Muslimlar Allah (SWT) tomonidan jang qilishga ruxsat berilganidan, Payg'ambar ﷺ Madinaga hijrat qilganlaridan va u zot masjid qurib, Islom davlatini g'isht-g'isht bilan qura boshlaganlaridan keyin qo'lga kiritgan birinchi mablag' Abdulloh ibn Jahshning karvonining o'ljasi bo'ldi. Bu o'lja Quraysh mollaridan bo'lgan, teri va savdo mollari ortilgan bir qancha tuyalar edi va Hijratning ikkinchi yilida, Jumodal-Oxirada olingan edi. Shu yilning Ramazon oyida Badr jangi bo'lib o'tdi, unda Muslimlar ko'p boylik va qurol-yarog' qo'lga kiritdilar, ammo uni taqsimlashda tortishuv yuz berdi. Shunda Allah (SWT) "Anfol" surasini nozil qilib, shunday deb marhamat qildi:

The first funds the Muslims gained –after permission was given to them by Allah (swt) to fight, following the Hijra of the Messenger of Allah (saw) to Madinah, and after he built his mosque and began building the Islamic State brick by brick –was the booty of the caravan belonging to Abdullah b. Jahsh. This booty was some of the camels belonging to Quraysh and loaded with leathers and trading goods, taken during Jumada Al-Akhirah in the second year of Hijra. In the same year, during Ramadhan, the battle of Badr took place, where the Muslims acquired much wealth and weaponry but disputed in its distribution, so Allah (swt) revealed Surah Al-Anfal, saying:

Ular sizdan o'ljalar (ganimatlar) haqida so'raydilar. Ayting: "Bunday o'ljalar Alloh (SWT) va Payg'ambar ﷺ ixtiyorida..." [Al-Anfal:1]

“They ask you concerning (the) spoils of war. Say: “(Such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah (swt) and the Messenger (saw)...” [Al-Anfal:1]

Shunday qilib, Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) uning taqsimlanishini Allah Elchisi (sollallohu alayhi vasallam) zimmasiga topshirdi. U ham beshdan birini ajratmasdan taqsimladi. So'ngra musulmonlar ahdni buzganlaridan keyin Bani Qaynuqa’ning o'ljasini qo'lga kiritdilar va Allah Elchisi ﷺ ularni Sham yerida Azra’rotga quvib yubordi. Bu voqea Badrdan bir oy keyin sodir bo'ldi. Shunda u o'ljani taqsimladi va Badrdan keyin nozil bo'lgan o'ljalar haqidagi oyatga muvofiq beshdan birini ajratib oldi:

Thus, Allah (swt) made it’s distribution the responsibility of the Messenger of Allah (saw) , who divided it, without taking out the fifth. Then the Muslims seized the booty of Bani Qaynuqa’, after having violated the covenant, and the Messenger of Allah (saw) banished them to Azra’rat in Ash-Sham. This followed Badr by one month, so he divided the booty and took out the fifth in accordance to the Ayah regarding the spoils of war, revealed after Badr:

Bilingingki, bilib qo'yingki, qo'lga kiritgan har qanday o'ljaning beshdan bir qismi Alloh (subhanahu va taolo)ga, Rasulga ﷺ, yaqin qarindoshlarga, yetimlarga, miskinlarga va yo'lovchiga tegishlidir. [Al-Anfal: 41]

“And know that out of all the booty that you may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah (swt) and to the Messenger (saw), and to the close relatives, orphans, the needy, and the wayfarer.” [Al-Anfal: 41]

Birinchi ochilgan yer Payg'ambar ﷺ tomonidan Bani Nadir yurti bo'ldi. Ular Uhud jangidan keyin ahdni buzgan edilar. Shunda u zot ularni o'n besh kecha qamal qildilar, so'ngra ular bilan shu shart bilan sulh tuzdilar: ular Madinadan chiqib ketadilar va faqat tuyalariga ortib olа oladigan narsalarini olib ketadilar, qurol-yarog' va turli harbiy jihozlar bundan mustasno. Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ularning molmulkini, yerlaridan tashqari, dastlabki muhojirlar o'rtasida taqsimladi, ansordan esa hech kimga bermadi, faqat Sahl ibn Hunayf va Abu Dajona Samak ibn Xarsha bundan mustasno, chunki ular o'zlarining mushkul ahvolini bayon qildilar, shuning uchun ularga o'ljadan berdi. Yerlarni esa u zot o'zi uchun ajratib qo'ydi: oilasining bir yillik ta'minotini olib, qolganini harbiy otlarga va jihod uchun ishlatiladigan qurollarga sarfladi. Ushbu jangda Hashr surasi nozil bo'ldi, unda Alloh (SWT) shunday deydi:

The first land opened by the Messenger (saw) was the land of Bani Al- Nadheer, after having violated the covenant, following the battle of Uhud. So he besieged them for fifteen nights, then made peace with them on condition that they leave Madinah, taking only what they can load onto their camels, excluding the arms and the various weaponry. The Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth, excluding their lands, between the early Muhajireen, giving none to the Ansar, except for Sahl b. Hunaif and Abu Dajana Samak b. Kharsha, since they mentioned their state of poverty, so he gave them of the booty. He reserved the lands, taking from it a year’s worth of sustenance to his family, dedicating what remained of that to the animals used for war and the weaponry used for Jihad. In this battle Surat Al- Hashr was revealed, where Allah (swt) said:

Alloh (SWT) O‘z Rasuli (ﷺ)ga ulardan nima bergan bo‘lsa, buning uchun siz na otliq, na tuyali yurish qilmadingiz; lekin Alloh (SWT) Rasulini (ﷺ) xohlagan kishisi ustiga hokim qiladi; Alloh (SWT) har narsaga qodirdir. [Al-Hashr: 6]

“What Allah (swt) has bestowed on His Messenger (saw) from them, for this you made no expedition with either cavalry or camels, but Allah (swt) gives power to His Messenger (saw)s over any He pleases; and Allah (swt) has power over all things.” [Al-Hashr: 6]

Shunday qilib, Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) butun bu narsani faqat Rasulga (ﷺ) bag'ishladi. Bundan keyin Bani Quraydza jangi bo'ldi. Ular ahdni buzgan, musulmonlarga xiyonat qilgan va Al-Xandaq (Xandaq) jangida dushman qabilalar tomonini olgan edilar. Shuning uchun Allohning Rasuli (ﷺ) ularning boyligini musulmonlar o'rtasida taqsimladi: har bir otliqqa uch ulush, har bir piyodaga bir ulush berdi. Keyinroq Xaybar jangi bo'ldi. Nabiy (ﷺ) Hudaybiyada Quraysh bilan sulh shartnomasini tuzganidan keyin, Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) Xaybarni Rasuli (ﷺ) va musulmonlar uchun kuch bilan fath qildi va ularga uning yerlari, uylari va boyliklari ustidan egalik berdi. Keyin Nabiy (ﷺ) beshdan birini ajratib olib, o'ljani va yerlarni taqsimladi. U yerni 1800 ulush va 18 bo'limga bo'ldi, har bir bo'limda 100 ulush bor edi va uning aholisi bilan kelishdi: yerning mevalari va donidan yarmini olishga rozi bo'ldi. Xaybar fath etilgach, Fadak aholisi Allohning Rasuli (ﷺ) huzuriga keldi va u ular bilan sulh tuzdi. Shart shu ediki, u ularning yer va xurmo daraxtlarining yarmini oladi, ular esa o'sha yerda ishlashda davom etadi, qolgan yarmini esa ularga qoldiradi. Shunday qilib, Fadakning yarmi to'liq Allohning Rasuli (ﷺ) uchun bo'ldi, chunki u kuch ishlatilmasdan qo'lga kiritilgan edi, va unga tushgan narsani u sadaqa sifatida sarflar edi. Xuddi shunday, Vodiyul-Quro aholisi bilan ham u kuch bilan ularning yerini fath qilgach, sulh tuzdi. Shart shu ediki, ularning yerlari ularning qo'l ostida qoladi, xuddi Xaybar aholisi bilan tuzgan shartnomasiga o'xshab. Tima' aholisi esa Nabiy (ﷺ) bilan jizya to'lash evaziga sulh tuzdilar va o'z mamlakatlari hamda yerlari ularda qoldi.

Thus, Allah (swt) dedicated all of it to the Messenger (saw) alone. After this was the battle of Bani Qurayzha, after they had violated the covenant, betrayed the Muslims, and sided with the opposing tribes in the battle of Al-Khandaq (The Ditch). So the Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth between the Muslims and dedicated to each rider three shares and to each footman one share. Later on the battle of Khaybar came, after the Prophet (saw) concluded the peace treaty with Quraysh in Hudaybia, thus Allah (swt) opened Khaybar for His Messenger (saw) and the Muslims by force, giving them ownership over their land, homes and wealth. The Prophet (saw) then divided the spoils and lands taking out the fifth. He divided the land into 1800 shares and 18 sections, each section having 100 shares, and agreed with its people to take half of what the land produced of fruits and grains. After the victory of Khaybar, the people of Fadak came to the Prophet of Allah (saw) where he made peace with them, on condition that he take half of their land and date trees, on which they continue to work and he leaves the other half for them to keep. So half of Fadak was made completely for the Messenger of Allah (saw) , because it was gained without force, and he used to spend whatever would come to him of it as charity. Similarly with the people of Wadi Al-Qura, he made peace with them after he opened their land by force, on condition that he keeps their land under their control, similar to what he concluded with the people of Khaybar. As for the people of Tima’, they made peace with the Prophet (saw) by paying him Jizya, keeping their country and land to them.

Makka fath etilganidan keyin Hunayn jangi bo‘ldi, unda Allah Elchisi ﷺ ularning mol-mulkini taqsimladilar va Hawazin elchilari iltimos qilganidan so‘ng ayollari va bolalarini ozod qildilar. Tabuk jangida esa Payg‘ambar ﷺ Al-Aqaba aholisining rahbari Yahya ibn Ru’ba bilan sulh tuzdilar – u nasroniy edi – jizya to‘lash sharti bilan. Shuningdek, Azrah, Jarba va Maqna aholisi bilan – ular yahudiy edi – ular ham jizya to‘lashi sharti bilan sulh tuzdilar. Domat-al-Jandal nasroniy rahbari Akidra bilan ham, Xolid ibn Al-Valid uni asirga olganidan keyin, Payg‘ambar ﷺ uni kechirib, jizya to‘lash sharti bilan sulh tuzdilar.

After the conquering of Makkah came the battle of Hunayn, where the Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth and released their women and children, after envoys from Hawazin appealed for this. And in the battle of Tabuk, the Prophet (saw) made peace with Yahya b. Ru’ba, the leader of Al- Aqaba, –and he was a Christian –on the condition that he pays the Jizya, and he made peace with the people of Azrah and Jarba and Maqna –and they were Jews –on the condition that they pay the Jizya as well. He also made peace with Akidra, the Christian head of Domat-Al-Jandal, on paying the Jizya after being arrested by Khalid b. Al-Walid and forgiven by the Prophet (saw).

Shundan so'ng Najran va Yaman elchilari keldi. Ulardan kim musulmon bo'lsa, unga zakot to'lash buyurildi, kim nasroniy yoki yahudiy bo'lib qolsa, jizya to'lashi majburiy bo'ldi. Bu jizya haqidagi oyat nozil bo'lgandan so'ng va zakot farz bo'lgach sodir bo'ldi. Bu janglar davomida Allah elchisi ﷺ sadaqa tuyalari uchun naqi' ni, jihod uchun tuyalar va jangovar otlarni ajratib qo'ydi. Shuningdek, ma'adanlar, suv, o'tloqlarning hosili va olovni barcha musulmonlar uchun umumiy mulk deb belgiladi. Allah elchisi ﷺ vafot etib, Abu Bakr xalifalikni egallagandan so'ng, so'ngra Umar davrida fath etish ishlari davom etdi va katta boylik keldi: o'ljalardan, jizya va xarojdan. Bularning barchasi Madinadagi musulmonlarning Bayt ul-mol xazinasiga to'planardi.

Then came the envoys of Najran and Al-Yemen, where whoever of them became Muslim was enjoined to pay Zakat, and whoever remained a Christian or a Jew were obliged to pay the Jizya, after the verse regarding the Jizya was revealed, and Zakat became obligatory. During these battles the Messenger of Allah (saw) reserved the (Naqi’) for the camels of charity and the camels and steeds of war for Jihad. He also designated the minerals, water, the produce of grazing land and fire as public property for all Muslims. After the Messenger of Allah (saw) passed away and Abu Bakr took over, then ‘Umar, the conquests followed and brought great wealth, from spoils of war, Jizya and Kharaj, all pouring into the Bait ul-mal of the Muslims in Madinah.

Ushbu qisqa xulosada musulmonlar Bayt ul-mol (xazina)ga tushgan mablag‘lar turini, Alloh (SWT) ular uchun halol qilgan va Bayt ul-molga huquq sifatida belgilab qo‘ygan mablag‘larni ilohiy hukmlar buyurgan narsalarga sarflash tartibini bir qarashda ko‘rish mumkin. Bu halifaning musulmonlar manfaatiga va ularning ishlarini boshqarishga eng mos deb bilgan narsasi haqidagi ijtihodiga muvofiq bo‘ladi.

In this quick summary we can get a picture of the type of funds that reached the Bait ul-mal of the Muslims, and which Allah (swt) has made permissible for them, and made the right due to the Bait ul-Mal, to be spent on whatever the divine rules decreed. This was according to the Ijtihad of the Khalifah regarding what he sees most fitting for the interest of the Muslims and for looking after their affairs.

Shunga ko'ra, Xilofat Davlatidagi mablag'lar quyidagi turlardan iborat bo'ladi:

Thereupon, funds in the Khilafah State are made up of the following types:

Ganimat mollari va urush o‘ljalari, al-Fay’ va beshdan bir.

u The booties and the spoils of war, Al-Fai’ and the fifth.

Al-Kharaj. Al-Jizya.

u Al-Kharaj. u Al-Jizya.

Umumiy mulk (uning barcha shakllarida).

u Public property (in all its forms).

Davlat mulki: yer, binolar, kommunal xizmatlar va ularning daromadlari.

u State property of land, buildings, utilities and their revenues.

Al-‘Ushur.

u Al-‘Ushur.

Hukmdorlar, davlat xodimlari tomonidan noqonuniy yo‘l bilan qo‘lga kiritilgan mol-mulk, harom pul va jarimalardan olingan pul.

u Money attained illegaly by the rulers, the employees of the State, illicit money and money from penalties.

Ar-Rikoz (yashirin xazinalar) va konlar beshdan bir qismi.

u The fifth of Al-Rikaz (hidden treasures) and minerals.

Vârisi bo'lmagan kishining meros mulki.

u The inheritance property of the one who has no inheritors.

Murtadlarning mol-mulki.

u The property of apostates.

Soliq mablag'lari. Xayriya mablag'lari – Zakot.

u Tax funds. u Charity funds – Zakat.

Biz ushbu turlarning har birini, uning haqiqatini, uni tasarruf qilishga kimning haqli ekanini, uni sarflash usulini, sarflanish sohasini va uning kimlarga berilishi mumkinligini tushunish uchun muhokama qilamiz.

We will discuss each of these different types to understand its reality, who is entitled to dispose of it, the manner of expenditure, the area of its expenditure and who are eligible of it.