安拉的使者ﷺ统治穆斯林和非穆斯林,自他踏上麦地那的第一天起就管理他们的事务ﷺ。伊斯兰国建立之后,他ﷺ着手组建一个伊斯兰社会,使民众的福利得到妥善照顾。作为一位政治家,他ﷺ与犹太人、白努·丹玛拉和白努·马德拉志签订了条约ﷺ。此后,他ﷺ又与古莱什人以及艾伊莱、贾尔巴厄和乌兹拉的人民签订了条约ﷺ。他ﷺ还约定,任何人都不得被阻止朝拜天房,也不应在圣月中感到恐惧ﷺ。作为武装部队的统帅,安拉的使者ﷺ策划并实施了许多军事行动ﷺ。他ﷺ派遣哈姆扎·伊本·阿卜杜勒-穆ત્તલિબ、穆罕默德·伊本·欧拜达·伊本·哈里斯和萨阿德·伊本·艾布·瓦卡斯出征古莱什人ﷺ。他ﷺ授权宰德·伊本·哈里萨、哲尔法尔·伊本·艾布·塔利卜和阿卜杜拉·伊本·拉瓦哈与罗马人作战ﷺ;他ﷺ派遣哈立德·伊本·walid领导对杜马特·贾恩达勒的战斗时,也同样授予他权力ﷺ。他ﷺ亲自率军参加了许多激烈战斗的战役ﷺ。

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ruled over both Muslims and non-Muslims and he (pbuh) managed their affairs from the first day he (pbuh) set foot in Madinah. Once the Islamic State was founded, he (pbuh) set about forming an Islamic society in which the welfare of the people was properly catered for. Acting in his capacity as a statesman he (pbuh) signed treaties with the Jews, with Banu Dhamrah and Banu Madlaj. He (pbuh) then later signed treaties with the Quraysh and with the people of Aylah, al-Jarba’ and Uzrah. He (pbuh) also agreed that no one would be prevented from performing the pilgrimage to the House nor should have any fear in the sacred month. As commander of the armed forces, the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) planned and executed many military campaigns. He (pbuh) sent Hamzah ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, Muhammad ibn ‘Ubaydah ibn al-Harith and Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas in raids against Quraysh. He (pbuh) invested Zayd ibn Harithah, Ja’far ibn Abi Talib and ‘Abdullah ibn Rawahah with the authority to fight the Romans, as he did likewise with Khalid ibn al-Walid when he (pbuh) sent him to lead the fight against Dumat al-Jandal. He (pbuh) led the army himself in numerous actions where fierce battles were fought.

此外,拉苏勒安拉ﷺ在每个省任命了一位瓦利(总督),在每个地区任命了一位阿米勒(副总督)。例如,在麦加解放后不久,他ﷺ任命欧塔卜·伊本·于赛德为麦加的瓦利;巴丹·伊本·萨三皈依伊斯兰后,被任命为也门的瓦利。穆阿兹·伊本·哲贝勒·海兹拉吉被任命为贾纳德的瓦利,哈立德·伊本·赛义德·伊本·阿斯被任命为萨那的阿米勒。安拉的使者ﷺ还任命赞德·伊本·鲁拜德·伊本·萨阿莱布·安萨里为哈达拉毛的瓦利,艾卜·穆萨·艾什尔里为宰比德和亚丁的瓦利,阿慕尔·伊本·阿斯为阿曼的瓦利。在国内,艾卜·杜贾纳被任命为麦地那的阿米勒。 安拉的使者ﷺ总是挑选最适合当前职务的人,即那些能够以信仰充实其所治理之人心灵的人。他ﷺ还会询问他们在治理时将采用何种方法。据传,安拉的使者ﷺ在派遣穆阿兹·伊本·哲贝勒·海兹拉吉前往也门之前问他:“你将依据什么来裁决?”他回答说:“依据安拉的经典。”他ﷺ说:“如果你在其中找不到判决呢?”他说:“那我就依据安拉使者的逊奈。”然后他ﷺ又说:“如果你在其中也找不到判决呢?”穆阿兹回答:“那我就运用我自己的伊制提哈德。”对此,安拉的使者ﷺ说:“感谢安拉,因为祂引导了安拉使者的使者走向安拉和祂的使者所喜爱的道路。”又有记载说,安拉的使者ﷺ任命艾班·伊本·赛义德为巴林的瓦利时说:“要善待阿卜杜勒·盖斯部族的人,并且要慷慨地对待他们。”

Additionally, Rasulillah (pbuh) appointed a Wali (governor) in every province and an ‘Amil (Sub-Governer) in every area. For example, he (pbuh) appointed ‘Utab ibn Usayd as Wali over Makkah shortly after its liberation and once Badhan ibn Sasan embraced Islam, he was appointed Wali of Yemen. Mu’adh ibn Jabal al-Khazraji was appointed as Wali over al-Janad and Khalid ibn Sa’id ibn al-’As was appointed ‘Amil over San’a. Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) also appointed Zayd ibn Lubayd ibn Tha’labah al-Ansari as the Wali of Hadramaut, Abu Musa al- Ash’ari as the Wali of Zabeed and Aden, and ‘Amr ibn al-’As as the Wali of ‘Oman. At home, Abu Dujanah was appointed the ‘Amil of Madinah. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would select those who were best suited for the job at hand. Those who could fill the hearts of those they governed with Iman. He (pbuh) would ask them about the methods they would employ when they governed. It has been narrated that Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) asked Mu’adh ibn Jabal al-Khazraji before sending him to Yemen, “What would you rule by?” In reply he said, “By the book of Allah.” He (pbuh) said, “What if you did not find the verdict in there?” He said, “I would rule by the Sunnah of Allah’s Messenger.” Then he (pbuh) said, “And what if you did not find the verdict in there?” Mu’adh answered, “I would exert my own Ijtihad.” Upon this the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said, “Praise be to Allah for guiding the Messenger of Allah’s Messenger to what Allah and His Messenger love.” It was also reported that when Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) appointed Abban ibn Sa’id as Wali of Bahrain he said, “Be nice to the people of ‘Abd Qays and be generous to them.”.

先知穆罕默德ﷺ会委派最优秀的穆斯林担任总督。大多数情况下，他ﷺ会让瓦利负责征收款项，并命令他们向民众传达伊斯兰到来的喜讯，用《古兰经》教化他们，并使他们理解宗教。他ﷺ会指示瓦利，对于诚实的人要温和宽厚，对于叛乱和不义之举要坚定处置；并且，若人们之间出现纷争，要禁止他们以部落和氏族相互攀比，使他们的归依唯独是真主（SWT），不以任何同伍者为伴。

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would appoint the most exemplary Muslims as governors. In most instances, he (pbuh) would assign the task of collecting the funds to the Wali as well as ordering them to bring to the people the glad tidings of the arrival of Islam, acculturating them with the Qur’an and making them understand the Deen. He (pbuh) would instruct the Wali to be gentle and lenient in the face of truthfulness and firm in dealing with rebellion and injustice, and to prohibit people from referring to the tribes and clans if there was agitation amongst them, so that their reference was to Allah (swt) alone without any other associate.

安拉的使者ﷺ会指示他的总督们收取战利品的五分之一,征收穆斯林应当缴纳的天课(沙德盖),并告知那些自愿皈依伊斯兰教的犹太人和基督徒,他们已成为信士,享有与其他穆斯林相同的权利,也负有相同的义务。总督被严令防止对基督徒和犹太人有任何形式的虐待。安拉的使者ﷺ在派遣穆阿兹前往也门之前对他说:“你将前往有经典的民族那里。你的首要任务是邀请他们崇拜安拉。如果他们信仰了安拉,就告诉他们,安拉已经为他们规定了天课,从他们中的富人那里征收,分给贫困者。如果他们服从了,你就从他们那里收取,并保护他们的财产;你要敬畏安拉,要提防受压迫者的祈求,因为在它与安拉之间没有任何屏障。”

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would instruct his governors to take the fifth of the booty, to collect what had been prescribed on the Muslims as Sadaqah and to tell the Jews and Christians, who had embraced Islam willingly, that they had become believers enjoying the same rights and obliged to fulfill the same duties as any other Muslim. The Wali was instructed to prevent any abuse of the Christians and Jews whatsoever. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) told Mu’adh before sending him to Yemen, “You will go to people who are People of the Book. Let your first task be to invite them to worship Allah. If they believed in Allah, inform them that He has imposed on them Zakat, taken from the wealthy among them and given to the needy. If they obeyed, do take it from them and look after their money; and fear Allah with the plea of the oppressed for there is no screen between it and Allah.”.

真主的使者ﷺ过去常派遣阿卜杜拉·本·鲁瓦哈去见海current的犹太人，评估他们的庄稼和果实，并收取他们应缴的税赋。他们就他的评估向真主的使者ﷺ抱怨，还曾试图贿赂他，把一些饰物送给他。他们说：“收下这些，评估时请放宽些。”阿卜杜拉回答：“犹太人啊！你们在我眼中是真主创造的最可憎的人，但这并不会使我对你们不公。你们拿来贿赂我的东西是被禁止的，我们不接受。”他们说：“正是凭着这样的公正，天地才得以建立。”

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used to send ‘Abdullah ibn Ruwahah to the Jews of Khaybar to assess their crops and fruits and collect their dues. They complained to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) about his appraisal and they once tried to bribe him by offering some of their ornaments to him. They said, “Take this and go easy with your assessment.” ‘Abdullah replied, “O Jewish people! You are to me the most despised creatures of Allah, however, this does not make me treat you unjustly. What you offered me as bribery is forbidden and we do not take it.” They commented, “By this, the Heavens and the Earth were created.”.

先知ﷺ会检查总督和管理者，监督他们的工作，并倾听关于他们的报告。他ﷺ曾罢免巴林的收税官al-’Ala’ ibn al-Hadrami，因为‘Abd Qays的一个代表团对他提出了投诉。他ﷺ会核查管理者的税款征收情况，评估他们的收入与支出。有一次，他ﷺ委派一人收取天课，那人回来后说：“这是你们的，这是别人送给我的礼物。”听到这话，安拉的使者ﷺ说：“这人怎么回事？我们委派他去做安拉托付给我们的事务，他却说这是你们的，这是别人送给我的礼物？他为什么不待在父母家里，看看是否有人送他礼物？如果我们委派某人做事并给他报酬，那么他在报酬之外所取的任何东西，都是非法所得。”

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would check on the governors and administrators and monitor their work. He (pbuh) would listen to reports about them. He removed al-’Ala’ ibn al-Hadrami, the ‘Amil of Bahrain, because a delegation of ‘Abd Qays complained about him. He (pbuh) would check the administrators’ collections and assess their revenues and expenditures. In one instance he (pbuh) appointed one man to collect the Zakat and when the man returned he said, “This is for you and this has been given to me as a present.” Upon hearing this, Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) said, “What is it with the man? We appoint him to work on what Allah has entrusted in us, and he says this is for you and this is a present given to me? Won’t he stay in his parents home and see if he gets any presents? If we appoint someone to do a job and pay him for it, anything he takes besides that would be ill gained.”.

罗素勒的使者(愿真主赐福他并使他平安)委派了审判官来裁决民众之间的纠纷。他(愿真主赐福他并使他平安)任命阿里为也门的审判官,任命阿卜杜拉·伊本·纳西夫勒为麦地那的审判官。他(愿真主赐福他并使他平安)还任命穆阿兹·伊本·贾巴勒和艾卜·穆萨·艾什尔里在也门担任审判官。他(愿真主赐福他并使他平安)问他们:"你们将依据什么来裁决?"他们回答:"如果我们在《古兰经》和圣训中找不到判决,我们就运用类比推理(Qiyas)来得出判决。"他(愿真主赐福他并使他平安)认可了这一方法。 使者(ﷺ)不满足于仅仅委派审判官。他还设立了申诉法庭(Madhalim),以处理针对审判官和地方长官(Wulaa')的申诉。他任命拉希德·伊本·阿卜杜拉为司法和申诉法庭的长官,授权其监督提交到这些法庭的案件。

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) appointed judges to settle the people’s disputes. He (pbuh) appointed ‘Ali as judge over Yemen and ‘Abdullah ibn Nawfal as judge over Madinah. He (pbuh) also appointed Mu’adh ibn Jabal and Abu Musa al- Ash’ari as judges in Yemen as well. He (pbuh) enquired from them, “What would you judge by?” They replied, “If we do not find the judgment in the Book nor in the Sunnah we shall use Qiyas and extract a judgment.” He (pbuh) approved of that method. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) did not content himself solely with appointing judges. He (pbuh) also established tribunals (Madhalim) to deal with complaints concerning judges and Wulaa’ alike. He (pbuh) appointed Rashid ibn ‘Abdullah as an Amir of the judiciary and the tribunals of complaints, with powers to supervise the cases brought before such tribunals.

安拉的使者ﷺ管理着人们事务的各个方面。他任命了登记官,他们担任国家各部门的负责人。阿里·本·艾比·塔利卜是条约的书记员,哈里斯·本·奥夫负责先知ﷺ的印章,穆艾基布·本·艾比·法蒂玛担任战利品的秘书,胡宰法·本·叶玛尼负责评估整个希贾兹的庄稼和果实,祖拜尔·本·阿瓦姆担任天课的秘书,穆吉拉·本·舒尔巴被指派负责记录所有借贷契约和交易,沙尔哈比勒·本·哈桑乃则被聘为致各国君主信函的书写者。无论有多少部门,他ﷺ都会为每个部门任命一名秘书或主管。在这些事务上,他ﷺ广泛地与门徒协商,尤其是那些表现出高度理解力和深刻思考能力、对伊斯兰怀有极大忠诚的门徒。其中从辅士中选出七人,从迁士中选出七人。其中有哈姆扎、艾布·伯克尔、贾法尔、欧麦尔、阿里、伊本·麦斯欧德、赛勒曼、阿玛尔、胡宰法、艾布·载尔、穆格达德和比拉勒。他ﷺ也咨询过其他人,但他ﷺ最常咨询的正是上述这些门徒。他们合起来组成了乌玛议会(Majlis al-Ummah,乌玛议事会)。

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) managed all aspects of the people’s affairs. He appointed registrars, who functioned as the heads of departments of State. ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib was the writer of treaties, al-Harith ibn ‘Auf was in charge of the Messenger’s seal, Mu’ayqeeb ibn Abi Fatimah was secretary of the booties, Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman was in charge of appraising the crops and fruits throughout Hijaz, Zubayr ibn al-’Awwam was secretary of Sadaqah, al-Mughira ibn Shu’bah was given the task of writing all the loan agreements and transactions, and Sharkhabeel ibn Hasanah was employed as the writer of messages which were sent to various kings. He (pbuh) would appoint for every department a secretary or director regardless of the number of departments. In these matters, he (pbuh) consulted his Companions extensively, especially those who showed a large degree of understanding and deep thinking and who possessed great devotion to Islam. There were seven such companions from the Ansar and seven from the Muhajireen. Some of these were Hamzah, Abu Bakr, Ja’far, ‘Umar, ‘Ali, ibn Mas’ud, Salman, ‘Ammar, Hudhayfah, Abu Dharr, al-Muqdad and Bilal. He (pbuh) also consulted others as well, but the above mentioned companions were those whom he (pbuh) consulted most. In all they comprised the Majlis al-Ummah (Assembly of the Ummah).

先知穆罕默德ﷺ向穆斯林和非穆斯林征收土地及部分财产、果实和牲畜的税。这些包括天课（Zakat）、什一税（'Ushr，即对特定作物征收的十分之一）、战利品（Fay'i）、土地税（Kharaj）以及吉兹亚（Jizyah，由国家中受保护的非穆斯林公民缴纳）。Anfal和战利品归国库所有。天课按照《古兰经》所载的八类应受之人进行分配，不给其他人。天课基金从未被挪用来支付政府开支，因为这些开支由Fay'i、Kharaj、Jizyah和战争所得的战利品承担。这些收入足以支付国家的开支并资助战争。国家从未缺钱。

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) levied taxes upon Muslims and non-Muslims on land and on some properties, fruit and livestock. These consisted of the Zakat, the ‘Ushr (1/10 of specific crops), the Fay’i (war booty), the Kharaj (land tax) and the Jizyah (paid by the non Muslim covenanted citizens of the State). The Anfal and the booties belonged to the State treasury. The Zakat was distributed among the eight categories of people entitled to it, as mentioned in the Qur’an, and nobody else. The Zakat fund was never siphoned off to pay for government expenditures, as those were covered by the Fay’i, Kharaj, Jizyah and spoils of war. These were sufficient to cover the State’s expenditure and finance the war effort. The State was never short of money.

这就是安拉的使者（愿主福安之）如何奠定伊斯兰国的制度与结构。他亲自设立了一切，并在有生之年完成了这一体系。他是国家元首，身边有助手、总督、法官、军队、书记员以及协商议会。伊斯兰国在实施时，必须遵循并采纳这种结构模式。关于伊斯兰国结构的所有这些细节，都通过“泰瓦图尔”（集体且确凿的见证）一代代流传下来。安拉的使者ﷺ从他抵达麦地那的第一天起担任国家元首之职，直至去世。艾布·伯克尔和欧麦尔是他的两位助手。穆圣去世后，圣门弟子们一致认为，必须任命一位哈里发来继承他作为国家元首的职位，但不包括启示的传达，也不包括先知的身份，因为他ﷺ确实是众先知的封印。

This is how the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) founded the system and structure of the Islamic State. He set up everything himself and completed it during his (pbuh) lifetime. He (pbuh) was the head of State, he (pbuh) had assistants, governors, judges, an army, secretaries and a council of Shura. This type of structure must be followed and adopted when implementing the Islamic State. Information concerning all these details of the structure of the Islamic State has been transmitted from generation to generation via Tawatur (collective and assured testimony). The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) held the post of head of State from the very first day he (pbuh) arrived in Madinah, until his (pbuh) death. Abu Bakr and ‘Umar were his two assistants. The Sahabah agreed after his death on the obligation of appointing a Khaleefah to follow him as the head of State only, and not in the Message, nor as a Prophet, for he (pbuh) was verily the seal of Prophets.

因此,他(ﷺ)在其一生中建立了一套完整的治理体系。他(ﷺ)留下了一种人人皆知、显而易见的统治形式与政府结构。

Therefore, he (pbuh) established a complete system of government during his lifetime. He (pbuh) left behind him the type of rule and the governmental structure known by and evident to everyone.