"Al-Anfal" so'zi urush o'ljalarini bildiradi, deyiladi. Alloh (SWT) aytadi:

The word Al-Anfal is said to indicate the spoils of war. Allah (swt) says:

"Sizdan urush o'ljalari (anfal) haqida so'raydilar. De: «Bunday o'ljalar Alloh (SWT) va Payg'ambar ﷺ ixtiyorida..." [Al-Anfal: 1]

“They ask you concerning (the anfal) spoils of war. Say: “(Such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah (swt) and the Messenger (saw)...” [Al-Anfal: 1]

Ibn ‘Abbas va Mujohid “Al-Anfol” surasi haqida, Uning (SWT) quyidagi so‘zlari yuzasidan so‘roqqa tutildi:

Ibn ‘Abbas and Mujahid were asked regarding Al-Anfal in His (swt) saying:

"Sizdan anfal (urush o'ljalari) haqida so'raydilar..." [Al-Anfal: 1]

“They ask you concerning (the anfal) spoils of war...” [Al-Anfal: 1]

Ular javob berib dedilar: Al-Anfal — bu urush o‘ljasidir. "Al-Anfal" so‘zi imom kofirlardan jang oldidan va jang keyin olgan o‘ljaga nisbatan ham ishlatiladi. Shuning uchun Al-Anfal va Al-Ghana’im bir xil bo‘lib, musulmonlar jang maydonida kofirlardan qo‘lga kiritgan o‘ljaning — pul, qurol-aslahа, mol-mulk, oziq-ovqat va boshqalarning — nomidir. Aynan mana shu narsa Allah (SWT) tomonidan nozil qilingan oyatda nazarda tutilgan:

and they replied: Al-Anfal are the spoils of war. The word Al-Anfal is also used for what the Imam takes as booty – what is taken from the Kuffar before battle and after. Therefore, Al-Anfal and Al-Ghana’im are the same, being what the Muslims acquire of booty from the Kuffar on the battleground, of money, weaponry, goods, provisions, etc. This is what is meant by the verse revealed by Allah (swt) :

“Va bilingki, qo‘lga kiritgan har qanday o‘ljaning beshdan bir qismi Allohga (SWT) va Elchiga ﷺ tegishlidir.” [Al-Anfol: 41] Urush o‘ljalari Allohning Elchisi ﷺ uchun halol qilingan, holbuki, ular oldingi ummatlar uchun harom edi. Allohning Elchisi ﷺ shunday degan: “Menga mendan oldin hech kimga berilmagan besh narsa berildi…” – so‘ngra ularni zikr qilgan: “…va menga urush o‘ljasi halol qilindi.” Abu Hurayra rivoyat qilgan hadisda Allohning Elchisi ﷺ shunday degan: “Sizdan oldin qora sochli kishilar uchun urush o‘ljasi halol qilinmagan edi; osmondan olov kelib, uni yeb qo‘yardi.” Bu “al-anfol” va “g‘aniym” haqidagi haqiqatdir. Alloh (SWT) ularni taqsim qilish va tasarruf etish vazifasini musulmonlar rahbariga yuklagan. Bu Allohning (SWT) quyidagi so‘zida aniq bayon qilingan: “Ular sendan anfol (urush o‘ljalari) haqida so‘raydilar. Ayt: “Bunday o‘ljalar Allohga (SWT) va Elchiga ﷺ tegishlidir”.” [Al-Anfol: 1] Va Uning so‘zida: “Allohning (SWT) Elchisiga ﷺ bergan narsalari.” [Al-Hashr: 6] Bu Payg‘ambarning ﷺ urush o‘ljalarini taqsim qilishdagi amallarida, shuningdek, undan keyingi xulafolarning amallarida ham ravshan namoyon bo‘lgan. Payg‘ambar ﷺ o‘ljalarni taqsim qilish va ulardan tasarruf etishga mas’ul edi, xulafolar ham xuddi shunday edilar – o‘zlari shaxsan yoki kimnidir o‘zlari nomidan taqsimlashga vakil qilib. Shu sababli, musulmonlarning xalifasi urush o‘ljalarini taqsim qilish va ulardan tasarruf etish uchun mas’uldir. Ularni qanday tasarruf etishi esa, ilohiy qoidalarga muvofiq, musulmonlar manfaatini nimada ko‘rishiga bog‘liqdir. Chunki Qonun chiqaruvchi xalifani musulmonlar ishlarini boshqarish va ularning manfaatlarini ado etishga, shariat ahkomlariga muvofiq, Islom va musulmonlar manfaatiga erishtiruvchi o‘z fikri va ijtihodiga tayangan holda, mas’ul qilgan.

“And know that out of all the booty that you may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah (swt) and to the Messenger (saw).” [Al-Anfal: 41] The spoils of war were made lawful for the Messenger of Allah (saw) , whereas they were forbidden for the previous nations. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “I have been given five things that which were not given to anyone before me…”, mentioning of them: “…and the spoils of war were made lawful for me.” And on the authority of Abu Hurairah, the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “The spoils of war were not made lawful for anyone with black hair before you; a fire would come from the sky and eat it up.” This is the reality of Al-Anfal and the Ghana’im. Allah (swt) has charged the one in authority over the Muslims the responsibility of distribution and disposal of them. This has been made explicit in the saying of Allah (swt) : They ask you concerning (the anfal) spoils of war. Say: “(Such) spoils belong to Allah (swt) and the Messenger (saw)” [Al-Anfal: 1] and His saying: “What Allah (swt) has bestowed on His Messenger (saw)” [Al-Hashr: 6] This was also clear in the actions of the Prophet (saw) in terms of distributing the spoils of war, as well as in the actions of the Khulafa’a after him. The Prophet (saw) was in charge of the distribution of the spoils and the disposal of them, as were the Khulafa’a, either personally or by delegating someone to distribute on their behalf. Therefore, the Khalifah of the Muslims is the person responsible for distributing the spoils of war and disposal of them. As far as how he disposed of them, this is based on what he views in the interest of the Muslims, according to the divine rules, This is because the Legislator charged the Khalifah to manage the affairs of the Muslims and discharge their interests, in accordance to the Ahkam Shari’ah, following his opinion and Ijtihad that achieves the interests of Islam and the Muslims.

Urush o'ljalarini taqsimlash, ulardan sarflash o'rni va ularga haqli bo'lgan kishilar haqida: Payg'ambar (saw) Badr o'ljalarini beshdan birini ajratmasdan jangchilar orasida taqsimladi. Otliqqa uch ulush, piyoda askarga esa bir ulush berdi. Boshqa janglarda esa u o'ljadan beshdan birini ajratib olardi. Bu shuni ko'rsatadiki, uning o'ljani tasarruf etishi bir xil tartibda bo'lmagan, balki turlicha bo'lgan. U anfalni taqsimlashdan oldin ham, keyin ham berardi. Bir holatda beshdan bir ajratilmasdan oldin berardi, boshqa holatda beshdan bir ajratilgandan keyin berardi, ba'zan beshdan birdan berardi, kelajakdagi anfal va fath etilgan yerlardan berishni va'da qilardi. U buni Islom va musulmonlarning manfaatiga muvofiq ko'rgan narsasiga ko'ra qilardi. Anfal va o'ljaga oid nozil bo'lgan birinchi oyat, bu masalani va uni boshqarishni Allohga (swt) va Uning Payg'ambariga (saw) mas'uliyat sifatida topshirdi, keyinroq esa Payg'ambardan (saw) keyin musulmonlar ishlarini boshqaruvchi kishining mas'uliyatiga o'tdi. Alloh (swt) aytadi:

As for the division of the spoils of war, the area of their expenditure and those who are entitled to them, the Prophet (saw) divided the spoils of Badr amongst the fighters, without taking out the fifth. He gave the rider three shares and the foot soldiers one share.Whereas in other battles he would take out the fifth from the spoils. This shows that his disposal of the spoils was not according to one fashion, rather it varied. He would hand out Al-Anfal before and after he divided them. He would give them before taking out the fifth in one instance, after taking out the fifth in another instance, and from the fifth sometimes, and he would promise to give from the coming Anfal and conquests. He does all that according to what he views in the interest of Islam and the Muslims. The first verse revealed regarding Al- Anfal and spoils made their matter and their management the responsibility of Allah (swt) and His Messenger (saw) , and later on, the responsibility of the man in charge of the Muslims’ affairs after the Prophet (saw) . Allah (swt) says:

{Ular sizdan (anfol) o‘ljalar haqida so‘raydilar. Ayting: “Bunday o‘ljalar Alloh (SWT) va Payg‘ambar ﷺ ixtiyorida.”} [Al-Anfal: 1]

“They ask you concerning (the Anfal) spoils of war. Say: “(Such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah (swt) and the Messenger (saw)” [Al-Anfal: 1]

Demak, oyat ғанимат mollarini taqsimlash huquqini va Al-Anfalni boshqarishni Rasulga (ﷺ), ya'ni musulmonlar rahbariga bergan. Abu Umomadan rivoyat qilinishicha, u aytdi: Men Ubada ibn As-Somitdan Al-Anfal haqida so'radim, u esa dedi: “U (oyat) bizning haqimizda nozil bo'lgan, chunki Badr jangchilari ғanimat taqsimoti ustida talashib qolishgan va biz yomon odob ko'rsata boshlaganmiz. Shunda Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) ularni hammasini qo'limizdan oldi va Allohning Rasuliga (ﷺ) berdi, u esa ularni musulmonlar orasida teng taqsimladi.” Oyat umumiy bo'lib, barcha ғanimat mollarini o'z ichiga oladi va Badr jangiga xos emas.

Fay' — bu musulmonlar kofirlarning mol-mulkidan qurolli to'qnashuvsiz, qo'shin harakatlantirmasdan va safarga chiqmasdan qo'lga kiritgan narsadir; Bani Nadir holatida bo'lgani kabi. Fay' shuningdek, musulmonlardan qo'rqib uy-joylarini va mol-mulkini tashlab qochgan kofirlardan musulmonlar qo'lga kiritgan narsa bo'lishi mumkin, yoki musulmonlardan qo'rqib, tinchlik evaziga va qurolli to'qnashuvdan qochish uchun musulmonlarga mol-mulkining va yerining bir qismini bergan kishilar, masalan, Fadak yahudiylari holatidagi kabi. Allah (SWT) Surat al-Hashrda nazarda tutgan fay' ma'nosi ana shudir.

The Fai’ is a term used to refer to what the Muslims seize from the disbeliever’s possessions without resorting to armed conflict and without having to move the armed force or to travel; as was the case with Bany Nadhir. The Fai’ could also be what the Muslims’ seize from the disbelievers who, fearing the Muslims, flee and leave their homes and possessions behind, or those who, for fear from the Muslims, give the Muslims part of their possessions and land in exchange for peace and to avoid armed conflict, such as the case of the Jews of Fadak. This is the meaning of Fai’ intended by Allah (swt) in Surah Al-Hashr:

Alloh (SWT) o'z Elchisiga (ﷺ) nimani ato etgan bo'lsa va ulardan nimani olgan bo'lsa, bunga erishish uchun siz na otliq, na piyoda bilan hech qanday yurish qilmadingiz. [Al-Hashr: 6]

“What Allah (swt) has bestowed on His Messenger (saw) and taken from them, for this you made no expedition with either cavalry or walking.” [Al-Hashr: 6]

Bani Nadir va Fadak mulklari Fay' tarkibiga kirgan edi, bu mulklar uchun musulmonlar qurolli to'qnashuvga kirishmagan edi; shuning uchun ularning barchasi Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ga berilgan edi. Hayotlik vaqtida u ﷺ Fay' dan oilasiga bir yillik xarajatni sarflar, qolganini esa Allohning yo'lidagi jihod uchun otlar va qurollar sotib olishga sarflardi. U ﷺ vafot etganidan keyin Abu Bakr va Umar uning izidan yurdilar. Buxoriy "Al-Xums" bobida rivoyat qiladilar: bir kuni Usmon, Abdurrahmon ibn Avf, Az-Zubayr va Sa'd ibn Abu Vaqqos Umar bilan uchrashish uchun ruxsat so'radilar. U ularga ruxsat berdi, ular bir oz o'tirdilar, so'ngra Ali va Abbos ham uchrashish uchun ruxsat so'rab kelishdi. Umar ularni ichkariga taklif qildi, ular kirib, hammaga salom berib, o'tirdilar. Shunda Abbos dedi: "Ey mo'minlarning amiri, menimla bu kishi o'rtasida hukm qiling", ular Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ga Bani Nadirning mulkidan Alloh bergan narsalar haqida tortishayotgan edilar. Boshqalar, ya'ni Usmon va uning do'stlari dedilar: "Ey mo'minlarning amiri, ular o'rtasida hukm qiling va ularni bir-biridan xalos qiling". Shunda Umar dedi: "Sabr qiling. Osmon va yer uning qudrati bilan turgan Allohning nomi bilan sizlardan so'rayman: Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ning: 'Biz meros qoldirmaymiz, qoldirgan narsamiz sadaqadir', degani sizlarga ma'lummi?" Allohning Elchisi ﷺ bu so'zi bilan o'zini nazarda tutgan edi. Usmon va uning do'stlari dedilar: "Ha, u shunday degan". Keyin Umar Ali va Abbosga yuzlanib dedi: "Sizlardan Alloh nomi bilan so'rayman, Allohning Elchisi ﷺ buni aytganini bilasizlarmi?" Ular dedilar: "Ha, u shunday degan". Umar dedi: "Unda sizlarga bu haqda gapirib beraman. Albatta, Alloh bu Fayni Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ga bergan va uni boshqa hech kimga bermagan". Keyin Umar Allohning so'zini o'qidi: "Alloh O'z Elchisiga bergan narsa..." to "Qodir" degan so'zgacha; demak, bu aynan Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ga xos berilgan edi. Alloh (swt) uni sizdan olmadi va sizdan saqlab ham qolmadi, balki undan sizga berdi va uni sizlar orasida aylantirib turdi, to shu boylik undan qolguncha. Allohning Elchisi ﷺ uning bir yillik xarajatini oilasiga sarflar edi, keyin qolganini Alloh (swt) yo'lidagi jihodga ajratar edi. U shunday qilib umri davomida yashadi. Sizlarni Alloh (swt) nomi bilan qasam ichib so'rayman, buni bilasizlarmi? Ular: "Ha", dedilar. Keyin Umar davom etdi: "So'ng Alloh (swt) Uning Payg'ambari ﷺ ning jonini oldi va Abu Bakr: "Men Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ning o'rinbosariman", dedi va u buni o'z qo'liga oldi hamda Allohning Elchisi ﷺ qilgandek ishlatdi. Alloh (swt) biladi, u rostgo'y, taqvodor, to'g'ri yo'lga yo'llangan va Haqqa ergashuvchi edi. So'ng Alloh (swt) Abu Bakrning jonini oldi va men Abu Bakrning o'rinbosari etib tayinlandim, shuning uchun men bu Foyni ikki yil imomligim davomida boshqardim va Allohning Elchisi ﷺ hamda Abu Bakrning izidan boraman. Alloh (swt) biladi, men rostgo'y, taqvodor, to'g'ri yo'lga yo'llangan va Haqqa ergashuvchiman..." va hokazo, to rivoyatning oxirigacha, u ancha uzun.

Bu o'ljaning beshdan biri bo'lib, Alloh (SWT) uni quyidagicha zikr qilgan:

It means the fifth of the booty, referred to by Allah (swt) saying:

Va bilingki, qo'lga kiritgan har qanday o'ljangizning beshdan bir qismi Alloh (SWT)ga, Rasulullohga ﷺ, yaqin qarindoshlarga, yetimlarga, muhtojlarga va yo'lovchiga tegishlidir. [Al-Anfal: 41]

“And know that our of all the booty that you may gain (in war) a fifth share is assigned to Allah (swt) and the Messenger (saw), and to the near relatives, orphans, the needy and the wayfarer” [Al-Anfal: 41]

Bu beshdan bir ulush Allohning Elchisi ﷺ hayotlari davrida besh ulushga bo'lingan edi: bir ulush Alloh (SWT) va Elchi ﷺ uchun, yana bir ulush Elchining ﷺ ahli-oilasi uchun, qolgan uch ulush esa yetimlar, muhtojlar va yo'lovchilar uchun edi.

This fifth used to be, in the lifetime of the Messenger of Allah (saw) , divided into five shares: one share to Allah (swt) and the Messenger (saw) , another for the family of the Messenger (saw) , and the other three to the orphans, the needy and the wayfarers.

Elchi Allohning (saw) Xums ulushidan o‘z ulushini musulmonlar va Allohning (swt) yo‘lida jihod uchun sarflardi: u tuya, ot va qurol sotib olar, jangchilarni ham jihozlab berardi. Rivoyat qilinadiki, u Hunayndan qaytganida bir dona tuya junini qo‘li bilan ko‘tarib, barmoqlari orasida baland tutib shunday degan: “Allohning (swt) sizlarga ato etgan narsalardan, hatto mana bu junchalik ham menga tegishli emas, faqat o‘ljangizning beshdan bir qismi bor, xolos, va o‘sha beshdan birini ham sizlarga qaytaraman.” Qarindoshlarga ajratilgan ulushga kelsak, u Elchi Allohning (saw) hayotlik davrida Bani Hoshim va Bani Al-Muttalib o‘rtasida taqsimlanardi, Elchining (saw) boshqa qarindoshlaridan hech kimga bu ulushdan hech narsa berilmasdi. Qarindoshlar ulushi Elchi Allohga (saw) rizq vositasi va Bani Hoshim hamda Bani Al-Muttalibga yordam bo‘lib xizmat qilardi, ular Elchi Allohni (saw) va Islomni qo‘llab-quvvatlagani uchun mukofot sifatida berilardi. Shu sababli bu ulush faqat ularga xos qilingan edi. Jubayr ibn Mut’im rivoyat qiladi: “Elchi Allohning (saw) qarindoshlar ulushini Bani Hoshim va Bani Al-Muttalib o‘rtasida taqsimlaganida, men va Usmon uning huzuriga bordik va dedim: ‘Ey Allohning Elchisi (saw)! Allohning (swt) sizni ularning orasiga joylashtirgani sababli Bani Hoshimning fazilatini hech kim inkor etmaydi. Ammo siz Bani Al-Muttalibga berdingiz-u, bizni ulushimizdan mahrum qildingiz, holbuki biz ham ular bilan teng qarindoshmiz.’ U javob berdi: ‘Ular bizga xiyonat qilmadilar, Johiliyat va Islom davrida ham biz bilan birga bo‘ldilar. Shuning uchun Bani Hoshim va Bani Al-Muttalib bir xildir’, — va barmoqlarini bir-biriga mahkam qisdi.” Elchi Allohning (saw) vafotidan so‘ng, Abu Bakr xalifa etib tayinlanganda, Elchi Allohning (saw) ulushi va Xums ichidagi qarindoshlar ulushi xazinaga qo‘yildi hamda musulmonlar ishlarini boshqarishga va Allohning (swt) yo‘lidagi jihodga sarflandi. Keyinchalik ham shunday davom etdi. Ibn Abbos (ra) dan Rasululloh ﷺ vafotidan keyin qarindoshlarning ulushi haqida so‘raldi, shunda u aytdi: “Biz bu ulush bizniki deb da’vo qilar edik, ammo qavmimiz bizni bundan mahrum qildi.” U Najda al-Hururiyning qarindoshlarning ulushi haqidagi savoliga javoban ham aytdi: “U bizniki. Umar (ra) bir marta taklif qildi: bu ulushdan bizning beva ayollarimizni turmushga chiqarishga va orimizdagi kasallarga yordam berishga foydalanish mumkin. Ammo biz rad etdik va butun ulushning bizga berilishini so‘radik, lekin u rad etdi.” Biz ilgari “G‘anoim” bobida, bugungi kunda g‘anoim mollarining Baytul mol (xazina)ga qanday joylanishi kerakligini bayon qilgan edik va bu borada dalil keltirgan edik. Shuningdek, g‘anoim masalasi xalifaga topshirilganini, u ularni o‘z ijtihodi va fikriga ko‘ra musulmonlar ishlarini yuritish yo‘lida sarflashi kerakligini ham bayon qilganmiz. Humus g‘anoimning bir qismi bo‘lgani uchun, u ham xuddi shu qoida bo‘yicha bo‘ladi: g‘anoim qayerga joylansa, u ham o‘sha yerga joylanishi kerak. Ikkalasi ham jizya, xiroj va ushr kabi muomala qilinadi.