Noqonuniy mol (Mal al-Ghulul) — hokimlar, davlat xizmatchilari va fuqarolik xizmatchilari tomonidan noqonuniy yo‘l bilan egallangan mulkdir, u davlat mulkidan yoki xalq mulkidan olingan bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar. Ular uchun davlat tomonidan kompensatsiya yoki maosh sifatida belgilab berilgandan boshqa hech narsa halol emas. Kuch, hokimiyat yoki o‘z lavozimlaridan foydalanib qo‘lga kiritilgan har qanday boshqa pul noqonuniy mol va noqonuniy yo‘l bilan egallangan mulk hisoblanadi, u davlat mulkidan yoki shaxslarning mulkidan olingan bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar. Bu qonuniy egalik qilinmagan mulkdir, chunki u noqonuniy yo‘l bilan qo‘lga kiritilgan, egasi ma’lum bo‘lsa, unga qaytarilishi kerak. Agar egasi noma’lum bo‘lsa, u musodara qilinib, Musulmonlarning Bayt ul-Molига topshirilishi kerak. Alloh (SWT) aytadi:

Illicit money (Mal al-Ghulul) is property acquired by the governors, government employees and civil servants illegitimately, whether acquired from the State or peoples’ properties. Nothing is allowed for them except what the State obliged for them as compensation or a salary. Any other money acquired by force, authority or their position is considered illicit property and illegally acquired, whether acquired from the State’s or individuals’ property. It is property not legally owned as it was acquired illegitimately and must be returned to its owner if known. If the owner is not known, then it must be confiscated and placed in the Bait ul-Mal of the Muslims. Allah (swt) says:

“Kimki (mol-mulkni) nohaq yo‘l bilan olgan bo‘lsa, qiyomat kuni u olgan narsasini ko‘tarib yuradi.” [Al-Imran: 161]

“Whoever took (property) illicitly will bear what he acquired on the Day of Judgement” [Al-Imran: 161]

Mu’az ibn Jabal rivoyat qiladi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ meni Yamanga yubordilar. Men yo‘lga chiqqanimda, meni orqaga qaytarish uchun ortimdan odam yubordilar va men qaytib keldim. U zot dedilar: ‘Nima uchun sizni chaqirtirganimni bilasizmi? Mening ruxsatimsiz hech narsani olmang, chunki bu harom (g‘ulul)dir. Kim harom yo‘l bilan nimadir olgan bo‘lsa, u olgan narsasini Qiyomat kuni ko‘tarib keladi. Sizni shu sababli chaqirdim. Endi ishingizni davom ettiring’” (Termiziy rivoyat qilgan). Abu Mas’ud rivoyat qiladi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ meni sadaqotni yig‘ish uchun yubordilar va dedilar: ‘Qiyomat kuni sizni harom yo‘l bilan olgan sadaqa tuyalaridan birini orqangizda ko‘pirib yurgan holda ko‘tarib kelganingizni ko‘rmayin!’ Men dedim: ‘Unday bo‘lsa, men bormayman.’ U zot dedilar: ‘Unday bo‘lsa, men sizni majburlamayman.’”

From Mu’az bin Jabal, he said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) sent me to Yemen. As I traveled he sent someone after me to call me back so I returned. He said: ‘Do you know why I sent for you? Don’t acquire anything without my permission as it is illicit (Ghulul), and whoever acquired illicitly will bear what he acquired on the Day of Judgement. For this I called you. So proceed with your work’” (narrated by Tirmidhi). From Abi Mas’ud, he said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) sent me to collect Sadaqat, and he said: ‘Let me not observe you on the Day of Judgement coming with a camel of the camels of Sadaqah that you had illicitly acquired, foaming on your back!’ I said: ‘Then I will not proceed,’ and he said: ‘Then I will not force you.’”.

Hokimlar, davlat xizmatchilari va fuqarolik xodimlaridan noqonuniy yo‘llar bilan mol-mulk egallashning quyidagi usullari bor.

The illegitimate methods of acquisition from the governors, government employees and civil servants are as follows.

Bu — hokim, mansabdor, qozi yoki davlat xizmatchisiga odamlarning manfaatlaridan birini amalga oshirish uchun berilgan, ular bunday to‘lovsiz bajarishga majbur bo‘lgan barcha pullar. Har qanday turdagi poraxo‘rlik, miqdori, vositasi yoki to‘lanish sababidan qat’i nazar, haromdir. Abu Dovud Abu Hurayradan rivoyat qilgan, u aytdi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ dedilar: ‘Allohning la’nati poraberuvchi va amal egasi bo‘lgan poraxo‘rga bo‘lsin.’” Termiziy Abdulloh ibn Amrdan rivoyat qilgan, u aytdi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ dedilar: ‘Allohning la’nati poraberuvchi va poraxo‘rga bo‘lsin.’” Ahmad Savbondan rivoyat qilgan, u aytdi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ poraberuvchini, poraxo‘rni va ular orasidagi vositachini la’natladilar.” Bu hadislar poraxo‘rlikning mutlaq taqiqlanganini aniq bayon qiladi.

This is all money given to the governor, official, judge or civil servant to fulfil one of the interests of the people that he is obliged to fulfil without such payment. All bribery, whatever its type, is Haram irrespective of the amount, the means, or reason for it’s payment. Abu Dawud narrated from Abu Hurayra, he said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: ‘The curse of Allah (swt) is on the briber and the taker in authority.’” Tirmidhi narrated from Abdullah bin Amru, he said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: ‘The curse of Allah (swt) is on the briber and taker.’” Ahmad narrated from Thauban, he said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) cursed the briber, taker and the middle-man between them.” These Ahadith are explicit in establishing the absolute prohibition of bribery.

Rüşvat — bu bir manfaatni, uni amalga oshirish majburiy bo‘lgan, lekin buning evaziga haq olinmasligi kerak bo‘lgan shaxs tomonidan bajarilishi uchun olinadigan mukofotdir. U, shuningdek, bajarilishi lozim bo‘lgan ishni qilmaslik evaziga olinadigan mukofot sifatida ham qabul qilinadi, va davlat tomonidan taqiqlangan ishni amalga oshirish evaziga olinadigan haq sifatida ham qabul qilinishi mumkin. Manfaat olish yoki zararni oldini olish — bu borada ahamiyat farqi yo‘q, shuningdek, ish haqli (Haqq) yoki botil (Batil) bo‘lganligi ham farq qilmaydi. Rüşvat yo‘li bilan qo‘lga kiritilgan har qanday mulk qonuniy egalik qilinmagan bo‘lsa, haromdir (Haram). U musodara qilinishi va Bayt ul-Mol’ga topshirilishi kerak, chunki u noqonuniy yo‘l bilan olingan. Oluvchi, beruvchi va ular orasidagi vositachi — barchasi jazolanishi lozim.

Bribery is taken, as remuneration for fulfilling an interest that must be fulfilled without such remuneration for the one obliged to fulfil it. It is also taken as remuneration for not undertaking an action that must be undertaken, and it can be taken as remuneration for undertaking an action prohibited by the State. There is no difference in the interest whether it is obtaining a benefit or avoiding harm, or whether it was valid (Haqq) or void (Batil). Every property acquired by way of bribery is considered prohibited (Haram) that it is not legally owned. It must be confiscated and placed in Bait ul-Mal for it has been illegitimately acquired. The taker, payer and middleman between them must all be punished.

Har qanday mulk hokimlarga, amaldorlarga, qozilarga yoki davlat xizmatchilariga sovg'a yoki xayriya sifatida taqdim etilsa, u poraxo'rlik hisoblanadi va sanab o'tilgan shaxslarning uni qabul qilishi joiz emas. Biror kishi bu amaldorlarga bunday sovg'ani, agar u amalga oshirmoqchi bo'lgan manfaati bo'lmasa yoki biror imtiyoz olishni istamasa, taqdim etishi uchun hech qanday sabab yo'q. Hokimlar, amaldorlar, qozilar va davlat xizmatchilariga berilgan sovg'a va xayriyalar harom mol (g'ullul) hisoblanadi va do'zaxga olib boradi. Bunday sovg'alarni qabul qilishni ta'qiqlash haqida Payg'ambar ﷺ tomonidan aniq ko'rsatma kelgan. Al-Buxoriy va Muslim Abu Hamid as-Sa'idiydan rivoyat qilganlar, u aytdi: "Payg'ambar ﷺ Bani Asad qabilasidan, ibnul-Lutbiyya nomi bilan tanilgan bir kishini sadaqa (zakot) yig'ishga tayinladi. U qaytib kelganida dedi: 'Bu sizniki, bu esa menga sovg'a qilingan.' Payg'ambar ﷺ minbarga chiqdi, Allohga hamd va sano aytdi, so'ngra dedi: 'Biz tayinlagan amaldorga nima bo'ldi-ki, u kelib: "Bu sizniki, bu esa menga sovg'a qilingan", deydi? Nega u otasining yoki onasining uyida o'tirib, unga sovg'a berilarmikan yo'qmi, ko'rmadi? Muhammadning ﷺ joni qo'lida bo'lgan Zot bilan qasam ichamanki, sizlardan birortangiz shunday narsani olsa, qiyomat kuni uni bo'ynida ko'tarib keladi: bu xo'rsinayotgan tuya bo'ladimi, ma'rayotgan sigir bo'ladimi yoki mammalayotgan qo'y bo'ladimi!' So'ngra u qo'llarini yuqoriga ko'tardi, hatto biz uning ikki qo'ltig'ining tuklarini ko'rdik va ikki marta dedi: 'Ey Alloh, men (haqiqatni) yetkazdimmi?'"

Any property presented to the governors, officials, judges or civil servants by way of gifts or donations is considered as bribery and it is not allowed for the persons listed to accept it. There is no reason for a person to present such a gift to these officials unless he has an interest he wishes to pursue or if he wishes to gain some kind of favour. Gifts and donations to governors, officials, judges and civil servants are considered illicit property (Ghulul) and lead to Hellfire. There has come explicit prohibition from the Prophet (saw) about accepting such gifts. Al-Bukhari and Muslim narrated from Abu Hamid As-Sa’idi, he said: “The Prophet (saw) appointed a man from Banu Asad, known as ibnul- Lutbiyya, over the Sadaqah.When he returned he said: ‘This is for you and this has been gifted to me.’ The Prophet (saw) stood on the Mimbar, praised and commended Allah (swt) then said: ‘What is wrong with the official we appointed that he comes and says: This is for you and this has been gifted to me.Why did he not sit in his father’s or mother’s house to see if he would get any gifts or not? By the One in whose hand the soul of Muhammad (saw) lies, none of you will obtain anything of the like save that he will come bearing it on his neck on the Day of Judgement, whether a foaming camel or a mooing cow or a bleating sheep!’ Then he raised his arms upwards until we saw the hair of his two armpits and said twice: ‘O Allah (swt), have I conveyed?’”.

Bu hukmdorlar, hokimlar, mansabdorlar, ularning qarindoshlari yoki davlat xizmatchilari tomonidan hukmdorning hokimiyati va mavqeidan kelib chiqib, davlat yoki xalq mulki bo‘lgan mulk va yerlarni zo‘rlik, hokimiyat va bosqinchilik yo‘li bilan tortib olingan mol-mulk va yerlardir. Bu usullarning biri bilan, davlat yoki xalq mulki bo‘lgan mol-mulk va yerlardan tortib olingan har qanday mulk noqonuniy yo‘l bilan qo‘lga kiritilgan hisoblanadi va qonuniy ravishda egalik qilinmaydi. Bunday barcha tortib olishlar zulm hisoblanadi, zulm esa haromdir va Qiyomat kunida zulmatdir. Bu, shuningdek, Jahannam oloviga tegishli bo‘lgan g‘ulul (noqonuniy mol) hisoblanadi. Payg‘ambar ﷺ aytdilar: “Kim yerdan biror narsani nohaq yo‘l bilan olsa, Qiyomat kuni u yetti qavat yerga botiriladi.” Boshqa rivoyatda: “Kim bir qarich yerni nohaq olsa, Qiyomat kuni u yetti qavat yerdan bo‘yniga tavqday qilib solinadi” (ikki Shayx rivoyat qilgan). Oisha roziyallohu anhodan rivoyat qilinadi, u aytdi: “Payg‘ambar ﷺ aytdilar: ‘Kim bir qarich yerni nohaq olsa, Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) uning bo‘yniga yetti qavat yerdan tavq qilib qo‘yadi’” (ittifoq bilan rivoyat qilingan).

These are the properties and lands seized by the rulers, governors, officials, their relatives or civil servants from the State’s or people’s properties and lands by coercion, authority and domination due to the ruler’s power and position. Any property seized in any of these ways, whether of the State’s or people’s properties and lands, is considered illegally acquired and is not legally owned. All such seizures are considered injustice (Zulm) and injustice is Haram and darkness on the Day of Judgement. It is also considered illicit property (Ghulul) that belongs to Hellfire. The Prophet (saw) said: “Whoever takes anything from land illegitimately he will be sunk on the Day of Judgement down to seven earth’s.” In another narration: “Whoever takes a hand span of land unjustly it will be put around his neck as a collar of seven earths on the Day of Judgement” (narrated by the two Shaikhs). From Aiesha, she said “that the Prophet (saw) said: ‘Whoever takes unjustly a hand span of land Allah (swt) will put around his neck a collar of seven earth’s’”(agreed upon).

Agar tortib olingan mulk va yerlar odamlarning mulki bo'lib, egalari ma'lum bo'lsa, ular egalariga qaytarilishi kerak. Agar egalari noma'lum bo'lsa, ular Bayt ul-Molga topshirilishi kerak. Agar ular Davlat mulki bo'lsa, ular albatta Bayt ul-Molga qaytarilishi shart. Umar ibn Abdul Aziz xalifalik vazifasini o'z zimmasiga olganida, Banu Umayya tomonidan Davlat yoki odamlar mulkidan tortib olingan barcha mulk va yerlarni, egalari ma'lum bo'lganlaridan tashqari, Muslimlarning Bayt ul-Moliga qaytardi. U, shuningdek, Banu Umayyani ularga ajratilgan yer nafaqalaridan va ular tortib olgan barcha narsalardan mahrum qildi, chunki u ularning o'z hokimiyatlari kuchi bilan va noqonuniy yo'llar bilan tortib olganini, shu sababli bu narsalar qonuniy mulk bo'lmaganini hisobladi. U avval o'zidan boshladi: barcha mablag'larini, mulklarini, minib yuradigan hayvonlarini, atirlarini va buyum-jihozlarini topshirdi, ularni keyinchalik 32 000 dinorga sotib, Bayt ul-Molga joyladi.

Bu davlat bilan o‘zaro shartnomalar yoki majburiyatlarni tuzishda vositachilik va dallollik orqali xorijiy yoki mahalliy kompaniyalar yoki shaxslardan hokimlar, mansabdor shaxslar va davlat xizmatchilari tomonidan qo‘lga kiritilgan har qanday mulk. Bu yo‘l bilan qo‘lga kiritilgan har qanday mulk noqonuniy va haram hisoblanadi, shuning uchun u qonuniy ravishda egalik qilinmaydi. U noqonuniy yo‘l bilan qo‘lga kiritilgani uchun musulmonlarning Bayt ul-Mol’iga topshirilishi kerak. Mu’oz ibn Jabaldan rivoyat qilinadi, u aytdi: “Payg‘ambar ﷺ meni Yamanga yubordilar. Men ketayotganimda, meni qaytarish uchun ortimdan odam yubordilar, shunda men qaytdim. U zot aytdilar: ‘Nima uchun sizni chaqirtirganimni bilasizmi? Mening ruxsatimsiz hech narsani qo‘lga kiritmang, chunki bu noqonuniydir. Kim noqonuniy ravishda biror narsani qo‘lga kiritsa, Qiyamat kuni u qo‘lga kiritgan narsasini o‘z zimmasida ko‘tarib yuradi. Shu sababli sizni chaqirdim, endi ishingizga boring.’”

This is any property acquired by the governors, officials and civil servants via agency and brokerage from foreign or regional companies or individuals in exchange for contracting deals or undertakings between them and the State. Any property acquired through this means is considered illicit and Haram so it is not legally owned. It must be placed in Bait ul-Mal of the Muslims as it was illegitimately acquired. From Mu’az bin Jabal, he said: “The Prophet (saw) sent me to Yemen. As I went away, he sent someone after me to call me back so I returned. He said: ‘Do you know why I sent for you? Do not acquire anything without my permission for it is illicit, and whoever acquires anything illicitly he will bear what he acquired on the Day of Judgement. For this I called you, so go now to your work.’”.

Agentlik va vositachilik — bu kompaniyalar va shaxslarning hokimlar, mansabdorlar va davlat xizmatchilariga beradigan pullari bo‘lib, ular davlatning bilimisiz va uning orqasidan ularga haq to‘lanadi, xuddi poraxo‘rlik kabi. Bu pullar kompaniyalar yoki shaxslarning shartnomalar tuzish yoki loyihalarni amalga oshirish majburiyatlarini osonlashtirish uchun ishlatiladi, bunda ularning manfaatlari ko‘zlanadi, davlat yoki ummatning manfaatlari emas.

Agency and brokerage are funds from companies and individuals to governors, officials and civil servants who remunerates them without the State’s knowledge and behind her back, like bribery. It is used to facilitate companies or individuals contracting bargains or commitments to undertake projects in a manner calculated to achieve their interests, not the interests of the State or Ummah.

Bu hokimlar, amaldorlar yoki davlat xizmatchilari tomonidan ularning nazoratiga berilgan davlat mulkidan, vazifalarini bajarish yoki davlat manfaatlari va jamoat ehtiyojlariga oid qurilmalar, loyihalar va boshqa narsalarni nazorat qilish uchun o'zlashtirilgan mol-mulkdir. Bunga bog'liq ravishda, pochta, telegraf, telefon yoki telekommunikatsiya xodimlari, shuningdek boshqa idoralar xodimlari tomonidan aldov, nayrang yoki soxtalashtirish yo'li bilan belgilangan stavkalardan ortiq ravishda xalqdan olingan narsalar ham shu jumladandir. Davlat mulkini o'zlashtirish yoki xalqni aldash va nayrang yo'li bilan qo'lga kiritilgan barcha bunday mablag'lar haromdan olingan, qonuniy ravishda egalik qilinmaydigan daromad hisoblanadi. Ular musodara qilinishi va Bayt ul-Mолга topshirilishi lozim bo'lgan noqonuniy mol-mulk deb e'tirof etiladi.

This is the property embezzled by governors, officials or civil servants from the State property placed under their control to fulfil their duties or supervise installations, projects and other things related to the State’s interests or utilities. Linked to this is what is taken from the people by postal, telegraph, telephone or telecommunications officials, as well as officials of other departments, in excess of the established rates by way of tricking them, deceit or forgery. All these funds acquired through embezzlement from State properties or by the way of tricking people and deceit is considered Haram acquisitions that are not legally owned. These are considered illicit property that must be confiscated and placed in Bait ul- Mal.

Agar Umar ibn al-Xattob biron-bir hokim yoki amaldor ustidan shubhalansa, uning belgilangan miqdordan ortiq mol-mulkini musodara qilar yoki uni o‘zi bilan Davlat o‘rtasida taqsimlab olardi. U hokimlar va amaldorlarning boyligini ularni tayinlashdan oldin va keyin hisoblab borardi. Agar ortiqcha mablag‘ topsa yoki shubhaga tushsa, ularning boyligini olib qo‘yar yoki yarmini olib, Bayt ul-Molga topshirardi. U shunday ish Abu Sufyon bilan ham qildi, o‘g‘li Mu‘oviya Umarning Ash-Shomdagi hokimi bo‘lgan paytda, Abu Sufyon qaytib kelganida. Abu Sufyon Umarni tabriklash uchun kelgan edi. Umar Mu‘oviyaning qaytib kelgan otasiga mablag‘ taqdim etganidan shubhalangach, unga dedi: “Bizga qaytarib ber, ey Abu Sufyon.” Abu Sufyon javob berdi: “Biz qaytarib berishimiz kerak bo‘ladigan biror narsa olmaganmiz.” Shunda Umar Abu Sufyonning qo‘lidagi uzukka qo‘l cho‘zib, uni undan oldi. So‘ng uzukni Abu Sufyonning xotini Hindga elchi orqali yubordi. Elchiga Abu Sufyon nomidan unga shunday deyishni buyurdi: “Men olib kelgan ikki xurjunni izlab, ularni yuboring.” Elchi kechikmay ikki xurjun bilan qaytib keldi, ularda 10 000 dirham bor edi, Umar esa bu pulni Bayt ul-Molga joylashtirdi.

If ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab suspected a governor or official, he would confiscate his properties that exceeded the amount specified for him or divide it between him and the State. He used to count the wealth of the governors and officials before and after their appointment. If he found extra funds or became suspicious, he confiscated their wealth or took half of it and placed it in Bait ul-Mal. He did this with Abu Sufyan when he returned from his son Mu’awiya who was ‘Umar’s governor in Ash-Sham. Abu Sufyan had come to greet ‘Umar, so ‘Umar, after he had suspected that Mu’awiya had presented funds to his father on his return, said to him: “Recompense us, O Abu Sufyan.” Abu Sufyan replied: “We did not obtain anything such that we should recompense you.” So ‘Umar extended his hand to the ring on Abu Sufyan’s hand and took it from him. He then sent the ring with a Messenger (saw) to Hind, Abu Sufyan’s wife. He commanded the Messenger (saw) to say to her quoting Abu Sufyan: “Look for the two saddlebags that I came with and send them.” There was no delay before the Messenger (saw) returned with the two saddlebags containing 10,000 Dirhams, so ‘Umar placed them in the Bait ul-Mal.

Bait ul-Mal daromadlarining manbalari orasida davlat tomonidan jinoyat sodir etgan yoki qonunlar, ma'muriy tizimlar va nizomlarni buzganlarga solinadigan jarimalar ham bor. Jarimalar Sunnat bilan belgilangan. Amr ibn Shu'aybning otasidan, uning bobosi Abdulloh ibn Amr ibn al-'Os orqali rivoyat qilishicha, Allahning Elchisi ﷺ daraxtda osilib turgan mevalar haqida so'ralganda, shunday javob bergan: "Kim zarurat yuzasidan yesa, o'zi bilan olib ketmagan holda, unga hech narsa yo'q. Lekin kim o'zi bilan biror narsa olib ketsa, unga qiymatidan ikki baravar jarima jazo sifatida solinadi." Shuningdek, rivoyat qilinadiki, Payg'ambar ﷺ shunday degan: "Bog'langan tuyani adashtirgan kishidan uning qiymati va yana shuncha miqdor jarima olinadi." Xuddi shunday, zakot berishdan bosh tortgan kishidan, unga vojib bo'lgan zakotdan tashqari, jazo tariqasida molining yarmi olinadi. Bunga Payg'ambar ﷺning: "Kim uni (zakotni) berishdan bosh tortsa, men uni va molining yarmini olaman", degan so'zlari dalildir. Bularning barchasi tanbeh beruvchi jazo sifatida jarima solishning joizligini ko'rsatadi. Qaysi jinoyat va buzilishlar uchun jarima solinishini, bu jarimalarning miqdorini, shu jumladan eng yuqori va eng quyi chegaralarini belgilash Xalifaning vazifasidir, va u hokimlar, mansabdor shaxslar, sudyalar va davlat xizmatchilarini bularga rioya qilishga majbur qiladi. Yoki Xalifa bu belgilash vazifasini hokimlar, mansabdor shaxslar, sudyalar va davlat xizmatchilarining ijtihodiga topshirishi mumkin. Qaysi yo'lni tanlash eng yaxshi ekanini musulmonlar ishlarini yuritishda o'z ijtihodiga ko'ra hal qilish Xalifaning ixtiyorida.

Among the sources of income for the Bait ul-Mal are the fines imposed by the State upon those who commit offences or contravene laws, administrative systems or regulations. Fines are established by the Sunnah. Amru bin Shu’aib narrated from his father from his grandfather Abdullah bin Amru bin al ‘As that the Messenger of Allah (saw) was asked about fruits hanging on a tree so he answered: “Whoever eats out of need, without taking something with himself then there is nothing against him. But whoever leaves taking with him anything then a fine equal to double of its value is imposed as a punishment.” It was also narrated that the Prophet (saw) said: “The one who causes a tethered camel to stray is fined its equivalent plus the same again.” Similarly, a fine is taken from the abstainer of paying Zakat half of his wealth as chastisement above the Zakat obliged upon him due to the Prophet (saw) saying: “and whoever prevented it then I will take it plus half of his wealth.” All this indicates the legality of imposing fines as a chastising punishment. It is for the Khalifah to determine the types of offences and contraventions for which fines are imposed, the amount of these fines including upper and lower limits, and he obliges the governors, officials, judges and civil servants to adhere to these. Alternatively the Khalifah may leave the responsibility of determining them to the Ijtihad of governors, officials, judges and civil servants. It is up to the Khalifah to choose which is best, in looking after the affairs of the Muslims according to his own Ijtihad.