21 Al-Ahzab jangi - Islom xalifaligi | Quran Course

21 Al-Ahzab jangi - Islom xalifaligi | Quran Course

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21 Al-Ahzab jangi

21 The Battle of Al-Ahzab

by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani6 min readViewed 124 times

Hujumlar, Uhud jangidan keyin Allohning Elchisi ﷺ tomonidan qo'llanilgan intizomiy choralar bilan birga, musulmonlarning yuksak mavqeini tiklashda va Islom davlatining hokimiyatini qayta tasdiqlashda katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi.

The raids, taken together with the disciplinary action meted out by the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) in the wake of the battle of Uhud, had a great effect in restoring the high standing of the Muslims and in reasserting the authority of the Islamic State.

Musulmonlarning ta'sir doirasi kengayib, ularning nufuzi keskin oshdi va yangi cho'qqilarga yetdi. Butun Arabiston yarim oroli musulmonlarning qudratidan ogoh bo'ldi. Arablar Allohning Elchisi ﷺ tomonidan ularga qarshi hujum uyushtirilayotgani haqida xabar topganda, unga qarshi turmasdan, qochib ketishar edi. Bu G'atafon va Do'mat al-Jandalda ham shunday bo'ldi. Qurayshlar endi musulmonlarga teng kela olmas edi va ularga yolg'iz o'zlari qarshi chiqishga jur'at eta olmas edi. Masalan, Badrdagi so'nggi yurishda Qurayshlar orqaga chekinib, hatto yetib ham kelishmadi. Bu musulmonlarga barqarorlikdan bahramand bo'lish va biroz nafas rostlash imkonini berdi hamda ular Madinadagi hayotga e'tiborini qaratishga muvaffaq bo'ldilar. Ular yaqinda yuz bergan o'zgarishlar tufayli o'z turmush tarzini moslashtira oldilar. Endi muhojirlar Bani Nadirning o'ljalari — ularning yerlari, xurmo daraxtlari, uylari va jihozlarini qo'lga kiritgan edilar, bu narsalar ularning orasida taqsimlangan edi. Natijada ularning ahvolida sezilarli o'zgarish yuz berdi. Biroq bu ularni asosiy vazifalaridan chalg'itmadi, bu vazifa shubhasiz jihod edi, chunki jihod Qiyomat kunigacha farz qilingan. Shunga qaramay, ularning turmush darajasi avvalgidan yaxshilanib, yanada barqaror bo'ldi.

Aynan Banu Nadir yahudiylari Madinadan haydalganliklari uchun o‘ch olish maqsadida arablarni Allah Elchisi ﷺ ga qarshi qo‘zg‘atishga intilgan edilar. Ularning bir qismi Allah Elchisi ﷺ ga qarshi guruh tuzgan edi, ular orasida Huyayy ibn Axtab, Salam ibn Abu al-Huqayq va Kinanah ibn Abu al-Huqayq bor edi, Banu Vo‘ildan esa Haudhah ibn Qays va Abu ‘Ammar bor edi. Aynan shu guruh Makkadagi Quraysh oldiga borgan edi. Quraysh Huyayydan uning qavmi haqida so‘radi va u shunday dedi: “Men ularni Xaybar bilan Madina orasida, siz ular bilan birga Muhammad ﷺ va uning sahobalariga qarshi yurish qilishingizni kutib, ikkilanib turgan holda qoldirib keldim.” Ular undan Banu Quraydah haqida ham so‘radilar va u dedi: “Ular Muhammad ﷺ ni aldash uchun Madinada qolishgan. Ular sizning Madinaga hujum qilishingizni kutishyapti, shunda ichkaridan sizga yordam berishadi.” O‘sha paytda Quraysh ikkilanib turgan edi, Madinaga hujum qilishni yo‘qmi, bilmas edi. Ular o‘zlari bilan Muhammad ﷺ o‘rtasida Allah (SWT)ga va Islomga da’vat qilishidan boshqa hech qanday nizo yo‘q deb hisobladilar. Shu sababli ular Muhammad ﷺ haq ekanmi, deb o‘ylab qoldilar. Shubhalarini kamaytirish uchun Quraysh yahudiylardan so‘radi: “Ey yahudiylar, siz kitob berilgan birinchi xalqsiz va Muhammad ﷺ bilan bizning nizomizning mohiyatini bilasiz. Bizning dinimiz yaxshiroqmi yoki uning dinimi?” Yahudiylar javob berdilar: “Albatta, sizning diningiz uning dinidan yaxshiroq va siz haqligingizga ko‘proq da’vogarsiz!”

It was the Jews of Banu Nadir who endeavored to incite the Arabs against the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) in order to exact their revenge for being expelled from Madinah. A number of them had formed a party against the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), among whom were Huyayy ibn Akhtab, Salam ibn Abi al-Huqayq and Kinanah ibn Abi al-Huqayq, and from Banu Wa’il were Haudhah ibn Qays and Abu ‘Ammar, and it was this party which approached the Quraysh in Makkah. The Quraysh asked Huyayy about his people and he said, “I left them between Khaybar and Madinah hesitating and waiting for you to march with them against Muhammad and his Companions.” They also asked him about Banu Quraydah and he said, “They remained in Madinah to deceive Muhammad. They are waiting for you to raid Madinah to help you from within.” At that stage the Quraysh were hesitant, not knowing whether to attack Madinah or not. They considered that there was no dispute between them and Muhammad (pbuh) except his (pbuh) call to Allah (swt) and Islam. They, therefore, wondered whether Muhammad (pbuh) was in the right? To lessen their doubts the Quraysh asked the Jews, “You, O Jews, are the first people to receive scripture and know the nature of our dispute with Muhammad. Is our Deen the best or is his ?” The Jews replied, “Certainly your Deen is better than his and you have a better claim to be in the right!”.

Quraysh Abu Sufyon boshchiligida yurish qildi. Ularning soni taxminan 4 000 jangchi, 300 otliq va yana 1 500 jangchi bo‘lib, ular tuyada yurardi. Banu Fazarah ‘Uyayna ibn Hisn ibn Hudhayfah boshchiligida ko‘p jangchi va 1 000 tuya bilan yurish qildi. Ashja’a Mis’ar ibn Rakhaylah boshchiligida, Murrah esa al-Harith ibn ‘Auf boshchiligida 400 jangchi bilan yurish qildi. Salim va Bir Ma’una qabilasi taxminan 700 jangchi bilan yurdi. Bular barchasi to‘planganda, ularga Banu Sa’d va Banu Asad ham qo‘shildi. Hammasi bo‘lib qo‘shin taxminan 10 000 kishiga yetdi va ittifoq qo‘shini Abu Sufyon boshchiligida yurish qildi. Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ga xabar yetib kelganda, u Madinaning ichida mudofaaga o‘tishga qaror qildi. Salmon al-Forsiy Madina atrofiga xandaq qazishni maslahat berdi. Xandaq qazildi, Allohning Elchisi ﷺ o‘zi ham uni qazishda ishtirok etib, musulmonlarni jannatdagi ajrga umid qilib ruhlantirdi. U ﷺ ularni harakatlarini ikki, hatto uch baravar oshirishga undadi va shu tariqa xandaq olti kunda tugallandi. Bundan tashqari, dushmanga qaragan uylarning devorlari mustahkamlandi, xandaqdan tashqaridagi uylar bo‘shatildi va ayollar hamda bolalar Madina ichidagi mustahkamlangan uylarga joylashtirildi. Allohning Elchisi ﷺ uch ming musulmon bilan yo‘lga chiqdi, orqasida Sal’ vodiysi bor edi, uni dushmandan xandaq ajratib turardi. U ﷺ o‘sha yerda lager qurdi va unga qizil chodir tikildi.

The Quraysh marched under the leadership of Abu Sufyan. They numbered about 4,000 warriors, 300 cavalrymen and another 1,500 warriors riding on camels. Banu Fazarah marched under the leadership of ‘Uyayna ibn Hisn ibn Hudhayfah with a large number of warriors and 1,000 camels. Ashja’a marched under the leadership of Mis’ar ibn Rakhaylah, and Murrah marched under the leadership of al-Harith ibn ‘Auf with 400 warriors. Salim and Bir Ma’una’s people marched with about 700 warriors. When these had all gathered they were further reinforced by Banu Sa’d and Banu Asad. Altogether the army totaled about 10,000 men and the coalition force marched under the leadership of Abu Sufyan. When news reached the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), he decided to entrench himself inside Madinah. Salman al-Farsi recommended digging a trench around Madinah. The trench was dug and the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) worked at it himself encouraging the Muslims on with the hope of reward in Heaven. He (pbuh) prodded them to double and redouble their efforts and in this way the trench was completed in six days. In addition, the walls of the houses facing the enemy were fortified, the houses beyond (outside) the trench were then evacuated, and the women and children placed inside the fortified houses within Madinah. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) set off with three thousand Muslims, he had his back to the valley of Sal’ and the trench dividing him from the enemy. There he (pbuh) encamped, and a red tent was pitched for him.

Quraysh va ularning ittifoqchilari Uhud tomonda Muhammad ﷺ bilan uchrashish umidida yo'lga chiqdilar, ammo bu amalga oshmadi. Shundan so'ng Quraysh Madinaga yetguncha yurdi va ularni hayratga solib, yo'llarini xandaq to'sib qo'ydi. Quraysh va uning ittifoqchilari bunday mudofaa strategiyasiga o'rganmagan ekanlari aniq bo'ldi, ular keyingi harakatlarini o'ylab olish uchun xandaqdan narida, Madina tashqarisida lager qurishga majbur bo'ldilar. Abu Sufyon va u bilan birga bo'lganlar xandaqni bosib o'tolmaganliklarini tez anglab yetdilar va xandaq yonida uzoq turishlariga to'g'ri kelishini tushundilar. Bu hal qilinmagan vaziyat qiyinchilik tug'dirdi, chunki qish edi, shamollar qattiq va chidab bo'lmas darajada sovuq edi. Bunday sharoitda odamlar ruhan tushkunlika tusha boshladilar va uylariga qaytib ketishni orzu qildilar. Huyayy ibn Axtab buni bilar edi va shu sababli Banu Quraydani musulmonlar bilan tuzilgan sulh shartnomasini buzib, ittifoqqa qo'shilishga ko'ndirish kerakligini taklif qildi. U Quraysh va ularning ittifoqchilariga, agar Quraydah shunday qilsa, musulmonlar tashqi dunyo bilan barcha aloqalarini yo'qotadilar va Madinaga bostirib kirish yo'li ochiladi, deb aytdi.

The Quraysh and their allies set off, hoping to encounter Muhammad (pbuh) at Uhud, but it was not to be. The Quraysh then marched on until they reached Madinah and to their surprise they found their way barred by the trench. Clearly the Quraysh and her allies were not familiar with this kind of defensive strategy, they were forced to encamp outside Madinah beyond the trench to consider their next move. Abu Sufyan and those with him soon realized that they were in for a long stay by the trench because they were not able to storm it. This inconclusive situation proved troublesome as it was winter, the winds were fierce and biting cold. Under these conditions the people began to feel demoralized, they wished that they could return home. Huyayy ibn Akhtab was aware of this and so he suggested that Banu Quraydah should be talked into violating the peace treaty, which they had signed with Muslims, and join the coalition. He told the Quraysh and their allies that if the Quraydah did this the Muslims would lose all links with the outside world and the way would be open to invade Madinah.

Shunday qilib Ka’b o‘z va’dasini buzdi va o‘zi bilan Allohning Elchisi ﷺ o‘rtasidagi ahdni bekor qildi. Shu sababli Quraydha Allohning Elchisi ﷺ xabarisiz Ahzob bilan ittifoq tuzdi. Bu xabar Allohning Elchisi ﷺ va sahobalariga yetib bordi va ular juda qattiq tashvishga tushdilar. Ular eng yomon narsadan qo‘rqdilar. Shu bois Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Avs qabilasining boshlig‘i Sa’d ibn Mu’oz va Xazraj qabilasining boshlig‘i Sa’d ibn Ubodaga, shuningdek, Abdulloh ibn Ravohaga va Xavvot ibn Jubayrga xabar haqiqatmi yo‘qmi, borib ko‘rishni buyurdilar. U zot ﷺ ulardan xalqning ruhiyatiga putur yetkazmaslik uchun faqat u zot ﷺ tushunadigan bir belgi berishlarini so‘radilar va agar Quraydha hali ham ahdiga sodiq bo‘lsa, odamlar oldida ochiq gapirishlarini aytdilar. Ular yo‘lga chiqdilar va vaziyatni dastlab eshitganlaridan ham ayanchliroq topdilar. Ular Quraydhani ahdlariga xiyonat qilmaslikka ko‘ndirmoqchi bo‘lganlarida, Ka’b ularning birodarlari Bani Nadirni o‘z uylariga qaytarishga ruxsat berishlarini talab qildi. Quraydhaning ittifoqchisi bo‘lgan Sa’d ibn Mu’oz ularni ahdga sodiq qolishga ko‘ndirishga urindi. Ular Allohning Elchisi ﷺ haqida haqoratli gaplar aytdilar: “Allohning Elchisi kim? Biz Muhammad bilan hech qanday ahd yoki majburiyatga ega emasmiz.” Elchilar qaytib kelib, topganlari haqida Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ga ma’lumot berdilar. Vaziyat shubhasiz juda og‘ir edi va hamma yerda qo‘rquv hukm surardi.

Thus Ka’ab broke his promise and cut loose from the bond that was between him and the Messenger of Allah (pbuh). The Quraydah, therefore, joined the Allies without the knowledge of Allah’s Messenger (pbuh). The news reached the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and his Sahabah and this caused them a great deal of concern. They feared the worst, and thus, Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) sent Sa’d ibn Mu’adh, chief of the ‘Aus, and Sa’d ibn ‘Ubadah, chief of al-Khazraj, together with ‘Abdullah ibn Rawahah and Khawwat ibn Jubayr to go and see whether the report was true or not. He (pbuh) asked them to give him a sign which only he could understand so as not to undermine the peoples’ morale and that if the Quraydah were still loyal to their agreement they were to speak out openly before the people. So they went forth and found the situation even more deplorable than they had at first heard. When they tried to persuade the Quraydah not to dishonor their agreement, Ka’ab demanded that they allow their brothers Banu Nadir to return back to their homes. Sa’d ibn Mu’adh, who happened to be an ally of the Quraydah, attempted to persuade them to stick to their agreement. They spoke disparagingly of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) saying, “Who is the Messenger of Allah? We have no agreement or undertaking with Muhammad.” The envoys returned and briefed Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) of their findings. The situation was obviously extremely serious and fear was everywhere.

ʿAliy ibn Abu Tolib bir necha musulmonlar bilan birga ularning o‘tish uchun kesib o‘tgan bo‘shlig‘ini tutib turish uchun chiqdi. Shu paytda ʿAmr ibn Abdu Vudd o‘z qo‘shini to‘xtagach oldinga chiqdi va kimki u bilan jang qilishni xohlasa, chiqishga da’vat etdi. ʿAliy bu da’vatni qabul qildi va unga dedi: “Sizni otdan tushishga chaqiraman.” ʿAmr javob berdi: “Ey akamning o‘g‘li, men seni o‘ldirishni istamayman.” ʿAliy dedi: “Lekin men sizni o‘ldirishni istayman.” Ular jang qilishdi va ʿAliy uni o‘ldirdi. Qolgan otliqlar esa ortga qaytib, xandaq ustidan boshi berk qochib ketishdi. Ammo bu mag‘lubiyat Ittifoqchilarning ruhiga ta’sir qilmadi, aksincha ularni g‘azablantirdi va musulmonlarni qo‘rqitish uchun yanada qat’iyroq qildi. Shu orada Bani Quraydaning g‘ayratli kishilari qal‘alaridan chiqib, Madinaga kirishni boshladilar, maqsadi yaqin atrofdagi uylarni qo‘rqitish edi. Musulmonlar yashaydigan hududlarda azob, tashvish va dahshat kuchaydi, lekin Allohning Elchisi ﷺ har doim Alloh subhanahu va taolo unga g‘alaba berishiga ishonch bilan qarab turardi. Yordam Nuʿaym ibn Masʿud orqali keldi. U o‘z qavmi bilmagan holda allaqachon Islomni qabul qilgan edi va Allohning Elchisi ﷺ huzuriga keldi. Nuʿaym Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ga ittifoqni buzish mumkin bo‘lgan yo‘lni taklif qildi. Shunday qilib, Nuʿaym johiliyat davrida yaqin do‘sti bo‘lgan Bani Quraydaning huzuriga bordi va ularga o‘zaro mehr-muhabbatni hamda ular o‘rtasidagi maxsus aloqalarni eslatdi. Nuʿaym Bani Quraydaga, agar G‘atafon va Quraysh ularni Muhammad ﷺ bilan yolg‘iz qoldirib ketsa, ularning taqdiri nima bo‘lishini aytdi. U ta’kidladiki, Quraysh va G‘atafon uzoq vaqt kutishga chiday olmasligi mumkin, chunki ular o‘sha hududning aholisi emas. Ular Muhammad ﷺ bilan yolg‘iz qolsa, unga qarshi tura olmasliklarini aytdi.

‘Ali ibn Abi Talib with some Muslims came out to hold the gap through which they had forced a passage. Now ‘Amr ibn Abdu Wudd went forth when his contingent had come to a halt and challenged anyone to fight him. ‘Ali accepted the challenge and said to him, “I call on you to dismount.” ‘Amr replied, “O son of my brother, I do not want to kill you.” ‘Ali said, “But I want to kill you.” So they fought and ‘Ali killed him. The remaining horsemen fled bursting headlong in flight across the trench. This upset, however, did not affect the Allies’ morale it actually enraged them and made them all the more determined to terrorize the Muslims. In the meantime the zealots of Banu Quraydah began to leave their forts and enter Madinah, this was with the aim of terrorizing nearby houses. Torment, anxiety and terror intensified within the Muslims’ quarters, but the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was always confident that Allah (swt) would grant him victory. Relief came through Nu’aym ibn Mas’ud. He had already embraced Islam though his own people did not know it and he came to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh). Nu’aym proposed to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) a way in which he could jeopardize the coalition. So Nu’aym went to Banu Quraydah, with whom he had been a close friend in the days of Jahilliyah, and reminded them of his affection and the special ties that existed between them.” Nu’aym told Banu Quraydah what their fate would be if Ghatafan and the Quraysh were to leave them to face Muhammad (pbuh) alone. He emphasized that the Quraysh and Ghatafan might not bear waiting for a long time because they were not inhabitants of that area. He told them that if they were left to face Muhammad on their own they would not be able to do so.

Arablarning yahudiylarga bo‘lgan shubhasi kuchaydi va Abu Sufyon Ka’abni chaqirtirib, ular Muhammad ﷺ ni uzoq vaqtdan beri qamal qilib turganini aytdi va ertaga jangga tayyorlanish kerakligini bildirdi. Ka’ab esa bu shanba kuni ekanini javob qildi, bu kunda ular hech narsa qilmaydilar: na jang qiladilar, na ish qiladilar. Abu Sufyon g‘azablandi va Nu’aym unga aytgan gaplarga ishonch hosil qildi. U Quraydaga yana elchi yuborib, bu shanba o‘rniga boshqa shanba kuni belgilashni, chunki ertaga Muhammad ﷺ bilan jang qilish zarurligini aytdi. Elchi shuningdek Quraydaga, agar Quraysh va G‘atafon yakka o‘zi jangga chiqsa, ularning ittifoqi buziladi va oxir-oqibat ular Muhammad ﷺ bilan yolg‘iz qolib jang qilishlariga to‘g‘ri kelishini aytdi. Quraydaga Abu Sufyonning gaplari yetib kelganida, ular shanba kunini buzmasliklari haqidagi qarorlarini tasdiqladilar va xavfsizlik uchun ushlab turilishi kerak bo‘lgan garovga olinadigan kishilar haqida gapirdilar. Abu Sufyon buni eshitgach, Nu’aym aytgan gaplarga endi shubhasi qolmadi. U yangi strategiya o‘ylay boshladi va G‘atafon bilan maslahatlashdi, faqat ular ham Muhammad ﷺ bilan jang qilish haqida ikkilanayotganini bildi.

The Arabs’ suspicion of the Jews grew and Abu Sufyan sent for Ka’ab informing him that they had been besieging Muhammad (pbuh) for a long time and that they should make ready for battle the next day. Ka’ab replied that it was the Sabbath, a day on which they did nothing, no fighting and no work. Abu Sufyan was enraged and he came to believe what Nu’aym had told him. He sent an envoy back to the Quraydah to tell them to make another Sabbath instead of this one for it was essential to fight Muhammad the next day. The envoy also told the Quraydah that if Quraysh and Ghatafan went out to fight alone, their coalition would be broken so they would end up fighting Muhammad alone. When the Quraydah heard Abu Sufyan’s comments they asserted their stand that they would not violate the Sabbath, and mentioned the hostages whom they should hold as security. When Abu Sufyan heard this he had no doubt left concerning what Nu’aym had told him. He began to think of a new strategy and he conferred with Ghatafan only to find out that they too had second thoughts about fighting Muhammad (pbuh).

Payg'ambar ﷺ buni ko'rgach, u zot ham, musulmonlar ham xandaqdan chiqib, Madinaga qaytdilar. Alloh (SWT) musulmonlarni jangdan asrab qolgan edi. Endi Allahning Elchisi ﷺ Quraysh bilan masalani hal qilgach, Banu Quraydah masalasini bir umrga hal qilishga qaror qildi. Axir, ahdni buzib, ittifoqchilar bilan musulmonlarni yo'q qilish uchun til biriktirgan aynan ular edi. Shu sababli Allahning Elchisi ﷺ muaththinga xalqqa e'lon qilishni buyurdi: kim itoatkor bo'lsa, Banu Quraydah joylashgan joyga yetmaguncha peshin namozini o'qimasin. Allahning Elchisi ﷺ 'Aliyni bayrog'i bilan oldinga yubordi, musulmonlar esa quvonch va g'ayrat bilan unga shoshilib, Banu Quraydahga yetib borishdi va ularni yigirma besh kecha qamal qilishdi. Yahudiylar Allahning Elchisi ﷺ ga muzokara qilmoqchi ekanliklarini aytishdi. Ko'p muzokaradan so'ng ular Sa'd ibn Mu'odhning hakamligiga rozi bo'lishdi va u hukm chiqardi: "Erkaklar o'ldirilsin, mol-mulk taqsimlansin, ayollar va bolalar sabaya (asir) qilib olinsin". Hukm amalga oshirildi va shu tariqa qabilaning mavjudligi tugadi hamda Madina ularning zulmidan bir umrga xalos bo'ldi.

When the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) saw this, he (pbuh) and the Muslims left the trench and returned to Madinah. Allah (swt) had spared the Muslims from fighting. Now that Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) had rid himself of the Quraysh he decided to deal with Banu Quraydah once and for all. It was they who had broken their agreement and had conspired with the allies to exterminate the Muslims, therefore Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) ordered the Mu’adhin (caller to the prayer) to inform to the people that whoever was obedient should not perform the afternoon prayer until he had reached the location where Banu Quraydah was. Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) sent ‘Ali forward with his banner and the Muslims hastened to it full of joy and zeal until they reached Banu Quraydah whereupon they besieged them for twenty-five nights. The Jews told the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) that they wanted to negotiate with him. After much negotiation they settled for the arbitration of Sa’d ibn Mu’adh and he gave judgment that, “The men should be killed, the property divided and the women and children taken as Sabaya (slaves).” The judgment was implemented, and thus the entity of the tribe ceased to exist and Madinah was rid of them once and for all.