43 Islam dunyosining siyosiy qamali
43 The Political Siege of the Islamic World
Andalusga bostirib kirishning haqiqiy sababi Yevropaning salib yurishlaridagi sharmandali mag'lubiyatdan beri orzu qilib kelgan qasosi edi. Musulmonlar tomonidan berilgan og'ir zarbadan va musulmon yerlaridan quvib chiqarilganlaridan so'ng, G'arbliklar musulmonlarga nisbatan kek saqlab yurdilar. Ularning qalblari musulmonlarga nisbatan nafrat va adovat bilan to'lib-toshgan edi. Sharqda o'z hujumlarini qayta takrorlashga jur'at etolmas edilar, chunki musulmonlar u yerda har qanday hujumni qaytara olishlarini bilar edilar. Ular Andalusda qasosga erishish osonroq bo'ladi, deb o'ylashdi. Vaqt o'tishi bilan Yevropa hujumini Andalusga qaratdi va u yerdagi aholiga giyohvandlik... yo'q, gilyotinlar va krematoriylar yordamida vahshiylarcha bo'lib parchaladi. Bu hayvonlardan ham ko'proq vahshiylik edi va G'arb tomonidan amalga oshirilgan ko'plab uyatli ishlarning eng pastkashlaridan biri edi. Shunga qaramay, ularni musulmonlarning Andalusni qo'llab-quvvatlashdagi e'tiborsizligi ruhlantirdi.
The real cause behind the invasion of Andalus was the revenge which Europe yearned for ever since their humiliating defeat in the crusader wars. After the crushing blow they were dealt by the Muslims, and after they had been chased away from Muslim lands, the Westerners carried a grudge against the Muslims. Their hearts were filled with hatred and malice towards the Muslims. They would not dare repeat their venture in the East, for they knew that the Muslims would be able to repel any offensive there. They thought that revenge would be easier to obtain in Andalus. In time, Europe directed its onslaught to Andalus and savagely ripped it apart using guillotines and crematoriums on its inhabitants. It was more savage than by beasts, being one of the most despicable of many shameful acts carried out by the West. Nevertheless, they were encouraged by the neglect of the Muslims in supporting Andalus.
Musulmonlar o'sha paytda kuchli edi va Andalus viloyatini uning G'arbdagi dushmanlariga qarshi harbiy jihatdan qo'llab-quvvatlashga qodir edilar. Biroq musulmonlar bo'shashib qoldilar va Andalusni osongina o'ljaga aylanishiga yo'l qo'yishdi. Bu G'arbni qasos olish haqida yanada o'ylashga undadi va agar musulmonlarning, ayniqsa 'Usmonlilar davlatining qudrati bo'lmaganida, hujumlar musulmon yerlarining qolgan qismiga tez va kuchli tarzda yetib borgan bo'lardi. Aynan musulmonlarning ulkan qudrati va bosqinchi 'Usmonlilar tomonidan Yevropaning katta qismining zabt etilishi G'arbliklarda katta vahima uyg'otdi va ularni musulmonlarga qarshi har qanday shoshqaloq xatarga borishdan oldin, salib yurishlaridagidek mag'lub bo'lish xavfi borligini ikki marta o'ylab ko'rishga majbur qildi.
The Muslims were strong enough at the time and in a position to militarily assist that Wilayah (province) against its Western foes. However, the Muslims slackened and left Andalus an easy prey. This encouraged the West to think even further about revenge and had it not been for the might of the Muslims, especially the ‘Uthmani State, the raids would have come strong and fast on the rest of the Muslim lands. It was the sheer might of the Muslims and the conquest of large parts of Europe by the invading ‘Uthmanis which caused great fright among the Westerners and pressed them to think twice about embarking on any rash venture against the Muslims lest they get defeated in the style of the crusades.
G'arb bosqinini ikkinchi yarim XVIII asrgacha kechiktirishga to'g'ri keldi. Faqat o'sha vaqtda islom olamiga turg'unlik kirdi. Shunday qilib, musulmonlar xalqaro miqyosda Islom xabarini yetkazishni tark etgan, ularning qalblarida va ongida islomning g'ayrati susaygan paytda, ular dushmanlari nazarida ulug'vorligi va qudrati kamaygan. Shundan so'ng islom olamiga qarshi madaniy va missionerlik bosqinlari kuchaydi, ularga musulmon yerlarini bo'lib olgan siyosiy bosqin ham qo'shildi.
The Western invasion had to be delayed until the second half of the eighteenth century. Only then had stagnation hit the Islamic world. Thus, with the Muslims abandoning the conveyance of the Islamic message internationally and with the fervor of Islam having waned in their hearts and minds it was only then that their grandeur and might diminished in the eyes of their enemies. Following this, the cultural and missionary invasions of the Islamic world intensified, accompanied by the political invasion that carved up the Muslim lands.
Ekaterina hukmronligi davrida (1762–1796) Rossiya Usmonlilar bilan urush olib bordi va ularni mag'lub etdi. Shu jarayonda Usmonlilar yerining katta hududi tortib olindi. Ruslar Ozov shahrini, al-Qaram yarim orolini (Qrimni) hamda Qora dengizning butun shimoliy qirg'og'ini egalladilar. Ular yarim orolda harbiy baza sifatida Sevastopol shahriga asos soldilar, Ukrainaning janubida Qora dengiz bo'yida esa savdo porti bo'lgan Odessani qurdilar. Rossiya Rum amirliklari ustidan hukmronlik qilishni o'z zimmasiga olib, Usmonlilar davlati doirasida nasroniylikning himoyachisi sifatida o'zini ko'rgani uchun Usmonlilar davlatining tashqi siyosatida asosiy tashvish manbaiga aylandi.
During the rule of Catherine (1762-1796), Russia fought the ‘Uthmanis and defeated them. In the process, a large area was sliced off of their land. The Russians took the city of Azov and the al-Qaram Peninsula (the Crimea), as well as the whole of the Northern coast of the Black sea. They founded the city of Sevastopol as a military base in the Peninsula and built the commercial port of Odessa on the Black Sea in the South of the Ukraine. Russia became a major concern for the foreign policy of the ‘Uthmani State by assuming sovereignty over the Roman emirates and considering herself the protector of Christianity within the ‘Uthmani State.
1884-yilda Rossiya butun Turkistonni Islom Davlatidan ajratib oldi va keyin Qafqazning barcha hududlarini bosib olishni yakunladi. Ammo ‘Usmonlilarga qarshi chiqqan yagona davlat Rossiya emas edi, G‘arbning qolgan davlatlari ham shunday qilishdi. 1798-yil 1-iyulda Napoleon Misrga hujum qildi va uni tezda egalladi. 1799-yil fevralda u al-Shomning janubiy portiga hujum qilib, G‘azzo, ar-Ramla va Yofani qo‘lga kiritdi. U Akka qal’asi yonida to‘xtadi (salibchilar davrida Akra nomi bilan mashhur), ammo uning hujumi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi va u Misrga, so‘ngra Fransiyaga qaytdi; uning bu sayohati nihoyat 1801-yilda barbod bo‘ldi. Shunga qaramay, uning yurishi muvaffaqiyatsiz va natijasiz bo‘lishiga qaramay, u ‘Usmonlilar Davlatiga chuqur ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Uning oqibatida Yevropaning deyarli barcha mamlakatlari Islom dunyosiga hujum qilish va uning yerlarining bir qismini egallash uchun navbatga turdi. Fransuzlar 1830-yilda Jazoirni bosib oldilar va 1881-yilda Tunisni egallagunga qadar unga intildilar. Ular 1912-yilda Marrakeshni egalladilar. Italiyaliklar 1911-yilda Tripolini egalladilar va bu Shimoliy Afrikaning ‘Usmonlilar Davlatidan ajralishiga sabab bo‘ldi; u endi Islom hukmronligi ostida emas edi. U kofirlar tomonidan boshqarila boshladi va ular tomonidan bevosita mustamlakaga aylantirildi.
In 1884, Russia cut the whole of Turkistan from the Islamic State, and then completed its occupation of all of Qafqas. However, Russia was not the only state to challenge the ‘Uthmanis, the rest of the Western powers did so too. On July 1st, 1798, Napoleon attacked Egypt and quickly occupied her. In February, 1799, he attacked the southern port of al-Sham and seized Gazza, al-Ramlah and Yafa. He stood near the fort of Akka (famous in the crusades as Acre), but his onslaught faltered and so he returned to Egypt, then to France and his venture finally failed in 1801. However, despite the fact that his campaign proved unsuccessful and abortive, it deeply affected the ‘Uthmani State. In its aftermath, most of the countries of Europe queued up to attack the Islamic world and occupy parts of its land. The French occupied Algeria in 1830, and worked towards occupying Tunisia until they did so in 1881. They occupied Marrakesh in 1912. The Italians occupied Tripoli in 1911 and this marked the separation of North Africa, which was no longer under Islamic rule, from the ‘Uthmani State. It came to be ruled by the disbelievers and was directly colonized by them.
G‘arbliklar shu bilan to‘xtab qolmadilar, balki Davlatning qolgan qismlarini ham egallab, o‘z istilolarini mustahkamlashni davom ettirdilar. Britaniya 1839 yilda Adanni egalladi va o‘z shartnomasini Lahaj hamda Yaman janubiy chegarasidan Yarim orolning sharqigacha cho‘zilgan boshqa to‘qqizta Protektoratni ham qamrab oladigan darajada kengaytirdi. Britaniya bundan ancha oldin Hindistonni bosib olgan edi va shu tariqa musulmonlarni uning ustidagi hokimiyatidan mahrum qildi. Ular asosan musulmonlarga qarshi zulmni qaratdilar, chunki musulmonlar Hindistonda hokimiyat egalari bo‘lgan edi; shunday qilib, britaniyaliklar o‘sha hokimiyatni qo‘lga kiritib, Hindistonni mustamlakaga aylantirdilar. Keyin ular musulmonlarning umumiy mavqeini zaiflashtirishga qaratilgan jarayonni boshladilar.
The Westerners did not stop there but continued to complete the consolidation of their occupation of the remaining parts of the State. Britain occupied Aden in 1839 and expanded its covenant to include the Lahaj and the other nine Protectorates which spread from the Southern Yemeni border to the East of the Peninsula. The British had long before seized India, therefore, stripping the Muslims from their authority over it in the process. They specifically concentrated their oppression on the Muslims, who had been the people in authority in India, the British thus seized that authority and colonized India. Then they began a process aimed at weakening the Muslim stand in general.
1882-yilda Britaniya Misrni, 1898-yilda esa Sudanni egalladi. Shu orada Gollandiya Sharqiy Hindistonni egallab oldi; Afg'oniston ham, Eron ham ingliz-rus bosimi ostiga tushdi. G'arbning islom dunyosiga qarshi hujumi kuchayib bordi, shu darajaga yetdiki, butun dunyo G'arb gegemoniyasi ostiga tushish arafasida turganday tuyula boshladi, salib yurishlari esa qayta boshlanib, ketma-ket muvaffaqiyatlarga erishayotganday edi. G'arbning bu bosqiniga qarshi turish va uning og'ir bosimini kamaytirish uchun choralar ko'rildi. Bir necha joyda qarshilik harakatlari boshlandi. Jazoirda inqilob yuz berdi, Xitoy musulmonlari qurollanib ko'tarildi, Sudandagi mahdiylar ham shunday qilishdi. Sanusiya inqilobi ham boshlandi. Bu haqiqatan ham islom dunyosi zaiflashgan va tanazzulga yuz tutgan bo'lsa-da, unda hali ham qandaydir hayotiylik qolganini isbotladi. Biroq bu urinishlarning barchasi to'liq muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va ular islom dunyosini qutqarib qololmadi.
In 1882, Britain seized Egypt and in 1898 Sudan. Meanwhile, Holland occupied the East Indies; Afghanistan was put under Anglo-Russian pressure and so was Iran. The Western onslaught on the Islamic world intensified until it was felt that it was about to fall under Western hegemony altogether and that the crusaders’ campaign had been resumed and was achieving success after success. Steps were taken to resist this Western invasion and to minimize its heavy pressure. Resistance movements broke out in several places. A revolution erupted in Algeria, the Muslims of China rose up in arms, as did the Mahdyyun in Sudan. The Sanusyya revolution also erupted. This actually proved that there was still some kind of vitality left within the Islamic world despite its decline and weakness. However, all these attempts completely failed and they never did manage to salvage the Islamic world.
G'arb harbiy bosqinidan tashqari, islom olamini madaniy va siyosiy jihatdan bo'lishga kirishdi, boshqa qismlarini ajratib oldi va ‘Usmoniy davlatini yo'q qilish uchun qat'iyat bilan harakat qildi, chunki bu butun dunyodagi musulmonlarni vakillik qiladigan islom davlati edi. Shu maqsadda G'arb etnik va millatchi guruhlar tuzdi. Dastlab, ular 1804 yilda Bolqon xalqini isyonga undadi. Bunday isyonlar G'arb tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan va oxir-oqibat 1878 yilda Bolqonning mustaqillikka erishishiga olib keldi.
The West, in addition to its military invasion, set about dividing the Islamic world culturally and politically, and went on to sever other parts of the Islamic world and worked tenaciously towards destroying the ‘Uthmani State, for this was the Islamic State that represented the Muslims world-wide. With this purpose in mind the West established ethnic and nationalist groups. To begin with, they incited the people of the Balkans to rebel in 1804. Such rebellions as these were financed by the West and they eventually led in 1878 to the Balkans gaining their independence.
Xorijiy davlatlar 1821-yilda Gretsiyani ham isyonga undagan, to shu isyon ularning aralashuvi tufayli 1830-yilda Gretsiyaning ‘Usmonli davlatidan mustaqillikka erishishi bilan yakunlangan. Shu bosqichdan boshlab Balkan yarim orolidagi xalqlar ham shunga ergashgan, to ‘Usmonli davlatining soyasi bir vaqtlar boshqargan Krit, Kipr va O‘rta er dengizidagi orollarning ko‘pchiligidan yo‘qolguncha. Bu joylardagi aholining aksariyati keyinchalik kofirlarning vahshiyligi tufayli o‘z uylaridan quvilib, qochishga majbur bo‘lgan. Ular hali ham musulmon yurti bo‘lib, Islom davlatining bir qismi bo‘lib qolgan arab mamlakatlarida boshpana topgan. Cherkeslar, bushnoqlar, chechenlar va boshqalar kofirlar hukmiga bo‘ysunishni rad etib, dinlari bilan birga Islom oilasining va Islom hukmining himoyasiga qochgan o‘sha qahramonlarning avlodlaridir.
The foreign powers also incited Greece to rebel in 1821 until this rebellion, thanks to their intervention, ended in Greece gaining its independence from the ‘Uthmani State in 1830. It was at this stage then that the Balkans followed suit, until the shadow of the ‘Uthmani State no longer engulfed Crete, Cyprus and most of the Mediterranean Islands which it had once governed over. Most of the inhabitants of these places were subsequently expelled from their homes and forced to flee due to the savagery of the disbelievers. They sought refuge in the Arab countries which were still Muslim land and remained part of the Islamic State. The Circassians, the Bushnaks, the Chechens and others are the sons of those heroes who refused to yield to the rule of the disbelievers and fled with their Deen to the safety of the Islamic household and Islamic rule.
G'arbliklar yanada ileriga borib, Davlat ichida musulmonlarning o'zlari orasida, ya'ni arablar va turklar o'rtasida ajralishchilik harakatlarini yashirincha rag'batlantirib, qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Ular millatchilik harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatladilar va turk hamda arab siyosiy partiyalarining tashkil topishiga yordam berdilar, jumladan "Turkiya al-Fath partiyasi" (Yosh turklar), "Ittihod va taraqqiyot partiyasi", "Arab mustaqilligi partiyasi" va "Ahd (Al-A'hd) partiyasi" va boshqalar. Natijada Davlatning tanasi ichidan zo'ravonlik bilan silkitildi va u qulay boshladi, buning ustiga chet el bosqinlari qo'shildi. Kofir kuchlar o'z hujumlarini islom olamiga qaratish, uning qolgan yerlarini egallash va Islom Davlatini yo'q qilib, dunyo yuzidan o'chirish uchun juda istiqboli deb topdilar. Bu Birinchi jahon urushining boshlanishi edi, unga 'Usmoniy Davlati majbur bo'ldi va u mag'lubiyat bilan tugadi. G'oliblar sifatida ittifoqchilar chiqdilar va ular islom olamini urush o'ljasi sifatida o'zaro bo'lib oldilar. Islom Davlatidan faqat Turkiya deb nom olgan turk yeri qoldi; 1918 yilda urush tugagach, u 1921 yilgacha G'arb kuchlarining rahmi ostida qoldi, so'ngra ittifoqchilarga Islom hukumat tizimidan voz kechishga va'da berish evaziga ular qo'lidan mustaqillikka erishdi.
The Westerners went even further and secretly encouraged and supported separatist movements among the Muslims themselves within the State, i.e. between Arabs and Turks. They backed the nationalist movements and helped to establish Turkish and Arab political parties such as the “Turkyya al-Fatah Party” (Young Turks), the “Union and Progress Party”, the “Arab Independence Party”, and the “Covenant (Al-A’hd) Party”, amongst others. This resulted in the State’s body being violently shaken from within and it began to crumble, coupled with foreign invasions. The disbelieving forces found it very promising to direct their onslaught against the Islamic world, seizing the rest of its land and destroying the Islamic State by wiping it out of existence. This was at the start of the First World War which the ‘Uthmani State was forced into and which ended in its defeat. The allies emerged as the victors and they divided the Islamic world between them as war booty. All that remained of the Islamic State was Turkish land which came to be known as Turkey and which remained at the end of the war in 1918 at the mercy of the Western forces until 1921, when she in turn managed to gain her independence from them after giving the allies guarantees that she would abandon the Islamic system of government.