先知穆罕默德ﷺ去世之时，整个阿拉伯半岛已经归入伊斯兰的旗下，多神崇拜也已被废除。半岛处于伊斯兰的统治之下，全面依照伊斯兰的信仰（ʿAqīdah）以及由此衍生的制度来治理。他ﷺ是在安拉（SWT）使宗教臻于完备、将恩惠完全赐予穆斯林、并为他们选定伊斯兰作为宗教之后才离世的。这其中还包括向邻近的民族和人民传播伊斯兰的努力：派遣使者前往各国君主和统治者那里，并派出远征军，袭击罗马边境的穆塔和塔布克。

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) passed away after the entire Arabian Peninsula had entered into the fold of Islam and polytheism had been abolished. The Peninsula was under the Islamic domain, ruled comprehensively by Islam according to its ‘Aqeedah and the system that emanated from it. He (pbuh) died only after Allah (swt) had perfected the Deen, completed His favor unto the Muslims and chose for them Islam as that Deen. This included the invitation of neighboring nations and people to Islam by sending envoys to their kings and rulers as well as by dispatching expeditions to raid the Roman frontiers of Mu’tah and Tabuk.

随后是四大哈里发（正统哈里发）时期，征服活动持续进行。伊拉克居住着阿拉伯人与波斯人的混合人群，他们信奉基督教、马兹达教和琐罗亚斯德教，这是最先被征服的国家。接着是波斯，之后是沙姆地区。波斯居住着琐罗亚斯德教徒、犹太教徒和基督教徒，由波斯人统治；而沙姆是罗马的殖民地，罗马文化与基督教在那里占主导地位。叙利亚人、亚美尼亚人、犹太人、阿拉伯人以及少数罗马人都生活在那里。此后征服了埃及，埃及同样居住着各类人群，如科普特人、犹太人和罗马人。北非随后被征服，那里的柏柏尔人处于罗马的统治之下。之后倭马亚王朝兴起，他们征服了信德、花剌子模和撒马尔罕，并将其并入伊斯兰国家。随后安达卢斯被征服，成为伊斯兰国家的一个省（瓦里来）。

Then came the Khulafah al-Rashidun, and the conquests continued. Iraq was inhabited by a mixture of Arabs and Persians who professed the faiths of the Christians, Mazdakyya and Zoroastrians and this was the first country to be conquered. Persia followed next and al-Sham after that. Persia was inhabited by Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians and ruled over by the Persians while al-Sham was a Roman colony where the Roman culture and Christianity were predominant. Syrians, Armenians, Jews, Arabs and a few Romans lived there. Egypt was conquered after this and it too was inhabited by a mixture of people, such as the Copts, Jews and Romans. North Africa followed suit and this was where the Berbers lived under Roman dominance. Along came the Ummayads and they conquered Sind, Khawarizm and Samarqand, joining them to the Islamic State in the process. Al-Andalus was then conquered and became a Wilayah of the Islamic State.

这些国家的居民在民族、语言、宗教、传统、习俗、法律和文化方面各不相同。他们在心态和态度上自然也彼此有别。因此,要将这些国家融合在一起,使之统一为一个单一的乌玛,采用同一种宗教、语言、文化和法律,是一项艰巨的任务。取得成功将是一项巨大而非凡的成就。这一切仅仅通过伊斯兰实现,也只有伊斯兰国家才能做到。这些民众一旦在伊斯兰的旗帜下被团结起来,并由伊斯兰国家统治,他们便成为一个单一的乌玛,即伊斯兰乌玛。这一成就归功于伊斯兰统治和伊斯兰信仰的影响。有许多因素促使这些各异的民众成功地融合为一个乌玛,其中最重要的是以下四个因素:

The inhabitants of these countries varied in the ethnicity, language, religion, traditions, customs, laws and culture. They naturally differed from each other in mentality and attitude. Therefore, the process of molding these countries together and of uniting them into one single Ummah, adopting the same Deen, language, culture and laws was a colossal task. Success would be a tremendous and extraordinary achievement. This happened solely through Islam and was only achieved by the Islamic State. Once those people were identified by the banner of Islam and ruled by the Islamic State. They became a single Ummah, which is the Islamic Ummah. This feat was due to the effect of Islamic rule and Islamic ‘Aqeedah. Many factors led to the successful molding of these disparate people into one Ummah, the most important of which were the following four factors:

1) 伊斯兰教的教义。

1) The teachings of Islam.

2)穆斯林与获得解放之人在日常生活和工作中的共处。

2) The cohabitation of the Muslims with the liberated people in their daily life and work.

3) 被征服地区的民众迅速皈依伊斯兰教。

3) The quick embracing of Islam by the people of the conquered countries.

4）皈依伊斯兰教者生活的根本转变，以及他们从困顿境遇走向更好状况的蜕变。

4) The radical change in the life of those who embraced Islam and their transformation from a dismal situation to a better one.

伊斯兰教的教义要求穆斯林在任何地方、任何时候都尽可能地宣扬伊斯兰教并传播其正道。这就需要圣战以及征服其他国家，以便使人们能够理解伊斯兰教，并思考其律法的真实性。它还赋予人们选择的权利：若他们愿意，可以皈依伊斯兰教，也可以保留自己的信仰，但须服从伊斯兰教在交易和刑法方面的规定。最后这一点很重要，因为一旦处理人们问题的制度和规则得到统一，就能使人们的行为和交往趋于和谐；同时，它也能让非穆斯林在社会中成为一份子，共享同一制度，享有内心的安宁和国家的庇护，从而使他们感到自己与穆斯林并无二致。

The teachings of Islam oblige Muslims to call for Islam and spread its guidance wherever and whenever possible. This necessitates Jihad and the conquest of other countries in order to enable people to understand it and contemplate the truthfulness of its rules. It also gives the people the choice between embracing Islam or retaining their faith if they so wished, provided that they submit to its rules related to matters of transactions and penal code. This last point is important because it would develop harmony in the people’s actions and dealings once the system and rules that deal with their problems became unified, and it would also serve to make the non-Muslims feel like Muslims by being part of the society, sharing the same system, enjoying the peace of mind and the guardianship of the State.

伊斯兰的教义要求，人们应当从人的角度来看待被统治的民众，而不是从种族、部落或教派的角度。因此，关于社会事务与刑事事务的伊斯兰律法，必须平等地施行于每一位公民，穆斯林与非穆斯林之间不应有任何差别。

The teachings of Islam necessitate that the ruled people should be looked upon from a human point of view and not a racial, tribal or sectarian one. Therefore, the Islamic laws related to social and penal matters must be equally implemented upon every citizen, with no difference between the Muslims or non-Muslims.

安拉（SWT）在《筵席章》中说：

Allah (swt) says in Surah al-Ma’idah,

“不要让你对他人的敌意和憎恨使你偏离公正。你们要主持公正，这更接近敬畏；你们当敬畏真主。真主确实知悉你们所做的一切。”（《筵席章》，5:8）

“And let not the emity and hatred of others make you avoid justice. Be just: That is nearer to piety, and fear Allah. Verily, Allah is Well-Acquainted with what you do.” [Al-Ma’idah, 5:8].

在法律面前，所有人都是平等的。统治者照管人民的事务，并管理他们。法官不带任何偏见地裁决人们之间的纠纷。他以人的立场看待他们，目的是解决他们的问题，化解他们的纠纷。伊斯兰的统治制度在国家的不同地区之间确立了真正的统一与平等。

All people are equal in the eyes of the law. The ruler looks after the people’s affairs and rules over them. The judge settles people’s disputes without any prejudice. He looks upon them from a human point of view with the aim of solving their problems and settling their disputes. The ruling system in Islam introduces true unity and equality between the different regions of the State.

伊斯兰命令统治者以国库拨款保障国家各省（Wilayat）的基本需求，无论从每个省（Wilayah）征收的税收多少，也无论这些税收是否足以支付开支。伊斯兰还命令采取统一的财政政策，即从所有省份为国库征收税款，从而有助于将被征服的国家塑造为省份，并使其合为一个国家。这正是伊斯兰的统治制度必然会实现、也确实实现过的结果。

Islam commands the rulers to guarantee the basic needs of all the Wilayat of the State with grants provided by the treasury, regardless of the amount of revenues being collected from each Wilayah, and regardless of whether these levies cover the expenditure or not. Islam commands a single financial policy by collecting levies for the treasury from all the Wilayat, thus helping to mold the conquered countries into Wilayat and making them into one State. This is what the Islamic ruling system would and did inevitably achieve.

穆斯林与当地民众的交融，是促使那些民众皈依伊斯兰并与其他穆斯林融为一体的主要因素之一。征服一个国家之后，穆斯林便在当地定居，开始向民众传授伊斯兰教及伊斯兰文化。他们比邻而居，共同分享生活中的一切事务，成为同一国家的臣民，受同一法律的统治。从来不曾存在过被划分为征服者与被征服者、胜利者与失败者的两个相互隔离的群体。他们都是国家的公民，在日常事务中彼此互助。被征服的民众起初将统治者视为他们从未接触过的另一类人。他们亲眼看到统治者与自己平等相待，与他们处于同一水平，为他们服务，并处理他们的事务。他们亲身体验到品德高尚的统治者给予的良好待遇，这使他们对统治者和伊斯兰教都产生了认同与归附之心。统治者和其他穆斯林与有经人（犹太教徒和基督教徒）的女子通婚，食用他们宰杀的肉类和他们的食物。这激励了他们皈依伊斯兰，因为他们通过统治者看到了伊斯兰的感召力，并通过施行于他们身上的制度看到了伊斯兰的光明。结果，这些民众融入其中，共同构成了一个统一的乌玛。

The mixing of the Muslim with the indigenous people was one of the major factors that led to those people entering Islam and integrating with other Muslims. After conquering a country, the Muslims would take up residence there and begin teaching the people Islam and Islamic culture. They lived in neighboring houses, they shared in all of life’s affairs and became subjects of one country, being ruled by the same laws. There never existed two different segregated communities divided into conquerors and conquered, winners and the defeated. They were all citizens of the State who helped each other in their daily affairs. The conquered people looked upon the rulers as being a different type of people whom they had never encountered before. They witnessed the equality with which they treated them by placing themselves on the same level and serving them and managing their affairs. They experienced fine treatment by rulers of high qualities and this made them adherent towards the rulers and towards Islam. The rulers and other Muslims would marry women from the People of the Book (Jews and Christians), eat their slaughtered meat and their food. This served as an incentive for them to enter Islam because they witnessed the effect of Islam through the rulers and saw the light of Islam through the system being implemented upon them. As a result, these people became integrated and constituted a single Ummah.

本地人民皈依伊斯兰教不限于某一时期或某一国家。每个国家的人民都成群结队地皈依伊斯兰教。皈依的人不断增多，直到他们大多数成为穆斯林，因此伊斯兰教并非仅限于穆斯林征服者之中。通过皈依伊斯兰教，被征服国家的人民与征服者融为一体，成为一个统一的乌玛。

The entering of the indigenous people into Islam was not limited to a time period or a country. The people of each country embraced Islam en masse. People continued to enter into Islam until most of them were Muslims, and thus Islam was not merely confined to Muslim conquerors. By entering into Islam, the people of the conquered countries integrated with the conquerors and became one single Ummah.

伊斯兰教给皈依者带来的全面改变，提升了这些新穆斯林的智识水平。这在他们心中培育出伊斯兰的“aqeedah”（信仰），它成为一切观念得以建立并据以衡量的思想根基。因此，伊斯兰使他们从基于情感的信仰（信心），转变为基于理性的信仰。它也使他们从崇拜偶像、神像、他人、火，以及信奉三位一体和其他类似的崇拜形式——这些导致了智识水平的急剧下降——转而崇拜安拉（SWT），这已经并将继续引领他们建立开明的理智。伊斯兰使他们相信后世，并引导他们按照《古兰经》和《圣训》所呈现的方式去理解后世，以及其中的赏罚。于是他们把后世视为真实存在，这使他们获得了对今世的正确理解，认识到今世是通往另一种更加幸福、永恒生活的道路。他们敞开怀抱接纳生活，并不忽视它。他们利用它的各种途径，享受安拉（SWT）所赐予的美好与财富——安拉是那位为生活提供正确准则与认知的主。

The comprehensive change that Islam caused in those who embraced it led to the raising of the intellectual level of those new Muslims. This developed in them the Islamic ‘Aqeedah which became an ideological basis upon which all concepts were founded and measured. As a result, Islam took them from an emotional based belief (faith) to a rationally founded belief. It transformed them from the worship of idols, icons, other human beings, and fire, and the belief in the trinity and other similar types of worship, which led to a steep decline in the intellectual level, to the worship of Allah (swt), which led and will continue to lead to the establishment of an enlightened mind. Islam made them believe in the Hereafter and led them to comprehend it in the way that the Qur’an and the Sunnah have presented it and the reward and punishment in it. So they conceived of it as being real and this led them to acquire a true meaning of this life thus being the path to another happier and eternal life. They held life with open arms and they did not neglect it. They took its means and enjoyed the pleasures and wealth that Allah (swt) - the One who provided the right criteria and perceptions of life.

在伊斯兰教到来之前,他们的生活准则建立在个人利益之上,个人利益是其采取任何行动的唯一约束。接受伊斯兰教之后,他们行为的准则发生了改变,转而以什么是合法(Halal)、什么是非法(Haram)为依据。这一准则成为他们行动的内在驱动力,其指导原则依照安拉(SWT)所命令和禁止的内容。他们行动的目标变成了获得安拉的喜悦。行动的价值成为执行该行动背后的目的。若是礼拜或圣战,它便具有精神层面的价值;若是买卖,它便具有物质层面的价值;若是信托或慈善之举,它便具有道德层面的价值;若是在危机中援助他人,它便具有人道层面的价值,以此类推。人们开始区分行动背后的动机与行动本身的价值。因此,他们对生活的理解也与以往不同了。这成为一种关于生活的真正理解,以伊斯兰教所设定的准则,即安拉的命令,来加以衡量。

Prior to the advent of Islam, their criterion of life was based on personal interest as the only controls to perform any action. After the acceptance of Islam, the criterion of their actions changed and came to be based on what is Halal and what is Haram. This criterion became the driving force behind their actions, and its guidelines were according to what Allah (swt) had commanded and prohibited. The aim of their actions became attaining Allah’s pleasure. The value of the action became the objective behind the performance of the action. It would be spiritual if it were prayer or Jihad; material if it were buying or selling; moral if it was a trust or an act of compassion; humanitarian if one was being assisted in a crisis, etc. People began differentiating between the motive behind the action and the value of the action. As a result, their conception of life became different from their previous one. It became the true conception about the life measured by a criterion that Islam had set, this being the commands of Allah (swt).

伊斯兰赋予了人们关于幸福的真正含义。在人们最初的观念里,幸福是满足本能与身体的需求。而伊斯兰将其转变为获得安拉(SWT)的喜悦。这才是真正的幸福,因为真正的幸福意味着内心完全而持久的平静,而这绝不可能仅仅通过满足人的欲望和获取物质享受来实现。它只能通过获得宇宙主宰的喜悦来达成。

Islam gave the people a true meaning of happiness. Happiness had been, in their original view, the satisfaction of their instincts and organic needs. It came to be transformed into gaining the pleasure of Allah (swt). This entails true happiness because true happiness means total and permanent peace of mind and this can never be achieved merely through satisfying the human desires and acquiring material pleasures. It can only be achieved by obtaining the pleasure of the Lord of the Universe.

这就是伊斯兰教对皈依者观念的影响。他们对生活以及他们在此生所做之事的看法发生了改变。他们的优先次序也随之改变：有些事物的价值上升，另一些则下降。起初，生命在人的优先事项中居于首位，信仰则排在其次。然后伊斯兰到来，颠倒了这一局面，使信仰成为人生优先事项中的首位。因此，穆斯林开始将一生奉献于伊斯兰的事业，因为他们正确地认识到，伊斯兰比生命更为珍贵，穆斯林为伊斯兰而忍受艰辛、做出牺牲，便是理所当然的结果。生活中的事务各自被安置于适当的优先次序之中。生活变得高尚而有尊严，穆斯林一旦将以取悦安拉（SWT）为最终目标，便获得了持久的内心平静。

This is how Islam affected the viewpoint of the people who embraced it. Their viewpoint about life and the actions which they performed in this life changed. Their order of priorities also changed, some went up in value and others came down. Life to the human being was at the top of his list of priorities to begin with and the ideology came second. Then Islam came and reversed the situation so that the ideology came to the top of the human being’s priorities in life. As a result of this, the Muslims began to devote their lives to the service of Islam because they correctly considered that Islam was more precious than life and it was only a natural corollary for the Muslim to endure hardship and sacrifice in the way of Islam. Life’s matters came to be placed in their appropriate order of priority. Life became honorable and dignified and the Muslim acquired a permanent peace of mind once he set his ultimate objective to that being the pleasure of Allah (swt).

新穿伊斯兰教的人对最高理想的观念因此发生了转变。过去，人们的理想各不相同，而且不断变化；如今，他们获得了唯一的终极目标。这使他们所看重的事物发生了改变，也改变了美德的定义。过去美德的基础包括个人勇气、个人的体面与尊严、宗派的支持、夸耀财富与高贵出身、慷慨至于挥霍、对部落或氏族的忠诚、复仇时的残忍，以及其他类似的行为。伊斯兰教改变了这一切。它使所有这些品质变得微不足道，人可以依照安拉的命令选择接受或放弃，而不是依据它们所带来的利益，也不是因为它们所伴随的骄傲或声望，更不是因为它们是传统、习俗或必须保存的遗产。伊斯兰教只要求顺服安拉的命令。因此，伊斯兰教要求将个人、部落、民众和民族的利益都服从于伊斯兰教的命令。

The new Muslims’ concept of the highest ideal changed therein. In the past the people had different and ever changing ideals. Now they acquired the one and only ultimate objective. This resulted in the changing of things that mattered to them and in changing the definition of virtue. The basis of virtues formerly included things like personal courage, individual decency and respectability, sectarian backing, boasting about wealth and noble descent, generosity to the point of extravagance, faithfulness to the tribe or clan, mercilessness in revenge and other similar acts. Islam changed all that. It made all of these qualities trivial, which the human could take or leave according to Allah’s decrees, not according to the benefits they generated, nor to the pride or prestige which they entailed, nor because they were traditions or customs or a heritage one had to preserve. Islam mandated the submission to Allah’s orders only. Therefore, Islam enjoined the submitting of the individual, tribal, popular, and national interests to the commands of Islam only.

这伊斯兰如何改变了信仰它的人们的心态与态度。它改变了他们的性格，以及他们对人、生命和宇宙的评价。它彻底改变了他们对生活中一切事务的衡量标准。人们开始认识到，生命具有一种特殊的意义，那就是完美与高尚。他们获得了一个至高的理想，那就是求得安拉（SWT）的喜悦，而这种喜悦正是他们全力追求的幸福。因此，他们变成了与往日截然不同的人。

This is how Islam transformed the mentalities and attitudes of the people who embraced it. It changed their personalities and their evaluation of man, life and the universe. It completely altered their criteria concerning all of life’s matters. People began realizing that life held a special meaning which was perfection and nobleness. They acquired a supreme ideal which was securing the pleasure of Allah (swt), and that was the happiness which they vigorously pursued. Therefore, they became different creatures from those which they had once been.

这四个主要因素帮助所有皈依伊斯兰教的人摆脱了他们过去的处境。他们的观念和人生愿景统一为一种观念和一种愿景。他们事务的管理便源于这一观念。他们的利益也统一起来，成为一种利益，即伊斯兰的利益。他们的人生目标成为单一的目标，即传播真主的话语。总而言之，这些人融入伊斯兰教是必然的，他们最终成为一个单一的乌玛，即伊斯兰乌玛。

These four major factors helped to detach all the people who embraced Islam from their former circumstances. Their concepts and visions of life became unified into one concept and one vision. The management of their affairs sprang from that concept. Their interests also became unified and they became one interest, i.e. the interest of Islam. Their goals in life became a single goal, which was the spreading of Allah’s word. In total, the integration of these people into Islam was inevitable and they eventually became a single Ummah, the Islamic Ummah.