ibn Jabalni Yamanga yuborganida, unga bug‘doy, arpa, xurmo va uzumdan sadaqa olishni buyurgan.» Bu hadislar shuni aniqlab beradiki, ekinlar va mevalardan olinadigan zakot faqat shu to‘rt turdan, ya’ni bug‘doy, arpa, xurmo va kishmishdan olinadi. Boshqa turdagi ekin va mevalardan olinmaydi. Buning sababi shuki, birinchi hadis «Innama» so‘zi bilan boshlanadi, bu esa cheklashni bildiradi. Zakotni shu to‘rt tur bilan cheklashni yana mustahkamlaydigan narsa Hakim, Bayhaqiy va Tabaroniy rivoyat qilgan Abu Muso va Muoz hadisidir. Payg‘ambar ﷺ ikkovini Yamanga odamlarga dinning masalalarini o‘rgatish uchun yuborganida, u zot shunday degan: «Bu to‘rt narsadan boshqasidan sadaqa olmanglar: arpa, bug‘doy, kishmish va xurmo.» Bayhaqiy bu hadis haqida aytgan: «Uning rivoyat qiluvchilari ishonchli va sanadi uzluksizdir.» Bu hadis ekin va mevalardan zakot olishni aynan shu to‘rt tur bilan cheklashni ochiq bayon qiladi, chunki inkor yoki taqiq ismidan keyin kelgan «illa» (faqat, bundan tashqari) so‘zi undan oldingi narsani undan keyin kelgan narsa bilan cheklashni bildiradi, ya’ni sadaqa olishni keyin zikr qilingan to‘rt tur bilan cheklaydi. Bular arpa, bug‘doy, kishmish va xurmodir.

Zakat is obliged upon wheat, barley, dates and raisins due to what Musa b. Talha narrated from ‘Umar who said: “Verily the Prophet (saw) only decreed the sunnah Zakat in these four: wheat, barley, dates and raisins.” Musa b. Talha also said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) also commanded Muaz b. Jabal-when he sent him to Yemen-that he should take Sadaqah from wheat, barley, dates and grapes.” These Ahadith clarify that the Zakat in crops and fruits is only taken from these four types, namely wheat, barley, dates and raisins. It is not taken from other types of crops and fruits. This is because the first Hadith begins with the word “Innama” which indicates restriction. What also emphasises the limiting of Zakat in these four types is what was collected by Al-Hakim, Al-Bayhaqi and At-Tabarani from the Hadith of Abu Musa and Muaz when the Prophet (saw) sent them to Yemen to teach people the matters of their deen; so he said: “Don’t take Sadaqah except from these four: Barley, wheat, raisins and dates.” Al-Bayhaqi said of this Hadith: Its narrators are trustworthy and it has a continuous transmission. This Hadith is explicit in limiting the taking of Zakat in crops and fruits in these four types, because the word “Illa” (except) if preceded by the article of negation or prohibition would mean restricting what is before it to what is after it i.e. restricting the taking of Sadaqah to the four types mentioned after it. These are barley, wheat, raisins and dates.

Agar yer tomonidan yetishtirilgan don va mevalar besh avsuqga yetsa, donning zakoti hosil yig'ilib, maydalanib, tozalangandan keyin olinadi. Mevalarda esa ular quritilgandan keyin olinadi, ya'ni taze xurmo (rutab) xurmoga, uzum esa kishmishga aylangandan keyin. Bunda yil o'tishi shart emas, balki hosilni yig'ish, tozalash va quritish shartdir, chunki Alloh subhanahu va taolo shunday deydi:

If the grains and fruits produced by the land reach five Awsuq, the Zakat on grains is taken after it is harvested, ground and cleaned. While in fruits it is taken after they dry such that the fresh dates (Rutab) become dates and grapes become raisins. The passing of a year is not a condition, instead it is the harvesting, cleaning and drying due to the saying of Allah (swt) ta’ala:

"Va hosil yig'ilgan kuni uning haqqini bering" [Al-Anam: 141]

“And give its right the day of its harvesting” [Al-Anam: 141]

Sunnat shuni ko'rsatadiki, zakot yangi xurmo va uzum quriganda, ya'ni xurmoga va kishmishga aylanganda, hamda donlar o'rib olinib, maydalanib va tozalangandan keyin olinadi.

Also the Sunnah indicated that Zakat is taken after fresh dates and grapes dry such that they change into dates and raisins and after grains are harvested, ground and cleaned.

Davlat zimmasiga mevalarning pishganligi ayon bo'lgach, odamlarning xurmo daraxtlari (an-Nakhl) va uzumlaridan olinadigan hosilni taxmin qilish uchun baholovchilar (Khurraas) yuborish vojibdir. Bu Attab ibn Usayd rivoyat qilgan hadisga asoslanadi: "Nabiy ﷺ odamlarning uzum va mevalarini baholash uchun kishilarni yuborar edilar" (Abu Dovud, Ibn Moja va At-Termiziy rivoyat qilgan). Boshqacha so'zlar bilan Attab shunday degan: "Nabiy ﷺ uzumni xuddi xurmo daraxtlari kabi baholashni va xurmo zakoti xurmo sifatida olinganidek, uzum zakotini quruq uzum (kishmish) sifatida olishni buyurdilar. Nabiy ﷺ shunday qilar edilar, va Vodiy al-Qurrода yashovchi bir ayolning bog'ini baholadilar" (Imom Ahmad o'zining "Musnad" kitobida rivoyat qilgan). Abu Bakr ham shunga amal qildi, undan keyin xalifalar ham shunday qildilar.

It is obligatory upon the State to send evaluators (Khurraas) to estimate thr fruits that people have from their palm trees (an-Nakhl) and grapes after their ripeness becomes apparent. This is due to what Attab b. Usayd narrated: “The Prophet (saw) used to send persons to the people to evaluate their grapes and fruits” (narrated by Abu Dawud, ibn Majah and At-Tirmizi). Using different wording, Attab said: “The Prophet (saw) commanded that grapes be estimated just like palm trees and its Zakat taken as raisins just like the Zakat of palm trees is taken as dates. The Prophet (saw) used to do that, so he estimated a garden of a woman living in Wadi Al-Qura.” (narrated by Imam Ahmad in his Musnad). Abu Bakr acted according to this as did the Khulafa’a after him.

Estimators should leave a third or a fourth of their estimation as a concession to fruit owners, since they need it for eating and feeding their guests, neighbours, families, friends, passers-by, those who ask them, and for the food of birds that feed upon them. Sahl b. Abu Huthma narrated that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to say: “When you estimate, take and leave behind a third. If not a third, then leave behind a fourth” (narrated by Abu Dawud, At-Tirmizi and An-Nisai). Makhul said: “When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent evaluators he would say: ‘Be lenient, for there are fruits that are lost due to bad weather, fruits that fall down and those that are used by the eaters.’” Wheat and barley are not estimated, as that was not done by the Messenger of Allah ﷺ; also their estimation is not easy as is the situation with palm trees and grapes. Also, the fruits of palm trees and grapes are eaten fresh, so they are estimated upon their owners as a concession for them, so as to enable them to eat of the fruits and dispose of them through sale, food, gifts, etc., after which they pay Zakat upon what was estimated. Dates and grapes are estimated in all their types collectively, whether good or bad, and are then collected together. However, dates are not gathered together with grapes, just as wheat is not gathered together with barley.

The estimators should leave a third or a fourth of their estimation as a dispensation to fruit owners as they require this for eating and feeding their guests, neighbours, families, friends, passers by, those who ask them and for the food of birds that feed upon them. Sahl b. Abu Huthma narrated that the Messenger of Allah (saw) used to say: “When you estimate, take and leave behind a third. If not a third, then leave behind a fourth” (narrated by Abu Dawud, At-Tirmizi and An-Nisai). Makhul said: “When the Messenger of Allah (saw) sent evaluators he would say: ‘Be lenient, for there are fruits that are lost due to bad weather, fruits that fall down and those that are used by the eaters.’” Wheat and barley are not estimated as that was not done by the Messenger of Allah (saw) ; also their estimation is not easy as is the situation with palm trees and grapes. Also the fruits of palm trees and grapes are eaten fresh so they are estimated upon their owners as a dispensation for them so as to enable them to eat of the fruits and dispose of through sale, food, gifts etc... after which they pay Zakat upon what was estimated. Dates and grapes are estimated in all their types collectively, whether good or bad, and are then collected together. However dates are not gathered together with grapes just as wheat is not gathered together with barley.

Agar yerdan yetishtirilgan bug'doy, arpa, xurmo yoki kishmishning miqdori besh avsuqqa yetsa, ular personal kuch-harakatsiz, ya'ni qo'l mehnatisiz sug'orilsa, ularga o'ndan bir (ushr) farz bo'ladi. Bunga osmondan yog'ган yomg'ir suvi, daryolar bilan sug'orilgan yerlar yoki ildizlari orqali suvni tortib oladigan yerlar kiradi, xuddi suv yer yuzasiga yaqin bo'lgan yerlarga yoki daryo yoki sug'orish ariqlariga yaqin ekilgan daraxtlarga o'xshab, ularning ildizlari sug'orishga hojat qoldirmasdan suvga yetadi. Chelak bilan quduqlardan yoki charxpalak bilan daryolardan suv tortib, mehnat bilan sug'oriladigan ekinlarda esa yarim ushr farz bo'ladi. Ali roziyallohu anhudan rivoyat qilinadi: "Osmon suvi bilan sug'orilgan ekinda o'ndan bir, quduq va daryodan tortib sug'orilgan ekinda yarim o'ndan bir." Bisr ibn Said aytdi: "Allohning Elchisi ﷺ osmon suvi bilan, yoki buloqlar bilan sug'orilgan yoki sug'orilmagan ekinda o'ndan bir zakot, chelak bilan sug'orilgan ekinda yarim o'ndan bir zakot farz qildilar." Hakam ibn Utayba aytdi: "Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Yamanda bo'lgan Muoz ga yozdilar: 'Osmon yoki daryo (g'ayla) suvi bilan sug'orilgan ekinda o'ndan bir, chelak (g'arb) bilan sug'orilgan ekinda yarim o'ndan bir.'" Sug'orish masalasida yilning ko'p qismi e'tiborga olinadi. Agar yil ko'p qismida ekin mehnatsiz sug'orilsa, o'ndan bir olinadi; agar yilning ko'p qismida mehnat bilan sug'orilsa, yarim o'ndan bir olinadi. Agar yilning yarmida mehnatsiz sug'orilib, ikkinchi yarmida mehnat bilan sug'orilsa, unda to'rtdan uch o'ndan bir olinadi.

If the wheat, barley, dates or raisins produced from the land reach five Awsuq then one-tenth (tithe) is obliged on them if they are watered without personal effort i.e. manually. This includes being watered by rainwater from the sky, rivers or they drink water by extraction of water by its roots, without being watered similar to trees that are planted in land where water is near to the surface or close to a river or irrigation canal such that their tree-roots reach to water without any need for irrigation. Half-tithe is obliged in what is irrigated with effort, like drawing from wells by watering cans and rivers by water wheels. From ‘Ali who said: “The tithe in what was watered by the sky and half-tithe in what was irrigated by drawing from wells and rivers.” Bisr b. Said said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) obliged Zakat of the tithe in what is watered by the sky, that which is not watered or watered by springs, and half-tithe in what was irrigated by water scoops.” Hakam b. Utayba said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) wrote to Muaz when he was in Yemen: ‘The tithe in what was watered by the sky or river (Ghayla), and half-tithe in what was irrigated by bucket (Gharb).’” The majority of the year is what is relevant in relation to irrigation. If it is watered most of the year without effort, then the tithe is taken, whereas if it is irrigated by effort most of the year, then half-tithe is taken. If it is watered for half of the year without effort, and irrigated with effort in the second half, then threequarter tithe is taken.

Ekinlar va mevalardan zakot berishdagi asosiy qoida shundaki, zakot vojib bo‘lgan o‘sha ekin yoki mevaning o‘zidan olinadi. Undan o‘rtacha miqdor olinadi, eng yaxshisidan ham, eng yomonidan ham emas. Sadaqa yig‘uvchi uchun ekin va mevalarning eng yaxshisini sadaqa sifatida olishni niyat qilishi joiz emas, chunki Payg‘ambar ﷺ shunday degan: “Ularning mollarining eng yaxshisidan saqlaning.” Xuddi shunday, ekin yoki meva egasi uchun sadaqaga eng yomon ekin va mevalarni berishni niyat qilishi ham joiz emas, Allohning quyidagi so‘ziga ko‘ra: {Va ayb bo‘lgan narsalarni sadaqa qilishni niyat qilmanglar} (SWT).

The principle in the Zakat of crops and fruits is to be taken from the same crop or fruit in which Zakat is obliged. Its average is taken, not the best nor the worst. It is not allowed for the Sadaqah collector to aim to take the best of the crops and fruits in Sadaqah due to the Prophet (saw) ’s statement: “Avoid the best of their wealth.” Similarly it is not allowed for the crops or fruits owner to intend to give the worst crops and fruits for Sadaqah, due to the saying of Allah (swt) :

"Yomon narsani olish maqsadida, uning bir qismini sadaqa qilish uchun ... niyat qilmang." [Al-Baqarah: 267]

“Do not aim at getting anything bad in order that you may give away something of it” [Al-Baqarah: 267]

Payg'ambar (ﷺ) sadaqada Ja'urur va Lavn al-Hubayq xurmolarini olishni man qilganlar (An-Nasoiy rivoyat qilgan). Bular ikki turdagi yomon xurmodir: birinchisi quriganda urug' atrofida qobiqqa aylanadi, ikkinchisi esa quriganda yomon xurmo (Hashaf) bo'lib qoladi.

Also the Prophet (saw) prohibited taking the Ja’arur and Lawn al-Hubayq in the Sadaqah (narrated by An-Nisai). These are two types of bad dates; the first becomes shell around a seed, and the latter becomes bad dates (Hashaf) when it dries.

Zakotning ekinlar va mevalarida, aniq miqdorda ekin yoki meva olish o‘rniga, ularning qiymatini pul yoki boshqa narsa bilan berish joiz. Bunga dalil Amr ibn Dinordan rivoyat qilingan, u Tovusdan naql qilgan hadisdir: “Nabiy ﷺ Muoz ibn Jabalni Yamanga yuborgan edi, u bug‘doy va arpa sadaqasi uchun kiyim olar edi.” Yana shu sababki, shunday xurmo daraxti turi borki, uning yangi xurmosi quruq xurmoga aylanmaydi, xuddi shunday, shunday uzum turi borki, u kishmishga aylanmaydi; shuning uchun ularning qiymati olinadi. Sadaqa masalasida Muoz ﷺdan ham rivoyat qilinganki, u tovarlarni o‘rniga olar edi. Uning so‘zi shunday: “Menga sadaqa o‘rniga sizdan olaman deb, beshdan bir yoki kiyim bering. Bu sizga yengilroq va Madinadagi muhojirlar uchun foydaliroqdir.” Sunnatda ham topiladiki, Allohning Elchisi ﷺ va uning sahobalari pul bilan bog‘liq haqni majburiy qilib qo‘yar, so‘ngra uni beruvchi uchun asl puldan ko‘ra osonroq bo‘lgan boshqa narsaga almashtirar edilar. Shunga misol: Nabiy ﷺning Yamanda Muozga jizya haqida yozgan xati: “Har bir balog‘atga yetgan kishi uchun bir dinor yoki unga teng kiyim (mu’afir) lozim.” Demak, Nabiy ﷺ aniq narsaning o‘zini olish o‘rniga tovar oldi, ya’ni oltin o‘rniga kiyim oldi. Shunga yana bir misol: u Najron xalqiga yozgan xati: “Ularning zimmasiga har yili ikki ming kiyim yoki unga teng oltin va kumush unsiyalari lozim.” Umar ﷺ jizyada oltin va kumush o‘rniga tuya olar edi, Ali ﷺ esa jizyada oltin va kumush o‘rniga igna, arqon va yo‘g‘on ignalarni olar edi.