Bu yenilanadigan ma'danlar bo'lib, to'liq tugamaydi va cheksiz miqdorda mavjud bo'lgan ma'danlarning katta qismidir. Miqdori chegaralangan, ozgina ma'danlarga kelsak, ular xususiy mulk bo'lib, shaxslar ularga egalik qilishlari mumkin, chunki Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Hijozdagi al-Far'a hududidagi Qabaliya ma'danlarini Bilol ibn al-Horis al-Muzaniyga bergan edi. Bilol Allohning Elchisi ﷺ dan ularni unga ajratib berishni so'ragan edi, shuning uchun u ularni unga berdi va uni egasi qildi. Shunday ekan, tijorat ahamiyatiga ega bo'lmagan kam miqdordagi oltin va kumush konlari hamda boshqa turdagi ma'danlar xususiy mulkdir. Shaxslar ularga egalik qilishlari mumkin, xuddi Davlat ularni xalqqa ajratib berishi joiz bo'lgani kabi. Bunday holda odamlar ulardan qazib olgan narsalarining beshdan bir qismini, oz yoki ko'p qazib olganlaridan qat'i nazar, Bayt ul-Molga to'lashlari kerak.
This is the replenishable minerals which do not deplete completely, and are the vast amount of minerals which are not limited in measure. As for insignificant amounts of minerals which are limited in measure, these are private property that individuals are permitted to own as the Messenger of Allah (saw) gave Bilal ibn Al-Harith al-Muzni the minerals of the Qabaliya in the area of Al-Far’a in Hijaz. Bilal had asked the Messenger of Allah (saw) to allocate them to him, so he granted them to him and made him the owner. Therefore the deposits of gold and silver, and other types of minerals, present in small non-commercial amounts are private property. Individuals are permitted to own them as is permitted for the State to allot them to the people. In this case people have to pay one-fifth of what they extract of them to the Bait ul-Mal, whether they extract a little or a lot.
Quyidagi ma'danlarga kelsak, ular cheksiz miqdordagi, hisob-kitobga sig'maydigan ma'danlar bo'lib, barcha musulmonlarning umumiy mulkidir. Ularni biror shaxsga yoki shaxslarga ajratib berish, mulk sifatida topshirish yoki taqsimlash joiz emas. Xuddi shunday, ularni qazib olish huquqini yakka shaxslarga yoki kompaniyalarga imtiyoz tariqasida berish ham joiz emas. Aksincha, ular barcha musulmonlarning birgalikdagi mulki bo'lib qolishi kerak, davlat esa ularning nomidan qazib olish, tozalash, eritish va sotishni amalga oshirib, narxini musulmonlarning Bayt ul-mol (xazinasi)ga topshirishi lozim. Bu ma'danlarning hukmida farq yo'q: yer yuzida ko'rinib turadigan va hech qanday qiyinchiliksiz erishiladigan, masalan, tuz va surma kabi ma'danlar bo'ladimi yoki yer ostida, chuqur joyda bo'lib, mashaqqat, mehnat va katta zahmat bilan qazib olinadigan, masalan, oltin, kumush, temir, mis, qo'rg'oshin, qalay, uran, fosfat va boshqa ma'danlar bo'ladimi, farqi yo'q. Shuningdek, ular qattiq, masalan, oltin va temir bo'ladimi, suyuq, masalan, neft bo'ladimi yoki gazsimon, masalan, tabiiy gaz bo'ladimi, bu ham farq qilmaydi.
As for the vast minerals, not limited in measure, these are public property owned by all Muslims and are not allowed to be assigned, given in ownership or allotted to any person or persons. Similarly, it is not allowed to give concession for their mining to individuals or companies. Rather they must remain a property jointly owned by all Muslims and the State should carry out their extraction, purification, smelting and selling on their behalf and place their price in the Bait ul-Mal of the Muslims. There is no difference in the rules of these minerals whether they are apparent on surface and are reached to without trouble like salt and antimony (Kohl), or are underground and deep in earth and cannot be extracted except by hardship, labour and great trouble like gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, tin, uranium, phosphate and other minerals; nor whether they are solid, like gold and iron, or liquid, like petroleum, or gaseous like natural gas.
Dalil shuki, bu cheksiz miqdordagi ulkan konlarning jamoat mulki ekanligiga, Abyadh b. Hammal al-Mazini'dan rivoyat qilingan hadisdir: "U Allah Elchisi ﷺ huzuriga kelib, unga tuzni ajratib berishni so'radi va Payg'ambar ﷺ uni unga ajratib berdi. U qaytib ketganda, majlisdagi bir kishi dedi: "Unga nimani ajratib berganingizni bilasizmi? Siz unga oqib turadigan suvni ajratib berdingiz". Shunda Payg'ambar ﷺ uni undan qaytarib oldi."
Allah Elchisi ﷺ Abyadh b. Hammal'ga ajratgan tuzini, uning ko'p ekanligini bilganidan so'ng, qaytarib olgani shuni ko'rsatadiki, tugamaydigan har qanday ulkan miqdordagi konni shaxslarning mulki qilib olishi joiz emas, chunki bu barcha musulmonlarning mulkidir. Bu masala faqat tuzga xos emas, balki barcha turdagi konlarga umumiydir, agar ular ulkan miqdordagi suv (tuz koni) bilan bir xil holatda bo'lsa, ya'ni tiklanib turadigan bo'lsa.
The evidence that these vast minerals of unlimited measure are public property, is what is narrated from Abyadh b. Hammal al-Mazini “that he called on the Messenger of Allah (saw) and asked him to allocate to him the salt and he allocated it to him. When he turned away a man in the gathering said: ‘Do you know what you have allotted to him? Verily you have allotted to him replenishable water’, so the Prophet (saw) withdrew it from him.” The fact that the Messenger of Allah (saw) took back from Abyadh b. Hammal the salt he had allotted to him, after he knew that it was abundant, is an evidence that any vast quantity mineral, which does not deplete, is not allowed to be owned by individuals as it is an ownership of all the Muslims. This matter is not specific to salt, rather it is general for all minerals whatever their type, on condition that they are of the same status as the vast quantity of water (salt mineral) i.e. which is replenishable.
Qayta tiklanadigan ma'danlar barcha fuqarolar uchun umumiy mulk bo'lganligi sababli, davlatga ularni yakka shaxslarga yoki kompaniyalarga ajratish, shuningdek, yakka shaxslar yoki kompaniyalarga ularni o'z manfaati uchun qazib olishga ruxsat berish joiz emas. Aksincha, davlat musulmonlarning ishlarini yuritish shakli sifatida ularni o'z nomidan, o'zi qazib olishi majburiydir. U qazib olgan barcha narsa barcha fuqarolar uchun umumiy mulk bo'ladi.
As minerals which are replenishable are public property for all citizens, it is not therefore permitted for the State to allocate them to individuals or companies nor to allow individuals or companies to mine them for their own benefit. Rather it is obligatory upon it to mine them by itself on behalf of the Muslims as a form of looking after their affairs. All that it extracts will be a public property for all the citizens.
Ushbu minerallarni, ayniqsa yer osti minerallarini, suyuq yoki qattiq holda bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, qazib olish mashinalar va zavodlarni talab qiladi. Davlat har qanday holatda ham bu minerallarni jamoat mulki sifatida fuqarolar nomidan qazib oladi. Bu qazib olish ikki yo'l bilan amalga oshiriladi: yoki bevosita davlat tomonidan, davlatga tegishli mashinalar va zavodlar orqali, ular jamoat mulkidan bo'lib; yoki ularning mehnati hisobiga yoki o'zlari egalik qiladigan mashinalar uchun to'lanadigan ish haqi evaziga jismoniy shaxslar orqali.
Extraction of these minerals, particularly that which is underground whether liquid or solid, requires machines and factories. The State, in all circumstances, extracts these minerals on behalf of the citizens in its capacity as public property. This extraction will either be directly by the State via machines and factories owned by the State they are from the public properties, or it will extract them through individuals in return for wages paid based on their efforts accrued or the machines they own.
Agar davlat bu minerallarni o'zi egalik qiladigan mashinalar va zavodlar yordamida qazib olsa, bu mashinalar va zavodlarning mulki davlat mulki bo'lib qolishi joiz. Davlat ularni jamoat mulkiga aylantirishi ham mumkin, bu esa davlat mulki bo'lib qolishidan afzalroqdir. Shunday qilib, ular bu minerallarning mulk hukmini, ya'ni jamoat mulkiga aylanish hukmini oladi. Bu ularning ishlab chiqargan minerallari mulk hukmiga ergashadi.
Bu hukm aroq ishlab chiqarishning taqiqlanishi va aroq zavodiga egalik qilishning taqiqlanishidan kelib chiqadi. Aroq taqiqlanganidan keyin, Anas rivoyat qilgan hadisda: "Allohning Elchisi ﷺ aroq bilan bog'liq o'n kishiga la'nat o'qidilar: uni siquvchi (ishlab chiqaruvchi) va uning uchun siqilgan (ishlab chiqarilgan) kishi..." Ibn Umar rivoyat qilgan hadisda esa: "Aroqqa o'n yo'l bilan la'nat qilingan: la'nat o'zi uchun, uni ichuvchi, uni boshqaga ichirish uchun beruvchi, uni sotuvchi, uni sotib oluvchi, uni siquvchi va uning uchun siqilgan kishi..."
Ushbu hadislar aroqni siqishni va uni ishlab chiqarishni taqiqladi, garchi uzum siqish aroqdan boshqa maqsadlarda taqiqlanmagan bo'lsa ham. Shundan kelib chiqib, aroq ishlab chiqarish uchun zavodga egalik qilish taqiqlangan.
Shunday ekan, davlat mulki bo'lgan, qayta tiklanadigan minerallarni qazib oluvchi asboblar va zavodlarni jamoat mulkiga aylantirish joiz. Bu minerallar jamoat mulki ekanligidan kelib chiqib, bu mashinalar va zavodlarning narxi ham jamoat mulkidir.
If it extracts these minerals with machines and factories which it owns, it is permitted that the ownership of these machines and factories remain as property of the State. The State might also convert them to public property, which is more preferable than to remain as a state property. Thus they take the rule of the ownership of these minerals i.e. becoming public property. This follows the rule of the ownership of the minerals they produce. This is derived from the prohibition of manufacturing alcohol and prohibtion of owning an alcohol factory following the prohibiton of alcohol taken from the Hadith of Anas: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) cursed ten (persons) in relation to alcohol: The one who presses (produces it) and the one for whom it is pressed (produced)…” Hadith. And from the Hadith narrated by ibn ‘Umar: “ alcohol was cursed in ten ways: Curse is for itself, and its drinker, the one who serves it to another (to drink), its vendor, its purchaser, presser (one who squeezes it), and the one for whom it is pressed…” These Ahadith prohibited the pressing of alcohol and its manufacture, despite the fact that pressing grapes for other than manufacturing of alcohol is not prohibited, and following from this it is prohibited to own a factory for producing alcohol. Thereupon it is permissible to make the tools and factories owned by the State to extract the replenishible minerals public property, following that these minerals are public property, and therefore the price of these machines and factories is of the public property.
Davlat tomonidan bu ma'danlarni qazib olish, ishchilarni yollash evaziga, mehnatga, olingan foydaga yoki ularga tegishli mashinalarga asoslangan holda amalga oshirilsa, bu mashinalar va fabrikalar shaxslarning xususiy mulki bo'lib qoladi, chunki fabrikaning o'zi xususiy mulkdir. Payg'ambar ﷺ shaxslarning fabrikalarni xususiy mulk sifatida egallashiga rozilik bergan va u fabrikalarda o'zining minbarini va uzugini yasatgan.
As for the mining of these minerals by the State through using individuals in return for wages, based on labour, benefit accrued or the machines, which they possess, these machines and factories remain owned privately by the individuals, due to the fact that a factory in itself is of the private property. The Messenger (saw) had consented to individuals owning factories as private property, and he manufactured his pulpit (Mimbar) and ring from them.
Biroq, bu mashina va zavodlarning shaxslarga tegishli bo'lishi ularga bu qayta tiklanadigan ma'dan konlarini o'zlari uchun qazib olish huquqini bermaydi, chunki bu ma'danlar barcha musulmonlarning mulkidir. Ularning orasidagi biror shaxsga imtiyoz berish hech kimga ruxsat etilmagan, lekin ularni Davlat tomonidan belgilangan ish haqi evaziga ushbu ma'danlarni qazib olish uchun ishga yollashi mumkin. Ma'dan konlaridan qazib olingan barcha narsa barcha musulmonlarning jamoat mulki sifatida hisoblanadi va uning daromadi musulmonlarning Bayt ul-Mol'i ichidagi jamoat mulki bo'limiga joylashtiriladi, chunki Bayt ul-Mol uning saqlanadigan joyidir, garchi u barcha musulmonlarning mulki bo'lsa ham.
However, the individuals’ ownership of these machines and factories does not allow them to mine or extract the replenishable minerals for themselves, for these minerals are owned by all Muslims. No one is allowed to have concession to an individual among them, but it is permitted that they be hired by the State for a defined wage in return for operating them in mining these minerals. All that they mine of minerals will be owned as public property for all Muslims and its revenue will be placed in Bait ul-Mal of the Muslims in the section of Public Property, as Bait ul-Mal is its place of keeping though it is owned by all Muslims.
Shuning uchun, qayta tiklanadigan minerallar va gazni qazib olish uchun ishlatiladigan mashinalar va zavodlarga davlat egalik qilishi mumkin, yoki ular jamoat mulki bo'lishi mumkin; shuningdek, ular xususiy mulk sifatida jismoniy shaxslar yoki kompaniyalarga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin, va davlat ulardan ularni ijaraga olishi mumkin.
Therefore, it is allowed for the machines and factories used for the mining of replenishable minerals and gas to be owned by the State or it may be public property, and it is allowed for them to be owned as private property by individuals or companies, from whom the State might hire them.
Jamoat mulkining aktivlari va ularning daromadlaridan foydalanish tartibi.
The Manner of Utilising the Public Property Assets and their Revenues.
Jamoat mulki mol-mulklari va ularning daromadlari barcha musulmonlarning mulki bo'lganligi sababli, har bir fuqaro — erkak yoki ayol, yosh yoki qari, solih yoki fosiq bo'lishidan qat'i nazar — jamoat mulki mol-mulklari va ularning daromadlaridan foydalanish huquqiga ega.
As the public property assets and their revenues are owned by all the Muslims, every citizen has the right to benefit from the assets of public property and their revenues, whether he is a man or woman, young or old, righteous or evil.
Jamoat mulkidagi boyliklar ulardan foydalanish usuli jihatidan bir xil emas. Ularning ba'zilaridan fuqaro o'z mashinalari yordamida bevosita foydalanishi oson, boshqalaridan esa unchalik oson emas.
The public property assets are not the same in the manner of utilising them. Some of them are easy for a citizen to utilise directly with the use of his machines, and others are not as easy.
Birinchi bo'linmaga, masalan, suv, o'tloq, olov, umumiy yo'llar, dengizlar, daryolar, okeanlar, ko'llar va katta kanallar kiradi. Inson suv, o'tloq va olovdan bevosita o'zi foydalanishi mumkin. Shunday qilib, u suv ichish va uni chorva mollariga berish uchun hovuzlar, buloqlar va daryolarga borishi, suvni ulardan olib kelishi mumkin. U chorva va yaylovdagi mollarini boqish uchun yaylovlarga, o'tinni yig'ish uchun esa o'rmonlarga borishi mumkin.
As for the first division, e.g. water, pasture, fire, public roads, seas, rivers, oceans, lakes and great canals, a person might benefit directly from water, pasture and fire by himself. So he can go to wells, springs and rivers in order to drink from them and carry water from them to give to his cattle and grazing livestock. He can go to grazing pastures in order to graze his cattle and livestock and go to the forests to gather wood from.
U'zi ham katta daryolarda, o'z plantatsiyasi va daraxtlarini sug'orish uchun mashina o'rnatishga haqli, agar katta daryolar barcha odamlar uchun yetarlicha keng bo'lsa va shaxsiy mashinalar o'rnatish hech bir musulmonga zarar yetkazmasa. Xuddi shunday, ommaviy yo'l, dengizlar, daryolar va Suvaysh kanali kabi umumiy kanallardan har bir shaxs foydalanishi lozim. Shuning uchun u ommaviy yo'lda o'zi yoki hayvonlari yoki mashinalari bilan yurish huquqiga ega. U, shuningdek, ommaviy yo'l, dengizlar, daryolar va umumiy kanallarning kengligi tufayli, hech bir musulmonga zarar yetkazmaydi va hech kimni to'smaydi, shuning uchun o'z qayiqlari va kemalari bilan dengizlarda, daryolarda va umumiy kanallarda sayohat qilishi mumkin.
He is also allowed to erect a machine at the big rivers to irrigate his plantation and trees from them as long as the big rivers are wide enough for all the people, and erecting personal machines does not harm any of the Muslims. Similarly, it is for each individual to benefit from the public road, seas, rivers and general canals like the Suez Canal. So he has the right to walk in the public road by himself or with his animals or cars. He can also travel in the seas, rivers and general canals with his boats and ships, for he does not harm any Muslim nor would he restrain anyone, due to the width of the public road, seas, rivers and canals.
Ikkinchi toifadagi jamoat mulki bo‘lgan boyliklarga kelsak, ular to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri foydalanish oson bo‘lmagan, shu sababli mashaqqat, qiyinchilik va qazib olishni talab qiladigan narsalardir, masalan neft, gaz va ma’danlar. Bularni davlat nazorat qiladi va musulmonlar nomidan qazib oladi, ularning daromadini esa musulmonlarning Bayt ul-mol xazinasiga joylaydi. Ularning mahsuloti va daromadini taqsimlash borasida Xalifa yagona vakolatli shaxsdir: u o‘z ijtihodiga ko‘ra, Shar’iy qoidalar doirasida va musulmonlar manfaatini ta’minlaydigan yo‘lni ko‘rgan holda bu ishni hal qiladi.
As for the second division of the public property assets which are not easy to benefit from directly and thus require hardship, difficulty and mining like petroleum, gas and minerals, the State is the one who supervises them and mines them on behalf of the Muslims and places their revenues in Bait ul-Mal of the Muslims. The Khalifah is the only competent person for distributing their proceeds and revenues according to his own Ijtihad, within the rules of Shar’a and according to what he sees fulfilling the interest of Muslims.
Jamoat mulklarining daromadi va foydasini quyidagi shakllarda taqsimlash mumkin:
It is possible to proceed in distributing the proceeds and revenues of public properties in the following forms:
Birinchidan: Jamoat mulkiga tegishli bo'lgan narsalarga sarflash, ya'ni mablag'lar quyidagilarga sarflanadi:
Firstly: To spend upon what is related to public property, so funds are spent on:
1. Davlat mulki boshqarmasi; uning binolari, idoralari, hujjatlari, tadqiqotlari va xodimlari.
1. The department of Public Property; its buildings, offices, records, studies and employees.
2. Neft, gaz va minerallarni o‘rganish, qidirish va qazib olish uchun ishga joylashtirilgan mutaxassislar, maslahatchilar, texniklar va xodimlar, shuningdek, ularni qazib olish, qayta ishlash va foydalanishga yaroqli holatga keltirish bilan shug‘ullanadigan xodimlar. Shuningdek, suv bilan ta’minlash va elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish hamda uni yetkazib berish uchun ishga joylashtirilgan xodimlar.
2. The experts, advisers, technicians and employees who are employed to study, explore and drill for petroleum, gas and minerals, and work to extract, process and treat them to make them suitable for use. And also those who are employed to supply water and produce and supply electricity.
3. Mashinalar, zavodlar va neft hamda gazni qazib olish va qayta ishlash, minerallarni qayta ishlash, tozalash va foydalanishga yaroqli holatga keltirish uchun zarur transport vositalarini sotib olish, shuningdek, jamoat mulki boyliklarini ishlab chiqarish va ulardan foydalanish uchun zarur bo'lgan mashinalar va zavodlarni sotib olish.
3. For purchasing machines, factories and the necessary means of transportation so as to mine and refine petroleum and gas, to process, purify and treat minerals and make them suitable for use, and upon the machines and factories necessary to manufacture and utilise public property assets.
4. Suvni tortib chiqaradigan va haydaydigan mashinalar hamda uni yetkazib beradigan quvurlar.
4. The machines to extract water and pump it, and the pipes to supply it.
5. Elektr generatorlari, elektr stansiyalari, uning ustunlari va simlari.
5. The electricity generators, power stations, its poles and wires.
6. Temir yo'llar va tramvaylar.
6. Railroads and tramways.
Ushbu xarajatlarning har biri umumiy mulkka, uni boshqarish va undan foyda olish maqsadida unga g‘amxo‘rlik qilishga taalluqlidir. Demak, bu ishlarga qilinadigan xarajat xuddi sadaqot (majburiy xayriya) yig‘uvchilariga sarflanadigan mablag‘ sadaqot pulidan chiqarilgani kabi, umumiy mulkning daromadidan chiqarilishi kerak.
Each of these expenditures relates to public property, its administration and treatment so as to benefit from it. Thus the expenditure upon these matters should come from the revenues of the public property, just as spending upon the collectors of Sadaqat (obligatory charity) comes from the money of Sadaqat:
"Va u ustiga tayinlangan xodimlar" [At-Tauba: 60]
“And those employed over it” [At-Tauba: 60]
Albatta, Alloh (SWT) ularning ushbu sadaqotni yig'ishdagi mehnatlari evaziga ularga uning bir ulushini belgilab qo'ygan.
Verily Allah (swt) has made for them a portion of the Sadaqat in return for their of collection it.
Ikkinchidan: Ushbu jamoat mulklarining egalari va ularning daromadlaridan fuqarolarning har biriga taqsimlash. Xalifa bu taqsimotda hech qanday aniq shakl bilan cheklanmaydi. U jamoat mulklaridan, masalan suv, elektr energiyasi, neft va gazdan, fuqarolarga ularning shaxsiy ehtiyojlari, uylarida va bozorlarda foydalanishlari uchun ularning ehtiyojiga teng miqdorda bepul taqsimlashi mumkin. Shuningdek, u ularni tannarxida yoki bozor narxida sotishi mumkin, xuddi jamoat mulklarining foydasidan ularga pul ham taqsimlashi mumkin. U bularning barchasini fuqarolar uchun yaxshi va foydali deb ko'rgan narsasiga ko'ra amalga oshiradi.
Uchinchidan: Davlat xarajatlari hozirda juda katta bo'lib qoldi, chunki uning mas'uliyatlari kengaydi va xarajatlari ortdi. Bayt ul-mol uchun asosiy daromadlar — jizya, xiroj, ushr va xumus — o'tmishdagidek, Payg'ambar ﷺ davrida, undan keyingi xalifalar davrida, Umaviylar va Abbosiylar davrida hatto Usmonilar davrida bo'lganidek, barcha jamoat xarajatlarini qoplay olmasligi mumkin. Bu hayot vositalari va uning fuqarolik shakllari, ayniqsa, dahshatli darajaga yetgan urush qurollari sohasidagi ulkan rivojlanishdan so'ng xarajatlarning oshishini talab qilmoqda. Shuning uchun davlatning Bayt ul-mol bo'yicha zarur xarajatlarni qoplash uchun boshqa daromad manbaiga ega bo'lishi zarurdir, Bayt ul-molda mablag' bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi, bunga qaramay. Agar Bayt ul-molda mablag' bo'lmasa, xarajat qilish majburiyati boshqa manbaga o'tkaziladi. Bular davlat idoralari va bo'limlarining xarajatlari, hukmdorlarning ta'minoti, armiyani ta'minlash, davlat xizmatchilarining maoshlari, suv ta'minoti, ochiq yo'llar, maktablar, universitetlar, masjidlar va ummat uchun zarur bo'lgan, ularsiz yashay olmaydigan va yo'qligida zarar ko'radigan kasalxonalarni tashkil etish xarajatlaridir. Shuningdek, kambag'al va muhtojlarga, yo'lovchilarga, yetimlarga, beva ayollarga va ehtiyojmand nogironlarga sarflash ham shular jumlasidandir. Xuddi shunday, jihodga mablag' sarflash, kuchli armiya tayyorlash va zamonaviy rivojlangan qurollar, jumladan yadro va boshqa turdagi qurollar, raketalar, samolyotlar, tanklar, artilleriya, harbiy kemalar ishlab chiqarish uchun og'ir sanoatning barcha talablarini ta'minlash ham shunga kiradi. Bu Uning (SWT) quyidagi so'zlariga javobdir: "Ular uchun qo'lingizdan kelganicha kuch va bog'langan otliqlar tayyorlang, shu bilan Allahning (SWT) dushmanlarini va o'z dushmanlaringizni, shuningdek, sizlar bilmaydigan boshqalarni qo'rqitinglar. Allah ularni biladi." [Al- Anfal: 60]
Secondly: Distribution upon individual citizens who are the owners of these public properties and their revenues. The Khalifah is not restricted in this distribution in any specific manner. It is for him to distribute amongst them of the public property assets like water, electricity, petroleum and gas equal to their need for their private use in their homes and markets without price. He can as well sell it to them at a cost price only or at the market price just as he can also distribute amongst them money, out of the profits of the public properties. He would proceed in all this according to what he views as good and of benefit for the citizens. Thirdly: The state expenditures nowadays have become enormous since its responsibilities have widened and its expenditures increased. The general revenues due to Bait ul-Mal of Jizya, Kharaj, ‘Ushr and Khums may not meet all the public expenditures as was the case in the past, at the time of the Messenger (saw) the Khulafa’a after him, the days of the ‘Umayyads and Abbasids and even in the days of the Uthmanis. This is after the huge development in the means of life and its civic forms, particularly in the weapons of war which has reached a terrifying level hence calling for increase in expenditure. Therefore, it is inevitable that the state has another source of income to cover the expenditures due on Bait ul-Mal whether there are funds in it or not; the obligation to spend on matters is transferred in case there are no funds in Bait ul-Mal. This is like the expenditures of the offices and departments of the State, the compensation of the rulers, the provision of the army, salaries of the civil servants, the expenditures to supply water, open roads, establish schools, universities, mosques and hospitals which are necessary for the Ummah and she cannot do without and would suffer in case of absence. The spending upon the poor and needy, wayfarers, orphans, widows and disabled in need. Similarly is the spending upon Jihad, preparation of a strong army and supplying all the requirements of the heavy industry to produce modern developed weapons, both nuclear and otherwise as well as missiles, planes, tanks, artillery, warships. This is in response to His saying : “Prepare for them as much as you are able of force and tethered cavalry to frighten by it the enemies of Allah (swt) and your enemies, and others whom you do not know (but) Allah (swt) knows them.” [Al- Anfal: 60]
Har bir xarajat yo'nalishi ularga sarflash uchun katta daromad manbasini talab qiladi va Xalifa bu yo'nalishlardagi xarajatlarni uch yo'ldan birisiz qoplashning iloji yo'q. Bu, yangi fathlardan tushishi mumkin bo'lgan narsalardan tashqari. Bu uch yo'l quyidagilar:
Each of these areas of expenditure requires a considerable source of revenues in order to spend on them, and there is no way for the Khalifah to cover the expenditure upon these areas except by one of three ways. This is in addition to what may come from the new conquests. These three ways are:
1. Chet mamlakatlar va xalqaro moliya institutlaridan qarz olish.
1. Borrowing from foreign countries and international financial institutions.
2. Neft, gaz va minerallarning ayrim jamoat mulki boyliklarini himoya qilish.
2. Protecting some of the public property assets of petroleum, gas and minerals.
3. Ummatga soliq solish. Chet davlatlardan qarz olish.
3. Putting taxes on the Ummah. Borrowing from Foreign Countries.
Xorijiy davlatlar yoki xalqaro moliya institutlaridan qarz olish Shar’at tomonidan ruxsat etilmagan, chunki bunday qarzlar bank foizi bilan yoki majburiy shartlar bilan bo‘lmasdan berilmaydi. Bank foizi, u shaxslardan yoki davlatlardan olingan bo‘lsin, Shar’at tomonidan haromdir, chunki shartlarni qo‘yish qarz beruvchi davlatlar va institutlarga musulmonlar ustidan hokimlik beradi hamda musulmonlarning irodasi va tasarrufini qarz beruvchi davlatlar va institutlarning irodasiga bog‘laydi, bu esa Shar’at tomonidan man etilgan ishdir. Xalqaro qarzlar Kofirlarning islomiy yerlar ustidan hokimiyatini o‘rnatishning eng xavfli balolari va sabablaridan edi; Ummat bu qarzlarning falokatlaridan qanchalik ko‘p azob chekdi-ku? Shuning uchun Xalifaga bu sohalardagi xarajatlarni qoplash uchun xalqaro qarzlarga murojaat qilish ruxsat etilmaydi.
As for borrowing from foreign countries or international financial institutions, it is not allowed by Shar’a because such loans would not be except with bank interest or with imposed conditions. Bank interest is prohibited by Shar’a, whether from individuals or countries, as the imposition of conditions gives the lending countries and institutions control over Muslims and makes the will of Muslims and their disposition subject to the will of the lending countries and institutions, a matter which is prohibited by Shar’a. The international loans were among the most dangerous afflictions and among the causes for imposing the authority of the Kuffar upon the Islamic lands; and how often has the Ummah suffered from the calamities of these loans? Therefore, the Khalifah is not allowed to resort to international loans to cover the expenditure on these areas.