Jizya ahli kitobdan, ya'ni yahudiy va nasroniylardan olinadi. Bunga yuqorida zikr qilingan oyat dalil bo'ladi: "Kitob ahlidan bo'lganlar", ular yahudiy, nasroniy, arab yoki arab bo'lmaganlardan bo'lsin. Buning sababi shuki, Allah elchisi ﷺ Yamandagi yahudiylardan va Najrondagi nasroniylardan jizya olgan.
Arva ibn Zubayrdan rivoyat qilinadiki, u shunday degan: "Allah elchisi ﷺ Yaman xalqiga xat yozdi: '...kim yahudiylik yoki nasroniylik dinida bo'lsa, undan qaytishga majbur qilinmaydi, lekin u jizya to'lashi kerak'".
Ibn Shihobdan ham rivoyat qilinadiki, u shunday degan: "Jizya to'lagan birinchi xalq nasroniy bo'lgan Najron xalqi edi".
Abu Bakr arab bo'lgan al-Hiradagi nasroniylardan jizya oldi. Shuningdek, Umar ham Ash-Shomdagi nasroniylardan jizya oldi, ular arab ham, arab bo'lmagan ham edi.
Jizya is taken from the people of the Book, the Jews and the Christians, by evidence of the previous mentioned Ayah, “Being of the people of the Book” whether they are Jews, Christians, Arabs or non-Arabs. This is because the Messenger of Allah (saw) took Jizya from the Jews of Yemen and from the Christians of Najran. It has been narrated from Arwa ibn Az-Zubayr who said, “The Messenger of Allah (saw) wrote a letter to the people of Yemen saying, ‘…whoever is upon the religion of Judaism or Christianity is not forced to turn away from it and he must pay the Jizya.’” It has also been narrated from Ibn Shihaab who said, “The first to give the Jizya were the people of Najran who were Christians.” Abu Bakr took the Jizya from the Christians of al-Hira who were Arabs, and ‘Umar, likewise took the Jizya from the Christians of Ash-Sham who were both Arab and non-Arab.
Jizya ahli kitobdan tashqari odamlardan ham olinadi, jumladan zardushtiylardan, sobiiylardan, hindulardan va kommunistlardan, chunki Allahning Elchisi (ﷺ) Hajr zardushtiylaridan jizya olgan. Hasan bin Muhammaddan rivoyat qilinadi, u aytdi: “Allahning Elchisi (ﷺ) Hajr zardushtiylariga xat yozib, ularni Islomga da’vat qildi; qabul qilganlar Islomga kiritildi, qabul qilmaganlarga esa jizya majburiy qilindi, ularning go‘shtini yeyish va ayollariga uylanish taqiqlangan holda.” Ibn Shihobdan rivoyat qilinadi: “Allahning Elchisi (ﷺ) Hajr zardushtiylaridan jizya olgan”, Umar esa Fors zardushtiylaridan jizya olgan, Usmon esa barbarlardan jizya olgan. Shuningdek, rivoyat qilinadiki, Umar ibn al-Xattob zardushtiylardan jizya olishni to‘xtatgan, to Abdurrahmon ibn Avf Allahning Elchisi (ﷺ) Hajr zardushtiylaridan jizya olganini tasdiqlamaguncha. Xuddi shuningdek, Elchidan (ﷺ) rivoyat qilinadiki, u aytdi: “Ular bilan ahli kitob bilan qilganingizdek muomala qiling.”
Jizya is also taken from people other than the people of the Book namely from the Zoroastrians, Sabians, Hindus and the communists, because the Messenger of Allah (saw) took Jizya from the Zoroastrians of Hajr. It has been narrated from Hasan bin Muhammad (saw) who said, “The Messenger of Allah (saw) wrote to the Zoroastrians of Hajr inviting them to Islam and those who accepted were accepted into Islam and those who didn’t Jizya was enforced upon them, observing that their meat must not be eaten and their women must not be married.” It has been narrated from Ibn Shihab that the “Messenger of Allah (saw) took the Jizya from the Zoroastrians of Hajr,” and ‘Umar took the Jizya from the Zoroastrians of Persia and that Uthman took the Jizya from the Berbers. It has also been narrated that ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab stopped from taking Jizya from the Zorastians until Abdur-Rahman bin Auf testified that the Messenger of Allah (saw) took the Jizya from the Zorastians of Hajr. Likewise, it has been narrated from the Messenger (saw) that he said, “Deal with them as you would with of the people of the Book.”.
Butparast arablarga kelsak, ular Islomni qabul qilishga majbur qilinadi, aks holda Allohning (SWT) so‘zi bo‘yicha ularga qarshi urush olib boriladi.
As for the Arabs who worshipped idols they are forced to accept Islam otherwise they would be fought against according to Allah (swt) ’s saying,
"Mushriklarni qayerda topsangiz, o'ldiringlar" {At-Tavba: 5} va Uning
“Kill the polytheists wherever you may find them”, [At-Tauba: 5] and His ’s saying,
"Siz kuchli bo'lgan qavm bilan urushishga chaqirilasiz; siz urushasiz yoki ular bo'ysunadilar (musulmon bo'ladilar)." [Al-Fath: 16]
“You shall be summoned to fight against people of great strength, you shall fight or they shall submit(become Muslims).” [Al-Fath: 16]
Bu Tabuk yilida, hijratning to‘qqizinchi yilida sodir bo‘lgan. Shu yili Bara’ah (at-Tavba) surasi nozil bo‘ldi, unda kitob ahlidan jizya olish va butparast arab mushriklarini o‘ldirish farz qilindi. Hijratning o‘ninchi yilidan keyin arab butparastlari yo‘q bo‘lib ketdi.
This was in the year of Tabuk in the ninth year of Hijra in which Surah At- Taubah (Bara’ah) was revealed making the collection of Jizya from the people of the Book and the killing of the polytheists from the Arabs who worshiped idols as obligatory. The Arab people of who worshiped idols ceased to exist after the tenth year of Hijra.
Kimlar yoki guruhlar, masalan, bugungi kunda mavjud bo‘lgan, avval musulmon bo‘lib, keyin dindan qaytganlar, ularning hozirgi holatini tekshirish kerak. Agar ular ota-onasi dindan qaytgan oilada tug‘ilgan bo‘lsa-yu, o‘zlari dindan qaytmagan bo‘lsa, balki ularning ota-onasi, bobolari yoki katta bobolari dindan qaytgan bo‘lsa, masalan, Ali‘ni xudo deb bilgan Durzlar, Bahoiylar, Ismoiliylar va Nusayriylar kabilar, ularning barchasi murtad hisoblanmaydi. Ular aksincha zardushtiylar va sobiylar kabi muomala qilinadi: ulardan jizya olinadi, ularning so‘yilgan go‘shti yeyilmaydi va ularning ayollariga uylanish mumkin emas. Biroq, agar ular islomni yangilab, yana islomga kirsa, u holda musulmonlarga qo‘llaniladigan hukm ularga ham tatbiq etiladi. Islomdan o‘zlari dindan qaytganlarga kelsak, ular yahudiylikni yoki nasroniylikni yoki kommunizmni qabul qilganmi yoki Islomni Alloh (SWT) tomonidan nozil qilingan din ekanligini inkor etadigan, yoki Muhammad ﷺ ning Allohning Elchisi ekanligini inkor etadigan, yoki Islomni amalda qo‘llash vajibligini inkor etadigan, yoki kommunistlar va ularga o‘xshaganlar kabi Qur’on oyatlarining ba’zilarini inkor etadigan har qanday fikrni qabul qilganmi, ular xuddi murtadlar bilan bir xil muomala qilinadi.
As for the people or groups who were Muslim and then apostatised such as are present today, their current reality has to be examined. If they were born to parents who had apostatised and didn’t apostatise themselves, rather their parents, or grandparents, or great grandparents apostatised like the Druze, the Bahais, the Ismaelies and the Nusairis who made Ali god; all of them are not treated as apostates. They are rather treated as the Zoroastrians and the Sabians. Jizya is enforced upon them, their slaughtered meat is not eaten and their women cannot be wedded. However, if they renewed their Islam and entered Islam again, then the rule applied to Muslims would apply to them As for those who apostatised from Islam themselves, be it they converted to Judaism, or Christianity, or communism, or to any thought which denies that Islam is a Deen revealed by Allah (swt) , or denies that Muhammad (saw) is the Messenger of Allah (saw), or denies the duty of implementing Islam, or denies some of the Quranic Ayat as the communists and those like them do, they are treated exactly like the apostates.
Jizya olinadi erkaklardan, ular aqlli va balog'atga yetgan bo'lsa, va u yoshlardan, aqli zaif bo'lganlardan yoki ayollardan olinmaydi. Buning sababi shuki, Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Mu'azni Yamanga yuborganlarida, balog'atga yetgan har bir o'g'il bolадан bir dinor olishni buyurganlar. 'Umar esa armiya boshliqlariga yozib yubordi: "Jizyani undiring, lekin uni ayollardan va balog'atga yetmagan o'g'il bolalardan undirmang; ya'ni o'g'il bolalardan, agar ular (shermoylarini) qirib-tozalay boshlamagan bo'lsa, ya'ni voyaga yetmagan bo'lsa, undirmang."
Bola voyaga yetganda yoki aqli zaif kishi aqlini tiklaganda, unga Jizya majburiy bo'ladi. Agar voyaga yetish yoki aqlning tiklanishi o'z xalqining yilining boshida ro'y bersa, o'sha yil uchun to'liq Jizya ular bilan birga to'lanadi; agar bu yil davomida ro'y bersa, uning yili ular yiliga muvofiq bo'lishi uchun Jizyaning bir qismi xalqi bilan birga to'lanadi. Jizya ibodatxonalardagi rohiblarga, monastirlarda yashovchilarga, kasallarga, ko'rlarga va qariyalarga ham majburiy qilinadi, agar ular farovon bo'lsa. Buning sababi shuki, Jizya bilan bog'liq oyatlar va hadislar umumiy bo'lib, ularni ham o'z ichiga oladi va ularni istisno qiluvchi hech qanday matn yo'q. Biroq, agar ular sadaqa olishga haqli bo'lsalar, Jizya bekor qilinadi va ulardan olinmaydi, chunki ular uni to'lashga qodir emaslar. Oyatda aytilgan: "Alloh (SWT) hech kimga o'z sig'imidan ortiq yuk yuklamaydi."
Va 'Umar ibn al-Xattobdan rivoyat qilinadiki, u Ahl az-Zimmadan bo'lgan bir keksa odamning odamlardan gado bo'lib yurganini ko'rdi. U unga dedi: "Nima seni buni qilishga majbur qildi?" Odam javob berdi: "Jizya, qarilik va ehtiyoj." 'Umar unga dedi: "Biz sizga adolat ko'rsatmadik, chunki yoshligingizda sizdan Jizya oldik, keyin esa qarigan paytingizda sizga yordam bermadik." U odamni o'z uyiga olib bordi va unga yeyishga nimadir berdi. So'ngra uni Bayt ul-Mol xazinachisi huzuriga yuborib, undan Jizya olishni to'xtatishni va Bayt ul-Mol mablag'laridan unga berishni buyurdi.
Jizya is taken from men who are sane and mature and it is not taken from the youth, the insane or the women. This is because when the Messenger of Allah (saw) sent Mu’az to Yemen, he ordered him to take a Dinar from every boy that had reached puberty. And ‘Umar wrote to the leaders of the armies saying, “Enforce the Jizya, but do not enforce it upon the women and the boys who had not reached puberty – namely do not enforce it upon boys unless they started to shave (their private parts) ie. they had become mature.” When the boy reaches maturity, or the insane regains sanity then the Jizya becomes mandatory upon him. If the maturity or the sanity, was attained at the beginning the of first year of his people, the Jizya is paid for the whole year with them, and if the maturity or sanity was attained during the year, a portion of the Jizya is paid with his people so that his year with their year is disciplined. It is also forced on the monk in the temples, the people of the monasteries, the ill, the blind and the elderly if they are prosperous. This is because the Ayah and Ahadith related to Jizya are general and include them and there is no text to exclude them. However, if they are entitled to charity, then the Jizya is lifted and is not collected from them because they cannot afford to pay it. And the Ayah says, “Allah (swt) does not charge a soul with more then it can bear.” And it has been narrated from ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab that he passed by an old man from the Ahl az-Zimma begging from the people. He said to him, “what forced you to do that?” The man said, “The Jizya, old age and need.” So ‘Umar said to him, “We have not done justice to you, as we have taken Jizya from you in your youth then we have failed you in your old age.” He took him to his house and gave him something to eat. Then he sent him to the treasurer of the Bait ul-Mal and ordered him to stop taking Jizya from him and to give him from the funds of the Bait ul-Mal.
