Diwan — bu kotiblar ishlaydigan va hujjatlar saqlanadigan joyga berilgan nom. Bu so'z yozuvlarning o'ziga ham berilgan, va ikki ma'no o'rtasida bog'liqlik mavjud.

The Diwan is a name given to the place where the secretaries sit down to work and records are kept. It is also a name given to the records themselves, and there is an attachment between the two meanings.

Divonlarning birinchi marta tashkil etilishi va ularni saqlash uchun joy belgilanishi Umar ibn al-Xattob davrida, hijriy 20-yilda bo‘lgan. Rasulullah ﷺ hayotlik davrida Baytul mol uchun maxsus divon mavjud emas edi, garchi Rasulullah ﷺ mablag‘larni qayd etib borish uchun kotiblar tayinlagan bo‘lsalar ham. U zot ﷺ Mu’ayqib ibn Abu Fotima ad-Dusiyni g‘animat (o‘ljalar) kotibi, Zubayr ibnul Avvomni sadaqot kotibi, Huzayfa ibnul Yamonni Hijoz qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlari kotibi, Abdulloh ibn Ruvahani esa Xaybar qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlari kotibi etib tayinladilar. Al-Mug‘ira ibn Shu’bani qarzlar va muomalalar kotibi, Abdulloh ibn Arqamni esa qabilalar va ularning suvlari haqidagi yozuvlar kotibi etib tayinladilar. Biroq Rasulullah ﷺ hech qanday divon yuritmadilar va ularni saqlash hamda yozish uchun joy ham tashkil etmadilar. Bu holat Abu Bakr xalifaligi davrida ham davom etdi. Umar ibn al-Xattob xalifa bo‘lgach esa vaziyat o‘zgardi: futuhotlar ko‘payib, Madinaga mablag‘lar oqib kelishi kuchaydi. Natijada divonlar tashkil etish, yozuvlar yuritish hamda ularni saqlash va yozish uchun joy belgilash zarurati tug‘ildi.

The first establishment of Diwans and designation of a place to keep them in was at the time of ‘Umar b. Al-Khattab in the year 20AH. In the life time of the Messenger of Allah (saw) , the Treasury did not have a reserved Diwan though the Messenger of Allah (saw) did appoint secretaries to keep record of the funds. He appointed Mu’ayqeeb Ibnu Abi Fatima Aldusi as secretary of the spoils (Al-ghanaim), and Zubayr Ibnul Awwam as secretary of the Sadaqat, Huzaifah Ibnul Yaman as secretary over the agricultural produce of Hijaz, and Abdullah Ibnu Ruwaha as secretary over the agricultural produce of Khaybar. Al Mughira Ibnu Shu’ba was appointed as secretary for the loans and transactions, while Abdullah Ibnu Arqam was a secretary for the records of the tribes and their water. However, the Messenger of Allah (saw) did not keep any Diwans nor did he set up a place for keeping them and writing them. This went on during the Khilafah of Abu Bakr . However, things changed when ‘Umar b. Al-Khattab became Khalifah, and the conquests increased. This consequently increased funds pouring into Madinah, which necessitated the setting up of diwans and writing records and designating places for keeping them and writing them.

Xabar qilinishicha, dīvonlarni tashkil etishning bevosita sababi shu bo‘ldiki, Abu Hurayra bir safar ‘Umarga Bahraindan katta miqdordagi mablag‘ olib keldi. ‘Umar undan so‘radi: “Nima olib keldingiz?” U javob berdi: “Sizga besh yuz ming dirham (500,0000) olib keldim.” ‘Umar unga dedi: “Nima deyayotganingizni bilasizmi? Siz charchagan bo‘lsangiz kerak, shuning uchun uxlab oling va ertalab huzurimga keling.” Ertasi kuni u kelganida, ‘Umar so‘radi: “Qancha bo‘ldi?” Abu Hurayra dedi: “500 000 dirham.” ‘Umar so‘radi: “Halolmi?” Abu Hurayra javob berdi: “Men bundan boshqa hech narsani bilmayman.” Shunda ‘Umar minbarga chiqdi, Allohga hamd aytdi va Uni ulug‘ladi, so‘ng dedi: “Ey odamlar! Bizga katta miqdordagi mablag‘ yetib keldi. Agar xohlasangiz, uni sizlarga o‘lchab bo‘lib beramiz, agar xohlasangiz, sanab chiqamiz.” Odamlardan bir kishi dedi: “Ey mo‘minlarning amiri! Nega dīvon (hisob-kitob daftarlari) tashkil qilmaysiz, shunda kimga nima berganingizni yozib borasiz?”

It has been reported that the direct reason behind establishing the Diwans was because Abu Hurayra once brought to ‘Umar a large amount of funds from Bahrain. So ‘Umar asked him: “What have you brought?” He said: “I brought you five hundred thousand Dirhams (500,0000).” ‘Umar said to him: “Do you know what you are talking about? You must be tired, so go to sleep and come and see me in the morning. When he came the next day, ‘Umar asked him ‘How much is it?’ Abu Hurayra said: ‘500,000 Dirham.’ ‘Umar enquired: ‘Is it legitimate (Halal)?’ Abu Hurayra replied: ‘I know nothing else but that. Upon this ‘Umar stepped up the Mimbar, praised Allah (swt) and glorified Him, then said: ‘O people! A large amount of funds has reached us, so if you wish we can divide it among you in measure or if you wish we can count it. A man from among the people said: “O Amir al-Mu’amineen!, Why don’t you set up account books (Diwan) so that you can record whatever you give to people.’”.

Al-Waqidiy rivoyat qiladi: Darhaqiqat, Umar ibn al-Xattob diwonlar (hisob-kitob daftarlari) tuzish haqida musulmonlar bilan maslahatlashdi. Ali unga dedi: "Har yili tushgan barcha mablag'ni hech narsani ushlab qolmasdan taqsimlab berishingiz kerak." Usmon dedi: "Odamlarga beriladigan mablag' ko'pligini ko'ryapman. Agar kim olgan, kim olmaganini bilish uchun ular hisobga olinmasa, ishlar nazoratdan chiqib ketishidan qo'rqaman." Shunda Al-Validga ibn Hishom ibn al-Mug'ira dedi: "Men Ash-Shomga borganman va u yerda shohlar diwon tuzib, askarlarni (urush uchun) ro'yxatga olganini bilganman. Nega siz ham shunday qilmaysiz?" Umar uning maslahatini qabul qildi va Quraysh nasabshunoslari bo'lgan Aqil ibn Abu Tolib, Maxrama ibn Navfal va Jubayr ibn Mut'imni chaqirib, ularga dedi: "Borib, uydan-uyga aholini ro'yxatga oling." Shunda ular Bani Hoshimdan boshladilar, so'ng Abu Bakr va uning avlodidan, so'ng Umar va uning avlodidan, keyin qabilalarni sanab, Umarga xabar berdilar. Umar ro'yxatga qarab dedi: "Yo'q, men bunday bo'lishini xohlamagan edim. Ammo Payg'ambar ﷺ oilasidan boshlang, so'ng ularga yaqinroqlaridan va shu tartibda davom eting, to Alloh (SWT) Umarni qayerga qo'ygan bo'lsa, o'sha yerga yetguncha."

Al- Waqidi reported: Verily ‘Umar b. Al-Khattab consulted the Muslims about setting up the account books (Diwans). Ali said to him; “Each year, you should divide all the funds you receive without holding back anything.” Uthman said: “I can see that there are large amounts of funds to be given to the people, if these people are not counted to help keep track of who has taken from who has not , I fear that things could get out of hand.” Upon this Al-Walid Ibnu Hisham Ibnul Mughira said: I have been to Ash-Sham and I learnt that its Kings had set up an account book(Diwan) and recruited conscripts (for war), so why don’t you do the same? ‘Umar took up his advice and summoned Aqueel Ibnu Abi Talib and Makhrama Ibnu Nawfal, and Jubayr Ibnu Mut’im who were of the genealogist of Quraysh, and said to them: Go and carry a house to house census. So they began with Bani Hashim, then with Abu Bakr and his folk then ‘Umar and his folk, then they counted the tribes and reported back to ‘Umar. When ‘Umar looked at the census he said: No, I did not want it to be like this, however, do start with the family of the Messenger (saw), then the nearer to them and so on until you put ‘Umar where Allah (swt) has put him.

Bu, grantlar va askarlar daftari (diwan) borasida edi, va u arab tilida yozilgan. Soliq va jizya to'lash muddati hamda mablag'larni yig'ish daftari (diwan) esa boshqacha edi. Iroq daftari fors tilida yozilar edi, chunki Forsiy saltanat davrida shunday bo'lgan, forslar hukmronlik qilgan mamlakatlarning daftarlari ham shunday edi. Shunday qilib, ularning yer soliqlari va jizya, to'lov muddatlari va mablag'larni yig'ish daftarlari fors tilida yozilar edi. Shom va rimliklar hukmronlik qilgan hududlarga kelsak, ularning daftari rim tilida yozilar edi, chunki bu yerlar rimliklar tomonidan boshqarilganda shunday bo'lgan. Bu holat 'Umar ibn al-Xattob davridan tortib, Umaviy xalifa Abdulmalik ibn Marvon xalifaligi davrigacha davom etdi. Hijriy 81-yilda esa Shom daftari arab tiliga o'tkazildi.

This, as far as the Diwan (account book) of the grants and the conscripts is concerned, and it was written in Arabic. As for the Diwan of the payment time and fund collection, the case was different. The Diwan of Iraq was written in Persian as it was the case in the times of the Persian empire, so was the Diwan of the countries which were under the Persian ruling. Thus the Diwan of their land tax and Jizya, payment time and funds collection were written in Persian. As for Ash- Sham and the areas which were ruled by the Romans, their Diwan was written in Roman as it was the case when these were ruled by the Romans. This went on since the days of ‘Umar b. Al- Khattab until the time of the Khilafah of the Umayyad Abdul Malik Ibnu Marwan, when in the year 81AH the Diwan of Ash-sham was transferred to Arabic.

Ro‘vоyat qilinishicha, Abdulmalik ibn Marvon Diwonni rum tilidan arab tiliga o‘tkazishga sabab bo‘lgan narsa shu bo‘ldiki, Diwonning rum kotibi bir safar siyohdoni uchun suvga muhtoj bo‘lib qoldi-da, suv o‘rniga siyohdoniga siydik qildi. Abdulmalik bu haqda eshitib, uni koyidi, so‘ngra Sulaymon ibn Sa’dga Diwonni arab tiliga o‘tkazishni buyurdi. U undan yordam so‘rab, Urdunning xarojini bir yil davomida unga ajratib berdi. U rozi bo‘lib, uni Urdun ustidan vali etib tayinladi, uning xarojи esa 180 000 dinor edi. Sulaymonga Diwonni arab tiliga tarjima qilishni bir yildan kamroq vaqtda tugatish nasib etdi. U tarjimani Abdulmalik ibn Marvonga olib bordi, u esa o‘z kotibi Sarjunni chaqirib, unga uni ko‘rsatdi. Sarjun bundan qayg‘urdi va xafa bo‘lib Abdulmalikning saroyidan chiqib ketdi. Boshqa rum kotiblari uning oldiga kelishganda, u ularga dedi: “Hayotingizni boshqa yo‘l bilan topishga harakat qiling, chunki Alloh (SWT) sizdan bu rizqni olib qo‘ydi.”

It has been reported that what led Abdul Malik Ibnu Marwan to transfer the Diwan from Roman to Arabic was that the Secretary of the Diwan who was Roman, was once in need of water for his inkwell so he urinated in the inkwell instead of putting water. Abdul Malik heard of this and rebuked him; then he ordered Sulayman Ibnu Sa’ad to tranfer the Diwan to Arabic. So he asked him for assistance by making the Kharaj of Jordan available to him for one year. He agreed and appointed him Wali over Jordan, whose Kharaj was 180,000 Dinars. It took Sulayman less than a year to complete the translation of the Diwan into Arabic. He took it to Abdul Malik Ibnu Marwan who then summoned his Secretary Sarjoon and showed it to him. Sarjoon was saddened by this and left Abdul Malik’s court dejected. Other Roman clerks met with him, so he said to them: “You better seek another way of earning your living, for Allah (swt) has taken away this provision from you.”.

Iroq devoni haqida esa, uni fors tilidan arab tiliga o‘girish buyrug‘ini Iroq noibi Al-Hajjoj Abdulmalik bergan edi, va u o‘z kotibi Solih ibn Abdurrahmonga bu ishni topshirdi. Solih ikkala tilni ham mukammal bilardi, shuning uchun bu vazifani qabul qildi va uni bajarish uchun unga vaqt berildi. Al-Hajjojning fors kotibi Muradnashoh ibn Zadan Farrux bu haqda eshitib, Solihni o‘z nochorligini ko‘rsatish uchun 100 000 dirham bilan sotib olishga urindi, ammo u rad etdi. Shunda u unga dedi: Alloh (SWT) seni bu dunyodan xuddi sen fors tilini tahlil qilganingdek ajratsin.

As for the Diwan of Iraq, it was Al- Hajjaj Abdul Malik’s Wali over Iraq that ordered his Secretary Salih Ibnu Abdul-Rahman to transfer it from Persian into Arabic. Salih was fluent in both languages, so he agreed to do this and was given time to complete the task. When the Persian Secretary of Al- Hajjaj, Muradnashah Ibnu Zadan Farukh, heard of this, he tried to bribe Salih with 100,000 Dirham in order to pretend his incompetence, but he refused. So he said to him: May Allah (swt) dissect you from this life as you have dissected the Persian language.