第16章 麦地那的生活
16 Life in Madinah
伊斯兰拥有一套独特的生活方式,这套生活方式源自其关于生命的观念。这些观念是伊斯兰文化的基石,而伊斯兰文化与其他一切文化都有根本的不同。它具有三个特点:
Islam has a specific way of life derived from its concepts concerning life. These are the building blocks of the Islamic culture, which radically differs from all other cultures. It is characterized by three points:
它以伊斯兰的“阿卡伊德”(信仰)为基础;
1) It is founded on the Islamic ‘Aqeedah;.
2) 人生中行为的衡量标准,以安拉的命令和禁令为基础,也就是说,人生应当以哈拉姆(禁戒)与哈俩勒(允许)为准则,而不是其他任何东西(例如利益或马斯莱哈)。
2) The criterion of actions in life is based on Allah’s commands and prohibitions, i.e. life is based on Halal and Haram and nothing else (such as benefit or Maslaha);.
3)幸福的含义在于获得安拉的喜悦,也就是说,若不先获得安拉的喜悦,便无法获得持久的内心平静。
3) The meaning of happiness is to gain Allah’s pleasure, i.e. permanent peace of mind cannot be achieved without first gaining Allah’s pleasure.
这就是伊斯兰的生活方式,是穆斯林所仰慕并立志达到的生活。为了实现上述目标,必须有一个全面实施伊斯兰教、毫无例外地执行其律法的国家。穆罕默德ﷺ迁徙到麦地那时,穆斯林以伊斯兰信仰(’Aqeedah)为根基,过着卓越的生活。关于社会与刑法制度的经文,连同此前未曾降示的其他有关功修的经文,都是在这一时期降示的。天课(Zakat)和斋戒(Siyam)是在希吉拉第二年被确立的。宣礼(Adhaan)也被确立,麦地那人每天五次聆听比拉勒·本·拉巴赫甜美的声音传来的宣礼。安拉的使者ﷺ抵达麦地那十七个月后,礼拜的朝向(Qiblah)改为天房(Ka’bah)。关于功修、饮食、道德、人际关系和刑罚的神圣立法经文也相继降示。饮酒(Khamr)和猪肉被禁止,关于刑事与罪犯法律的经文也降示了,关于商业交易、彻底禁止各种形式的高利贷(Riba)的经文同样降示,等等。每当安拉的使者ﷺ接受到关于人们日常生活事务的经文,他都会加以解释,并命令穆斯林遵守。他ﷺ通过自己的话语、行为,以及对当面发生之事的默许,来处理穆斯林的事务,解决他们的问题并调解他们的纠纷,因为他ﷺ的言语、行为和默许都是伊斯兰教法的渊源,正如安拉(SWT)在《星宿章》中所说:
That is the Islamic way of life, the kind of life Muslims look up to and aim to achieve. In order to make the above possible, it is essential to have a State that fully implements Islam and executes its rules without exception. When the Muslims migrated to Madinah, they led a distinguished way of life, with the Islamic ‘Aqeedah as its basis. The verses of the Qur’an concerning the social and penal codes came to be revealed at this time, in addition to the verses concerning other matters of worship which had not been revealed before. Zakat (alms) and Siyam (fasting) were decreed in the second year of the Hijrah. Adhaan was decreed and the people of Madinah listened to it being delivered in the sweet voice of Bilal ibn Rabah five times daily. Seventeen months after the arrival of Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) to Madinah, the Qiblah (direction of prayer) was transferred to the Ka’bah. The verses of Divine Legislation concerning matters of worship, diet, morals, relationships and penalties were revealed. Khamr (intoxicants) and the flesh of swine were forbidden, and the verses concerning the penal and criminal code were also revealed, as were those concerning business transactions, the complete forbidding of Riba in all its guises and so on. Every time the verses that spoke to the people’s affairs in everyday life were revealed to Allah’s Messenger (pbuh), he explained them and ordered the Muslims to abide by them. He (pbuh) looked after the Muslims’ affairs by solving their problems and settling their disputes by his sayings, actions and by his silence over what happened right in front of him, for his (pbuh) speech, actions and silence are all sources of the Shari’ah as Allah (swt) says in Surah al-Najm,
“他也不是随心所欲而说的。那不过是所启示的启示。”(《星辰》,53:3-4)
“Nor does he speak of (his own) desire. It is only a Revelation that is revealed” [An-Najm, 53:3-4].
在麦地那,生活继续沿着那独特的路线前行,那是伊斯兰的观点。伊斯兰社会与其他任何社会都不相同,在当时充满活力、欣欣向荣,以伊斯兰的理念和情感为养分。如今伊斯兰的律法正在全面实施,为所有穆斯林提供解决方案和指引。真主的使者ﷺ看到宣教(Da'wah)已发展到这一阶段,穆斯林安居于自己的宗教之中,个人与集体都遵守其规定,不惧怕任何伤害或迫害,他非常欣慰。他们依照真主的律法解决自己的问题,凡有新的事情出现,总是请示真主的使者ﷺ,从不逾越界限。他们在每一件事上都遵行真主的律法,由此获得了幸福和内心的安宁。许多穆斯林追随真主的使者ﷺ,以向他学习、背诵《古兰经》、获取知识。伊斯兰日益壮大并不断传播,穆斯林也一天比一天强大。
Life in Madinah continued to follow that course with its distinct viewpoint, i.e. the Islamic one. The Islamic society - which is different from any other - was alive and flourishing then, thriving on Islamic concepts and emotions and now that the rules of Islam were being comprehensively implemented, offering solutions and guidelines to all the Muslims. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was very pleased to see that the Da’wah had reached this stage with the Muslims settled in their Deen, abiding by its rules individually and collectively without fearing any harm or persecution. They solved their problems according to Allah’s rules, always referring new matters that had arisen to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and never stepping out of line. They applied Allah’s rules in every action and from this they achieved happiness and peace of mind. Many of the Muslims shadowed the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) in order to learn from him, to memorize the Qur’an and acquire knowledge. Islam grew and spread, and the Muslims became stronger day by day.