Muslimlar tomonidan qo'lga kiritilgan birinchi mablag', Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) ularga jihod qilishga ruxsat bergach, Payg'ambar ﷺ Madinaga hijrat qilib, o'zlarining masjidlarini qurib, Islom davlatini g'isht-g'isht qilib bunyod etishni boshlaganlaridan keyin, Abdulloh ibn Jahshning karvoni o'ljasi bo'ldi. Bu o'lja Quraysh mollaridan bo'lgan, teri va savdo molları ortilgan bir necha tuya edi; u hijratning ikkinchi yili Jumoda al-Oxirada qo'lga olingan. O'sha yili Ramazonda Badr jangi bo'lib o'tdi, unda musulmonlar ko'p boylik va qurol-aslahaga ega bo'ldilar, ammo uni taqsimlashda tortishuv yuz berdi. Shunda Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) "Al-Anfol" surasini nozil qildi va shunday dedi:

The first funds the Muslims gained –after permission was given to them by Allah (swt) to fight, following the Hijra of the Messenger of Allah (saw) to Madinah, and after he built his mosque and began building the Islamic State brick by brick –was the booty of the caravan belonging to Abdullah b. Jahsh. This booty was some of the camels belonging to Quraysh and loaded with leathers and trading goods, taken during Jumada Al-Akhirah in the second year of Hijra. In the same year, during Ramadhan, the battle of Badr took place, where the Muslims acquired much wealth and weaponry but disputed in its distribution, so Allah (swt) revealed Surah Al-Anfal, saying:

“Senden urush o‘ljalari haqida so‘raydilar. Ayting: “Bunday o‘ljalar Alloh (SWT) va Payg‘ambar ﷺ ixtiyorida...” [Al-Anfal:1]

“They ask you concerning (the) spoils of war. Say: “(Such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah (swt) and the Messenger (saw)...” [Al-Anfal:1]

Shunday qilib, Alloh (swt) uning taqsimlanishini Allohning Elchisi (ﷺ) zimmasiga topshirdi, u esa beshdan birini ajratmasdan taqsimladi. So'ngra musulmonlar ahdni buzgan Bani Qaynuqa'ning o'ljasini qo'lga kiritdilar va Allohning Elchisi (ﷺ) ularni Sham yurtidagi Azra'rotga haydab yubordi. Bu voqea Badrdan bir oy keyin sodir bo'ldi. Shunda u (ﷺ) o'ljani taqsimladi va Badrdan keyin nozil bo'lgan ganimat mollari haqidagi oyatga muvofiq beshdan birini ajratib oldi:

Thus, Allah (swt) made it’s distribution the responsibility of the Messenger of Allah (saw) , who divided it, without taking out the fifth. Then the Muslims seized the booty of Bani Qaynuqa’, after having violated the covenant, and the Messenger of Allah (saw) banished them to Azra’rat in Ash-Sham. This followed Badr by one month, so he divided the booty and took out the fifth in accordance to the Ayah regarding the spoils of war, revealed after Badr:

Bilingingki, siz qo'lga kiritgan barcha o'ljaning beshdan bir qismi Alloh (SWT)ga, Rasulga ﷺ, yaqin qarindoshlarga, yetimlarga, muhtojlarga va yo'lovchiga tegishlidir. [Al-Anfal: 41]

“And know that out of all the booty that you may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah (swt) and to the Messenger (saw), and to the close relatives, orphans, the needy, and the wayfarer.” [Al-Anfal: 41]

Payg'ambar (ﷺ) tomonidan ochilgan birinchi yer Bani Nadir yeri bo'ldi. Ular Uhud jangidan keyin ahdni buzgan edilar. Shunda u zot ularni o'n besh kecha qamal qildilar, so'ngra ular bilan shu shartda sulh tuzdilar: ular Madinani tark etadilar va faqat tuyalariga yuklay oladigan narsalarini olib ketadilar, qurol-aslahalar va turli jangovar anjomlar bundan mustasno. Allohning Elchisi (ﷺ) ularning boyligini, yerlaridan tashqari, dastlabki muhojirlar orasida taqsimladilar. Ansordan esa hech kimga bermadilar, faqat Sahl ibn Hunayf va Abu Dajana Simak ibn Xarsha bundan mustasno, chunki ular o'z faqirligini zikr qilgan edilar, shuning uchun ularga o'ljadan berdilar. U zot yerlarni o'zlari uchun saqlab qoldilar, ulardan oilalarining bir yillik ta'minotini oldilar, qolganini esa jangda ishlatiladigan hayvonlarga va jihodda foydalaniladigan qurol-aslahaga ajratdilar. Ushbu jang munosabati bilan Hashr surasi nozil bo'ldi, unda Alloh (swt) shunday deydi:

The first land opened by the Messenger (saw) was the land of Bani Al- Nadheer, after having violated the covenant, following the battle of Uhud. So he besieged them for fifteen nights, then made peace with them on condition that they leave Madinah, taking only what they can load onto their camels, excluding the arms and the various weaponry. The Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth, excluding their lands, between the early Muhajireen, giving none to the Ansar, except for Sahl b. Hunaif and Abu Dajana Samak b. Kharsha, since they mentioned their state of poverty, so he gave them of the booty. He reserved the lands, taking from it a year’s worth of sustenance to his family, dedicating what remained of that to the animals used for war and the weaponry used for Jihad. In this battle Surat Al- Hashr was revealed, where Allah (swt) said:

Alloh (SWT) O'zining Elchisiga (saw) ulardan bergan narsalar uchun siz otliq yoki tuyali qo'shin bilan hech qanday yurish qilmadingiz, lekin Alloh (SWT) Elchilariga (saw) xohlagan kishisi ustidan hokimiyat beradi; Allohning (SWT) har bir narsaga qudrati yetadi. [Al-Hashr: 6]

“What Allah (swt) has bestowed on His Messenger (saw) from them, for this you made no expedition with either cavalry or camels, but Allah (swt) gives power to His Messenger (saw)s over any He pleases; and Allah (swt) has power over all things.” [Al-Hashr: 6]

Shunday qilib, Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) bularning hammasini faqat Rasulga (ﷺ) bag'ishladi. Bundan keyin Bani Quraiza jangi bo'ldi. Ular ahdni buzgan, musulmonlarga xiyonat qilgan va Al-Xandaq (Xandaq) jangida dushman qabilalar tomonini olgan edilar. Shuning uchun Allohning Rasuli (ﷺ) ularning boyligini musulmonlar o'rtasida taqsimladi: har bir otliqqa uch ulush, har bir piyodaga bir ulush berdi. Keyinroq Xaybar jangi bo'ldi. Nabiy (ﷺ) Hudaybiyada Quraysh bilan sulh shartnomasini tuzgandan so'ng, Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) Xaybarni Rasululloh (ﷺ) va musulmonlar uchun kuch bilan ochib berdi, ularga uning yerlari, uylari va boyligi ustidan egalik huquqini berdi. Keyin Nabiy (ﷺ) beshdan bir qismini ajratib olib, o'ljani va yerlarni taqsimladi. Yerni 1800 ulush va 18 bo'limga bo'ldi, har bir bo'limda 100 ulush bor edi, va uning aholisi bilan kelishib, yerning hosil qiladigan meva va donining yarmini olishga rozi bo'ldi. Xaybar g'alabasidan keyin Fadak aholisi Allohning Rasuli (ﷺ) huzuriga keldi. U ular bilan sulh tuzdi, shart qilib, ularning yer va xurmo daraxtlarining yarmini oladi, ular esa unda ishlashda davom etadi, qolgan yarmini esa ularga qoldiradi. Shunday qilib, Fadakning yarmi to'liq Allohning Rasuli (ﷺ) uchun bo'ldi, chunki u kuch ishlatilmasdan qo'lga kiritilgan edi va unga tushgan narsani sadaqa sifatida sarflar edi. Xuddi shunday, Vodiy al-Qura aholisi bilan ham, u yerni kuch bilan ochgandan so'ng, ular bilan sulh tuzdi, shart qilib, ularning yerini ularning nazoratida qoldiradi, bu Xaybar aholisi bilan tuzilgan shartnomaga o'xshash edi. Taymo' aholisi esa Nabiy (ﷺ) bilan jizya to'lash orqali sulh tuzdilar va o'z mamlakatlari hamda yerlari ularda qoldi.

Thus, Allah (swt) dedicated all of it to the Messenger (saw) alone. After this was the battle of Bani Qurayzha, after they had violated the covenant, betrayed the Muslims, and sided with the opposing tribes in the battle of Al-Khandaq (The Ditch). So the Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth between the Muslims and dedicated to each rider three shares and to each footman one share. Later on the battle of Khaybar came, after the Prophet (saw) concluded the peace treaty with Quraysh in Hudaybia, thus Allah (swt) opened Khaybar for His Messenger (saw) and the Muslims by force, giving them ownership over their land, homes and wealth. The Prophet (saw) then divided the spoils and lands taking out the fifth. He divided the land into 1800 shares and 18 sections, each section having 100 shares, and agreed with its people to take half of what the land produced of fruits and grains. After the victory of Khaybar, the people of Fadak came to the Prophet of Allah (saw) where he made peace with them, on condition that he take half of their land and date trees, on which they continue to work and he leaves the other half for them to keep. So half of Fadak was made completely for the Messenger of Allah (saw) , because it was gained without force, and he used to spend whatever would come to him of it as charity. Similarly with the people of Wadi Al-Qura, he made peace with them after he opened their land by force, on condition that he keeps their land under their control, similar to what he concluded with the people of Khaybar. As for the people of Tima’, they made peace with the Prophet (saw) by paying him Jizya, keeping their country and land to them.

Makkani fath qilinganidan so'ng Hunayn jangi bo'ldi, u yerda Allah Elchisi ﷺ ularning mol-mulkini taqsimladilar va Hawazin elchilari iltimos qilganidan keyin ularning ayollari va bolalarini ozod qildilar. Tabuk jangida esa Payg'ambar ﷺ al-Aqaba hokimi, nasroniy Yahya ibn Ru'ba bilan sulh tuzdilar, shart qilib uni jizya to'lashga majbur qildilar. Shuningdek, Azrah, Jarba va Maqna aholisi bilan — ular yahudiy edi — ham jizya to'lash sharti bilan sulh tuzdilar. Bundan tashqari, Domat al-Jandal nasroniy hokimi Akidra bilan ham, Xolid ibn al-Validning qo'liga tushib, so'ngra Payg'ambar ﷺ tomonidan kechirilganidan keyin, jizya to'lash sharti bilan sulh tuzdilar.

After the conquering of Makkah came the battle of Hunayn, where the Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth and released their women and children, after envoys from Hawazin appealed for this. And in the battle of Tabuk, the Prophet (saw) made peace with Yahya b. Ru’ba, the leader of Al- Aqaba, –and he was a Christian –on the condition that he pays the Jizya, and he made peace with the people of Azrah and Jarba and Maqna –and they were Jews –on the condition that they pay the Jizya as well. He also made peace with Akidra, the Christian head of Domat-Al-Jandal, on paying the Jizya after being arrested by Khalid b. Al-Walid and forgiven by the Prophet (saw).

Shundan so'ng Najran va Yaman elchilari keldi. Ulardan kim musulmon bo'lsa, zakot to'lash unga buyurildi, kim nasroniy yoki yahudiy bo'lib qolsa, Jizya to'lashga majbur qilindi, Jizya haqidagi oyat nozil bo'lgach va zakot farz bo'lgach. Bu janglar davomida Allah elchisi ﷺ tuya zakotlari uchun Naqi'ni, jihod uchun urush tuyalari va otlarini ajratib qo'ydi. Shuningdek, ma'danlar, suv, o'tloqlarning hosili va olovni barcha musulmonlar uchun umumiy mulk deb belgiladi. Allah elchisi ﷺ vafot etib, Abu Bakr xalifalikni qo'lga olgach, so'ng Umar davrida fath etishlar davom etdi va katta boylik keldi: o'ljalar, Jizya va Xaroj mablag'lari barchasi Madinadagi musulmonlarning Bayt ul-mol xazinasiga quyildi.

Then came the envoys of Najran and Al-Yemen, where whoever of them became Muslim was enjoined to pay Zakat, and whoever remained a Christian or a Jew were obliged to pay the Jizya, after the verse regarding the Jizya was revealed, and Zakat became obligatory. During these battles the Messenger of Allah (saw) reserved the (Naqi’) for the camels of charity and the camels and steeds of war for Jihad. He also designated the minerals, water, the produce of grazing land and fire as public property for all Muslims. After the Messenger of Allah (saw) passed away and Abu Bakr took over, then ‘Umar, the conquests followed and brought great wealth, from spoils of war, Jizya and Kharaj, all pouring into the Bait ul-mal of the Muslims in Madinah.

Ushbu qisqa xulosada musulmonlar Bayt ul-mol (xazina)siga tushadigan mablag'lar turini ko'rishimiz mumkin. Allah (SWT) bu mablag'larni ular uchun halol qilgan va Bayt ul-mol haqqi sifatida, ilohiy hukmlar belgilagan narsalarga sarflanishini belgilagan. Bu xalifaning musulmonlar manfaati va ularning ishlarini yuritish uchun eng munosib deb bilgan narsasiga oid ijtihodiga ko'ra amalga oshiriladi.

In this quick summary we can get a picture of the type of funds that reached the Bait ul-mal of the Muslims, and which Allah (swt) has made permissible for them, and made the right due to the Bait ul-Mal, to be spent on whatever the divine rules decreed. This was according to the Ijtihad of the Khalifah regarding what he sees most fitting for the interest of the Muslims and for looking after their affairs.

Shunga ko'ra, Xalifalik Davlatidagi mablag'lar quyidagi turlardan iborat bo'ladi:

Thereupon, funds in the Khilafah State are made up of the following types:

Ganimat mollari va urush o‘ljalari, al-Fay’ va beshdan bir.

u The booties and the spoils of war, Al-Fai’ and the fifth.

Al-Xarāj. Al-Jizya.

u Al-Kharaj. u Al-Jizya.

Umumiy mulk (barcha shakllarida).

u Public property (in all its forms).

Davlat mulki: yer, binolar, kommunal xizmatlar va ularning daromadlari.

u State property of land, buildings, utilities and their revenues.

Al-‘Ushur.

u Al-‘Ushur.

Hukmdorlar, davlat xodimlari tomonidan noqonuniy yo'l bilan qo'lga kiritilgan mol-mulk, harom pul va jarimalardan olingan pul.

u Money attained illegaly by the rulers, the employees of the State, illicit money and money from penalties.

Rikoz (yashirin xazinalar) va ma'danlarning beshinchi qismi.

u The fifth of Al-Rikaz (hidden treasures) and minerals.

Vorislari bo'lmagan kishining meros mulki.

u The inheritance property of the one who has no inheritors.

Murtadlarning mol-mulki.

u The property of apostates.

Soliq mablag'lari. Xayriya mablag'lari – Zakot.

u Tax funds. u Charity funds – Zakat.

Biz bularning har bir turini, uning haqiqatini, uni tasarruf qilishga kim haqli ekanini, uni sarflash tartibini, sarflanadigan sohasini va unga kimlar haqli ekanini tushunish maqsadida muhokama qilamiz.

We will discuss each of these different types to understand its reality, who is entitled to dispose of it, the manner of expenditure, the area of its expenditure and who are eligible of it.