第一次世界大战结束后，停战协定宣布，盟军取得了压倒性的胜利，奥斯曼国家随之被摧毁，并分裂成若干小国。盟军夺取了所有阿拉伯领土，包括埃及、叙利亚、巴勒斯坦、外约旦和伊拉克，将它们从国家版图中剥离，使奥斯曼人仅剩土耳其，而土耳其本身也遭到盟军入侵。英国军舰占领了博斯普鲁斯海峡，英国军队占领了首都伊斯坦布尔的部分地区、达达尼尔海峡的所有要塞，以及整个土耳其境内的大部分战略要地。

In the wake of the First World War, after a truce had been declared and once allies had secured their sweeping victory, the ‘Uthmani State was destroyed and fragmented into small statelets. The allies seized all the Arab lands, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, TransJordan and Iraq, stripping them from the State so that all that remained in the hands of the ‘Uthmanis was Turkey, and even she had been invaded by the allies. British warships seized the Bosporus and the British army occupied parts of the capital, Istanbul, all the Dardanelle fortresses, and most of the strategic points throughout the whole of Turkey.

与此同时,法国人也占领了伊斯坦布尔的部分地区,他们的塞内加尔士兵充斥着街道。意大利军队占领了比拉和铁路,而协约国部队接管了警察、国民卫队和港口的运作。他们剥夺了所有要塞的武器,并遣散了部分土耳其军队。"统一与进步党"被解散,贾马勒帕夏和安瓦尔帕夏都逃离了国家。该党其余成员则转入地下。随后,一个傀儡政府成立,由陶菲克帕夏领导,以执行占领军的命令。

The French meanwhile had also occupied parts of Istanbul and their Senegalese soldiers filled its streets. The Italian army occupied Bira and the railways, and the allied forces took over the running of the police, the national guard and the ports. They stripped all the fortresses of their weaponry and discharged part of the Turkish army. The “Union and Progress Party” was dissolved and both Jamal Pasha and Anwar Pasha fled the country. The rest of its members went underground. A puppet government was then formed, headed by Tawfeeq Pasha, to execute the orders of the occupying forces.

当时的哈里发是瓦希德·丁（Waheed al-Deen），他意识到必须直面现实，并以明智的方式挽救局势。他解散了议会，任命他最忠诚的朋友之一法里德帕夏（Farid Pasha）担任首相。法里德支持他对协约国采取怀柔政策的方针，以免协约国毁灭这个国家，而战争结束后，国家本已格外脆弱。他执行了这一计划，局势在一段时间内保持不变：协约国占据主导，土耳其则处于平静的停滞之中。这种状况一直持续到1919年，此后形势开始转变，协约国的地位随之削弱。意大利、法国和英国国内接连爆发危机，严重到足以威胁其内部稳定，不久之后它们之间也出现了分歧。这在伊斯坦布尔表现得尤为明显，它们为瓜分战利品而相互争斗，各自都想攫取军事据点和经济利益中的最大份额。在这一时刻，土耳其有机会抓住最后的机会，挽救自身的存在。协约国之间既已出现裂痕，其软弱也暴露无遗，于是它们各自开始煽动土耳其人反对对方，而在这一过程中，它们反而给予了土耳其人援助。

The Khalifah at the time was Waheed al-Deen, he realised he had to face the reality and rescue the situation in a wise manner. He dissolved the parliament and assigned the Prime Minister’s post to one of his most faithful friends, Farid Pasha, who backed him in his policy of being lenient with the allies lest they destroy the country, which it was more than especially vulnerable to, now that the war had ended. He executed his plan and the situation remained as such for a while with the allies dominating and Turkey in a state of lull. This continued until 1919, when things began to change and the position of the allies weakened. A series of crises hit Italy, France and Britain at home, serious enough to threaten their internal stability, and soon differences emerged between them. This was evident in Istanbul, where they fought over the booty, each of them wanting the lion’s share of military positions and economic advantages. At this point, Turkey was in a position to seize a last chance and save her existence. Now that a rift had occurred between the allies and their weaknesses were revealed, a point was reached whereby each one of them began inciting the Turks against the other, and in the process they gave the Turks assistance.

和平会议尚未召开,其条件也尚未确定,而他们一直在筹划此事。因此,地平线上出现了一线希望,人们开始相信自己可以组织一场认真的抵抗运动。伊斯坦布尔成立了十多个秘密团体,其目标是获取敌人控制下的武器和仓库,并将其运往国内的秘密组织。一些官员也参与了这项工作:陆军部副部长伊斯马特、参谋长菲兹、内政大臣法蒂和海军大臣拉乌夫,都是帮助这些运动的人。于是,秘密抵抗敌人的任务便由为此目的而组建的众多团体承担;“统一与进步党”也再次变得十分活跃。部分军人加入了这些运动,最终它们被统一到穆斯塔法·凯末尔领导的一场运动之下。他建立了一个对抗盟国、将其逐出国土的运动,并发誓,如果哈里发的军队阻挡他的道路,他也将与之作战。

The peace conference, which they had been planning, had not yet taken place and its conditions not laid down. Therefore, a glimmer of hope appeared on the horizon and people began to believe that they could organize a serious resistance movement. More than ten secret associations were established in Istanbul. Their aim was to acquire weapons and depots under the control of the enemy and send them to secret organizations within the country. Some officials were also involved in this work. Ismat, a deputy in the War Ministry; Fawzi, the Chief of Staff; Fathi, the Interior Minister; and Ra’uf, Minister of the Navy were amongst those who helped these movements. Thus, the task of secretly resisting the enemy was taken up by the many associations formed with that purpose in mind; the “Union and Progress Party” also became very active again. These movements were joined by some of the military until eventually they came to be unified under one movement headed by Mustafa Kemal. He established a movement to fight the allies and expel them from the country and he vowed to fight the Khalifah’s army if it stood in his way.

穆斯塔法·凯末尔在这一追求中取得了显著的成功。他意识到中央政府和伊斯坦布尔的当局已被敌人控制,于是决定在安纳托利亚建立一个民族政府。为此,他在锡瓦斯组织了一次全国代表大会(集会),讨论保卫土耳其独立的政策和手段。大会通过了若干决议,并成立了一个以穆斯塔法·凯末尔为首的执行委员会。大会向苏丹发出警告,要求罢免首相法里德,并举行自由的议会选举。在这种压力之下,苏丹被迫屈从于大会的要求,于是罢免了首相,任命阿里·雷达为继任者,随后下令举行新的选举。大会的代表们以一个团体的身份参加选举,并提出了一份旨在拯救国家的宣言,最终在新一届议会中取得了压倒性的多数席位。

Mustafa Kemal’s success in this quest was remarkable. Having realized that the central government and the authority in Istanbul were under the enemy’s control he decided to establish a national government in Anatolia. So he organized a national conference (rally) in Sywas, where the policies and means to safeguard Turkey’s Independence were discussed. The conference adopted a few resolutions and an executive committee was formed, to be headed by Mustafa Kemal. The conference sent a warning to the Sultan demanding the removal of Prime Minister Farid and the holding of free parliamentary elections. Under such pressure, the Sultan was forced to submit to the conferences’ demands, and so he dismissed the Prime Minister and appointed Ali Redha as his successor, then he ordered new elections to be held. The delegates from the conference entered the elections as a group with a manifesto designed to salvage the country and they achieved a sweeping majority in the new parliament.

在取得成功之后,他们前往安卡拉,并在那里设立总部。他们在那里召开会议,提议议会应在伊斯坦布尔召开,而他们的代表委员会应当解散,因为其成员如今已成为正式议员。然而,穆斯塔法·凯末尔强烈反对这两项提议,他说:“代表委员会应当继续存在,直到议会的承诺与正直得到证明,直到其政策为人所知。至于迁往首都,这将是十足的疯狂,因为你们若这样做,就将受制于敌人的怜悯。英国人仍然控制着这个国家,当局无疑会干涉你们的事务,甚至可能逮捕你们。因此,议会应当在安卡拉召开,以保持其独立。”穆斯塔法·凯末尔坚持己见,并极力捍卫自己的观点,但未能说服议员们在安卡拉举行议会会议。议员们最终还是前往首都,并向哈里发表示效忠,继续开展工作。这是在1920年1月。

After their success they moved on to Ankara and established their headquarters there where they held a meeting and proposed that the parliament should meet in Istanbul and their Council of Representatives should be dissolved since its members had now become official deputies. However, Mustafa Kemal strongly opposed these two proposals saying, “The Council of Representatives should continue until the parliament’s commitment and integrity is made clear and until its policy becomes known. As for the move to the capital, this would be sheer madness, for if you did this you would be under the mercy of the enemy. The British still control the country and the authorities will undoubtedly meddle in your affairs and perhaps arrest you. The parliament should therefore convene here in Ankara so that it remains independent.” Mustafa Kemal persisted and defended his opinion strongly, but failed to persuade the deputies to hold the parliament’s sessions in Ankara. The deputies duly went to the capital and expressed their loyalty to the Khalifah, and continued on with their work. This was in January 1920.

哈里发试图将自己的意志强加于议员，但议员们进行了抵制，并表明了他们坚守国家权利的决心。当盟国的压力不断加大时，他们便为在锡瓦斯会议上达成的盟约争取舆论支持。该盟约包含了他们准备接受和平的条件。其中最重要的一条是，土耳其应在既定边界内成为一个自由独立的国家。盟国，尤其是英国，对此感到欣喜，因为这正是他们一直所追求的目标。而且，他们希望这一结果由土耳其人自己促成。

The Khalifah tried to impose his will on the deputies but they resisted and showed their willingness to hold on to the country’s rights. When pressure from the allies mounted on them, they rallied public opinion for the covenant which they had agreed upon during the Sywas conference. The covenant included the conditions according to which they were prepared to accept peace. Most important of these conditions was that Turkey should become a free and independent state within specified borders. The allies, especially the British, rejoiced, for this was exactly what they had been aiming at. Moreover, they wanted it to come from the Turks themselves.

值得在此提及的是,在第一次世界大战之后,'奥斯曼国家作为伊斯兰国家所统治的各个省区,都由盟国为其拟定了一份协议,宣布盟国想要分开保留的那一部分独立。因此,伊拉克有一份包含伊拉克独立的协议,叙利亚、巴勒斯坦、埃及等地也是如此。于是,盟国,尤其是英国,对这份土耳其民族主义协议感到欢欣鼓舞,也就不足为奇了,因为这正是他们所希望的:瓦解'奥斯曼国家,将其分割成若干小邦,以免它再次作为一个强大的国家重新崛起。他们摧毁穆斯林国家的梦想,看起来如今即将实现。

It is worth mentioning here that all the countries which the ‘Uthmani State used to rule over as Wilayat in her capacity, as the Islamic State, had each had, in the wake of the First World War, a covenant drawn up for them by the allies and which proclaimed for them the independence of the part which the allies wanted to keep separate. Iraq, therefore, had a covenant comprising the independence of Iraq, as did Syria, Palestine, Egypt and so on. Thus, it was only natural for the allies, especially the British, to rejoice at this Turkish Nationalistic Covenant, for it was exactly what they wanted; the dismembering of the ‘Uthmani State and its division into statelets lest it return again as one strong State. Their dream of destroying the Muslims’ State looked as though it would now come to fruition.

若不是协约国在各地所签订的各项条约,局势本会走向另一番景象。原因在于,奥斯曼国家是一个统一的实体,它将其所有的Wilayat(省区)都视为自身的组成部分。它采取的是Unity(即联邦制)而非Union(即邦联制)的体制,因此无论是汉志还是土耳其,亦无论是耶路撒冷行政区还是伊斯肯德伦行政区,国家政策并无差别。它们都属于同一个统一的国家。

Had it not been for the covenants, which the allies managed to set up everywhere, the situation would have taken a different turn. The reason for this was because the ‘Uthmani State was a single entity which considered all of its Wilayat as part of it. It had adopted a system of Unity (i.e., a federation) and not Union (i.e., a confederation) and so there was no difference in the State’s policy between Hijaz or Turkey, nor between the district of al-Quds and the district of Iskandarona. All of them were part of one single State.

此外,战败列强在战争结束时所受的种种条件,本会使局势更加复杂。因为土耳其的战败与德国的情形相似,两国在战争中是盟友,那么加诸其中一国的和约条件,也理应适用于另一国。因此,如果德国人民拒绝割让哪怕一寸土地,并奋力反对本国被瓜分,那么奥斯曼国也理应如此,她也本不应被肢解。各盟国深知这些现实,并将其纳入了考虑。然而,当奥斯曼人自己请求肢解其国家时——阿拉伯人和土耳其人都有此请求——盟国便抓住这一机会,并热切地鼓励这些举动;尤其是在国家的中心地带(土耳其),那里是国家统治的大部分源头,也是其代表所在之地。

In addition, the situation should have been further complicated by the conditions imposed on the defeated powers at war’s end. This was because the defeat of Turkey was similar to that of Germany, since they were allies in the war together, and the conditions of peace laid down on one country should have applied to the other. Thus, if the people of Germany resisted the idea of having to part with as much as a handspan of their land, and fought against their country being dismembered, so should have been the case for the ‘Uthmani State, and she too should never have been dismembered. The allies were aware of these realities and took them into account. However, when the ‘Uthmanis themselves requested their country to be dismembered, a request sought by Arabs and Turks alike, the allies leaped at the chance and ardently encouraged such moves; especially in the State’s center (Turkey) where most of the rule within the State originated and where it was represented.

因此,盟国认为这份协约就是它们的最终胜利。土耳其人在协约公布后便获得了抵抗的自由,盟军随即开始从国土各个角落撤出军队。英国和法国的军队撤离了这个国家。与此同时,土耳其人开始积聚力量。一场抵抗运动随之形成,并最终演变为反对哈里发的革命,迫使哈里发派兵镇压这场运动。这支军队最终得以做到这一点,除革命据点安卡拉的人民之外,所有人都站在苏丹一边。最终,安卡拉本身也濒临失败。面对哈里发的军队,周边的村庄一个接一个地陷落,随后加入了哈里发的阵营。穆斯塔法·凯末尔和与他在一起的人处于非常危急的境地,但穆斯塔法·凯末尔决心战斗到底,于是他激励民族主义者。他们积极响应,力量不断壮大。土耳其各省和乡村中流传着谣言,说英国军队即将占领首都,逮捕民族主义者,并以武力关闭议会大厦。

Therefore, the allies considered the covenant to be their final victory. The Turks were thus allowed the freedom of resistance, once it had been published, and the allies then began to pull their troops out from every corner of the land. The British and the French troops were removed from the country. Concomitantly, the Turks began gathering strength. A resistance movement was formed which eventually turned into a revolution against the Khalifah, thus forcing him to send in an army to crush the movement. This it managed to do until all the people stood by the Sultan except those in Ankara where the stronghold of the revolution was. Eventually, Ankara itself was on the brink of defeat. In the face of the Khalifah’s army, the surrounding villages fell one after the other and then joined it. Mustafa Kemal and those with him were placed in a very critical situation, but Mustafa Kemal was determined to fight on and so he incited the nationalists. They responded and gathered strength. Rumors were spread in the Turkish provinces and villages that the British army was about to occupy the capital, arrest the nationalists and shut down the house of parliament by force.

关于哈里发及其政府支持占领的谣言也随之传开。局势很快发生了变化。民众开始离弃哈里发，舆论转向安卡拉的民族主义者。男人和女人纷纷前往安卡拉，自愿保卫土耳其。许多士兵离开哈里发的军队，加入了穆斯塔法·凯末尔的军队；此时的穆斯塔法·凯末尔已成为土耳其人心目中的英雄，也是他们希望的象征。他的地位日益稳固，国家几乎全部处于他的控制之下。他发布传单，号召选举一个以安卡拉为总部的国民代表委员会。选举如期举行，新当选的议员召开会议，自称国民大会。他们认为自己是合法政府，并投票推举穆斯塔法·凯末尔为代表委员会主席。安卡拉成为国家政府的中心，全体土耳其人都表示赞同。随后，穆斯塔法·凯末尔发兵，摧毁了哈里发军队的残余力量，结束了内战。接着他集中精力对抗希腊人，双方发生了数场血腥的战役。起初希腊人占据上风，但不久之后，战局便转向有利于穆斯塔法·凯末尔的一方。

Rumors about the Khalifah and his government supporting the occupation were also spread. The situation soon changed. People began deserting the Khalifah and public opinion shifted towards the nationalists in Ankara. Men and women drifted towards Ankara volunteering to defend Turkey. Many soldiers deserted the Khalifah’s army and joined the army of Mustafa Kemal, who by then had become a hero for the Turks and a symbol of their hopes. His position gathered strength and almost the entire country came under his control. He issued a leaflet calling for the election of a national Council of Representatives that would position Ankara as its headquarters. The election took place and the newly elected members convened, calling themselves the National Assembly. They considered themselves the legitimate government. They voted Mustafa Kemal as president of the Council of Representatives. Ankara became the center of the national government and all the Turks approved of it. Mustafa Kemal then moved and destroyed what remained of the Khalifah’s army, putting an end to the civil war. He then concentrated on fighting the Greeks, and several bloody battles ensued. The Greeks had the upper hand at first but soon the balance shifted in Mustafa Kemal’s favor.

1921年8月，他对占领士麦那（伊兹密尔）及土耳其沿海其他地区的希腊军队发动了迅速而成功的进攻。9月初，他派人召伊斯麦特前来与哈林顿会面，商定细节。在那次会议上，盟国同意将希腊人逐出塔里斯，并从伊斯坦布尔及整个土耳其撤军。如果我们仔细追踪穆斯塔法·凯末尔的举动，便可推断出，盟国只有在获得他承诺会以此为代价摧毁伊斯兰统治之后，才同意了他的要求。在他取得胜利之后，国民议会与他讨论土耳其的未来，这一点变得更加明显。他回答说："我不相信伊斯兰国家的联盟，也不相信奥斯曼民族的联盟，我们每个人都可以自由地持有任何他所希望的观点。然而，政府应当依据现实，坚持一项既定且经过谋划的政策。这项政策只有一个目标，即保护国家及其在自然边界之内的独立。情感与幻想不应影响我们的政策，那些梦想和神话见鬼去吧，过去它们让我们付出了沉重的代价。"

By August 1921, he launched a swift and successful attack on the Greeks who at the time occupied Izmir and other parts of the Turkish coasts. In the beginning of September, he sent for Ismat to meet Harrington and work out the details. At that meeting, the allies agreed to expel the Greeks from Tarees and to withdraw themselves from Istanbul and the whole of Turkey. If we closely followed Mustafa Kemal’s moves, we deduce that the allies agreed to his demands only when they secured a promise that he would destroy Islamic rule in return. This was made clearer when the National Assembly discussed with him the future of Turkey in the wake of the victories he had achieved. He replied, “I do not believe in a league of Islamic countries, nor in a league of the ‘Uthmani people, and each one of us is free to embrace any opinion he wishes. However, the government should adhere to a fixed and devised policy based on realities. A policy that carries one single objective, that is to protect the country and its independence within its natural borders. Sentiments and illusions should not affect our policy, and damn to the dreams and the myths, they have in the past cost us dearly.”.

通过这一宣言,他想要以土耳其是土耳其人的国家而非伊斯兰乌玛的国家为基础,奠定土耳其的独立。一些议员和政治家向他询问新土耳其的政府应当如何组建,因为像当时那样同时存在两个政府是不可想象的:一个是掌握实权、以安卡拉为总部的过渡政府,另一个是设在首都、由哈里发及其大臣领导的官方但有名无实的政府。政治家们坚持要求凯末尔就这一问题明确表态。他没有回应他们,而是隐藏了自己的意图。他转而煽动舆论反对哈里发瓦希德丁,指控他与英国人和希腊人勾结。民众对哈里发愤怒不已,在公众的狂热支持下,穆斯塔法·凯末尔召集国民议会会议,阐述他关于苏丹和政府的计划。他一直清楚,自己有能力说服议员罢免瓦希德丁并剥夺哈里发的权力,但他不敢冒直接攻击哈里发制度的风险,因为这会激起伊斯兰的情感。因此,他没有废除哈里发制度,也没有正面处理这一问题,而是狡猾地提议剥夺哈里发的一切权力。

By this declaration, he wanted to forge the independence of Turkey on the basis of being a country for the Turkish people and not the Islamic Ummah. Some of the deputies and politicians asked him about how the government of the new Turkey should be shaped, for it would be inconceivable for her to have two governments as was the case at that time: a transitional government with power and Ankara as its headquarters and an official yet nominal government in the capital headed by the Khalifah and his ministers. The politicians insisted upon Kemal that he should clearly state his opinion about this issue. He did not answer them and concealed his intentions. Instead he began to incite public opinion against Khalifah Waheed al-Deen, accusing him of collaborating with the British and the Greeks. People were enraged against the Khalifah and amidst the public euphoria behind him, Mustafa Kemal called for a meeting of the National Assembly to outline his plan regarding the Sultan and the government. He had known all along that he was capable of convincing the deputies to remove Waheed al-Deen and strip the Khalifah of authority, but he could not be so daring as to risk a direct attack on the Khilafah, since this would have triggered Islamic sentiment. He did not therefore dissolve the Khilafah and avoided tackling the issue head on. Instead, he slyly suggested stripping the Khalifah of all power.

因此,苏丹国可能被废除,瓦希德丁也会被罢免。代表们一听到这一提议,顿时哑口无言,并很快意识到他们被要求支持的这项提案所蕴含的危险后果,于是纷纷提出应先就议题本身展开辩论。穆斯塔法·凯末尔对这样的辩论极为忧虑和畏惧,于是转而要求就该提案进行表决。他得到了八十名代表的支持,这些人都是他的个人拥护者。

Thus, the Sultanate could be dissolved and Waheed al-Deen removed. As soon as the deputies heard this they became speechless, and quickly realized the dangerous implications of the proposal which they had been asked to endorse and they moved to first debate the issue at hand. Mustafa Kemal was exceedingly apprehensive and fearful of such a debate, so he asked instead for a motion (vote) regarding the proposal to take place. He received the backing of eighty of the deputies, who were from among his personal supporters.

然而,国民议会拒绝了他的请求,转而将该提案提交法律委员会研究。次日委员会召开会议时,穆斯塔法·凯末尔出席并密切关注事态的进展。该委员会由学者和律师组成,讨论了这一问题数小时后,很快意识到该提案违背了伊斯兰教法的经文,因为在伊斯兰教中并不存在所谓的宗教权威与世俗权威之分,“苏丹与哈里发”本为一体。将宗教与国家分离的观念在伊斯兰教中并不存在,在其整个历史上也从未存在过。伊斯兰有一套伊斯兰制度,国家负责施行这一制度。法律委员会无法为这种分离找到任何依据,也找不到就此问题进行辩论的理由,因为伊斯兰的经文对此问题的表述明确而确定(不存在解释的余地)。不出所料,委员会否决了该提案。

However, the National Assembly refused to grant him his wish and alternatively referred the proposal to the legal committee to look into. When the committee convened the next day, Mustafa Kemal attended and watched the course of events closely. The committee, comprising of scholars and lawyers, debated the issue for a few hours and soon realized that the proposal violated the Shari’ah texts, since in Islam there is nothing called religious authority and temporal authority, “Sultana and Khilafah”, are one and the same. The concept of separating the Deen from the State does not exist in Islam and had never existed throughout its history. There was an Islamic System and the State implemented the System. Inevitably, the legal committee could not find any justification for such a separation nor could it find a reason for conducting a debate on the issue because the Islamic texts are clear-cut and decisive (not open to interpretation) about this issue. Not surprisingly, the committee rejected the proposal.

然而,穆斯塔法·凯末尔一心要将宗教与国家分离,方法是把苏丹制与哈里发制分开。这正是各盟国的目的所在:由伊斯兰国残存的力量自己的人民来将其摧毁。他那种殖民主义的文化,使他效仿西方人在世俗权力与精神权力之间的分离,就如西方教会与国家分离一样,这驱使他把苏丹制从哈里发制中剥离出来。当穆斯塔法·凯末尔发觉委员会的辩论走向与他的意愿相左时,他勃然大怒,从座位上跳起,站到椅子上,怒不可遏,打断了委员会的辩论,大声喊道:“诸位阁下!奥斯曼苏丹以武力夺取了人民的权力,人民也必须以武力夺回它。苏丹制必须与哈里发制分离并予以废除,无论你们同意与否,这都将发生,唯一的后果是你们中的一些人会因此丢掉脑袋。”他像独裁者一样讲话,随后委员会的会议便散了。国民议会随即被召集开会,讨论这项提案。

However, Mustafa Kemal was determined to separate the Deen from the State by separating the Sultanate from the Khilafah, which was the fulfillment of the aims of the allies; the destruction of the remains of the Islamic State by the hands of its own people. His colonialist culture, which makes him imitate the Westerners in their separation of the temporal power from the spiritual one drove him to separate the Sultanate from the Khilafah, just as the Church had come to be separated from the state in the West. When Mustafa Kemal realized that the debate of the committee was taking a course different to his, he lost his temper and leaped off his seat, he stood on a chair fuming with rage and interrupted the debate of the committee by shouting, “Your excellencies! The ‘Uthmani Sultan has seized the authority of the people by force, and it is by force that the people have decided to regain it. The Sultanate must be separated from the Khilafah and dissolved, this shall take place whether you agree or not, all there is to it is that some of your heads will fall in the process.” He spoke like a dictator, then the meeting of the committee broke up. The National Assembly was immediately called for to meet and discuss the proposal.

在整个辩论过程中,穆斯塔法·凯末尔发现多数议员反对该提案,于是他聚集支持者在身边,并要求以举手一次的方式对提案进行表决。议员们对此提出异议,说:“如果确有必要表决,那就让每位议员唱名投票。”穆斯塔法·凯末尔拒绝了这一要求,并以威胁的语气大声喊道:“我确信国民议会会以普遍共识通过该提案,仅以举手方式表决即可。”提案付诸表决,只有少数人举起了手。然而,结果却被宣布为国民议会以明显多数通过了该提案。议员们对此大为震惊,其中一些人从座位上�跳起来抗议,高喊:“这不是事实,我们没有同意!”穆斯塔法·凯末尔的支持者则朝他们大声回呛,并把他们拦住,双方互相辱骂。随后,国民议会主席再次宣布表决结果,称国民议会以明显多数批准废除苏丹制。会议随即休会。穆斯塔法·凯末尔在支持者的簇拥下离开了会议中心。当哈里发瓦希德丁得知此事后,他逃离了国家。不久之后,他的侄子阿卜杜勒·马吉德被任命为穆斯林的哈里发,但已被剥夺一切权力。然而,这个国家仍然没有合法的统治者。

Throughout the debate, Mustafa Kemal realized that the majority of the deputies were against the proposal, so he gathered his supporters around him and called for a vote on the proposal by raising hands once. The deputies objected to this and said, “If it is absolutely necessary to vote, let this take place by calling out the name of each deputy.” Mustafa Kemal rejected this and shouted out menacingly, “I am confident that the National Assembly will endorse the proposal by general consensus and it will be sufficient to take votes by raising hands only.” The proposal was put to the vote and only a few hands were raised. However, the result was declared as though the National Assembly had accepted the proposal by a clear majority. The deputies were stunned by this and some of them leaped from their seats protesting and shouting, “This is not true, we did not agree!” The supporters of Mustafa Kemal shouted back at them and restrained them, insults were exchanged then the President of the National Assembly declared the result of the vote once more stating that the National Assembly had approved by a clear majority the dissolution of the Sultanate. The meeting was adjourned. Mustafa Kemal left the conference center surrounded by his supporters. When Waheed al-Deen, the Khaleefah, received news of this he fled the country and soon after his nephew, ‘Abdul Majid, was nominated as the Khalifah of the Muslims, albeit stripped of any authority. The country, however, remained without a legitimate ruler.

如果苏丹国与哈里发职位分离，那么谁是合法的统治者？穆斯塔法·凯末尔一直非常急于将苏丹国与哈里发职位分开，但他这样做时并未透露土耳其将采用的政府结构。随着苏丹国的废除，确定新政府的形式已成为必要。穆斯塔法·凯末尔会组建政府并成为立宪政府的总统，同时让哈里发保持权威人物的地位吗？如果是这样，那么废除苏丹国的决定在一开始不就是无效的了吗？

If the Sultanate was separated from the Khilafah, who then was the legal ruler? Mustafa Kemal had all along been very anxious to separate the Sultanate from the Khilafah, and he did so without revealing the structure of government which Turkey was to adopt. With the dissolution of the Sultanate it had become necessary to decide the format of the new government. Would Mustafa Kemal form the government and become the President of a constitutional government while keeping the Khalifah as the authoritative figure? If so, then would not the decision to dissolve the Sultanate have been ineffectual in the first place?

穆斯塔法·凯末尔拒绝组建政府，也没有透露自己的意图。他凭借手中的权力和威望，得以控制民众，随后组建了一个他称之为“人民党”的政党。他的目的是争取民意的支持，因为尽管他权势很大，但在废除苏丹制与哈里发制分离的宣布之后，代表议会中的绝大多数议员仍然反对他。这促使他考虑公开他决定组建的新政府的形式，即宣布土耳其为共和国，由他自己担任总统。他首先发动了一场针对国民议会的诽谤运动，这引发了一场令人尴尬的政治危机，进而导致在任政府辞职。政府向国民议会递交了辞呈，造成了权力真空。在危机不断加深之际，一些议员向代表议会建议，应任命穆斯塔法·凯末尔为政府首脑，以解决危机。起初他假装对这一职位毫无野心，随后他表示同意，并走上讲台向国民议会发表讲话。

Mustafa Kemal refused to form a government and did not reveal his intentions. Backed up by his power and authority, through which he had control over the people, he went on to form a party which he called the “People’s Party”. His intention was to gain public opinion in his favor because despite his power, the sweeping majority in the Council of Representatives were still against him even after the declaration of the separation of the Sultanate from the Khilafah. This led him to consider disclosing the shape of the new government which he had decided to form, declaring Turkey to be a republic with himself as its President. He started by initiating a smear campaign against the National Assembly and this produced an embarrassing political crisis, thus leading to the resignation of the government in office. The government tendered its resignation to the National Assembly creating a power vacuum. Amidst the deepening crisis, some of the deputies suggested to the Council of Representatives that it should appoint Mustafa Kemal as the head of the government in order to solve the crisis. At first he pretended that he held no ambitions for the job, then he agreed and went up to the stand to address the National Assembly.

在讲话中，他对代表们说：“你们派人来请我，希望我在这个危急时刻出手相助。然而，这场危机是你们自己造成的。因此，目前的局面并非一时的意外，而是我们政府体制中一个根本性的判断错误。国民议会目前同时履行两项职能，即立法与行政。每位议员都想参与每一项部长级决定，都想插手每一个政府部门以及每位部长所做的每一项决定。诸位阁下，在这种情况下，没有哪位部长能够熟悉自己的工作和职责，也不会愿意接受任职。你们必须认识到，建立在这种基础上的政府是不可能建立起来的；即便建立起来，你们也不会称之为政府，而只能称之为一团混乱。我们必须正视这种状况。因此，我已决定将土耳其改为共和国，并设立民选总统。” 他讲话结束后，人们很快发现，他早已准备好一份法令，宣布土耳其为共和国，并推选他自己为土耳其共和国的第一任总统。他就这样把自己变成了这个国家的合法统治者。

In his speech he said to the deputies, “You have sent for me to come to the rescue at this critical hour. However, the critical situation is of your own doing. Therefore, this state of affairs is not a passing incident, but a fundamental error of judgment in the system of our government. The National Assembly has at the moment two functions, legislative and executive. Each deputy wants to take part in every ministerial decision and stick his nose into every government department and every decision made by a minister. Your excellencies, no minister can become familiar with his job and responsibility, and accept a post in such circumstances. You have to realize that a government founded on this basis is impossible to establish, and if it were established, you would not call it a government, but shambles, and we have to appreciate this state of affairs. Therefore, I have decided to turn Turkey into a republic, with an elected President.” Once he had finished his speech, it was soon realized that he had already prepared a decree, making Turkey a republic and electing himself as the first President of the Turkish republic. He turned himself into the lawful ruler of the country.

然而,穆斯塔法·凯末尔的事情并不如他所愿般顺利。首先,土耳其人民是穆斯林,而穆斯塔法·凯末尔所做的一切与伊斯兰教相悖。一种认为穆斯塔法·凯末尔意图摧毁伊斯兰教的感觉开始蔓延,而凯末尔本人的个人行为更助长了这种情绪。在私生活中,他蔑视伊斯兰教,违反了一切安拉的沙里亚法规,嘲弄穆斯林所崇尚和视为神圣的一切。人们很快意识到,安卡拉的新统治者是该受诅咒的卡菲尔,于是他们开始聚集在哈里发阿卜杜勒·马吉德周围。他们试图把权力交还给他,使他成为实际的统治者,以便他能够除掉这些叛教者。穆斯塔法·凯末尔察觉到了日益增长的危险,并意识到大多数人民都憎恨他,指控他为齐恩迪格和卡菲尔。他对此深思熟虑,于是加强了对哈里发和哈里发制度的污蔑运动,煽动国民议会的热情,直至议会通过并颁布了一项法律,规定任何反对共和国、站在苏丹一边的行为都将被视为叛国,处以死刑。随后,穆斯塔法·凯末尔在每次会议上,尤其是在国民议会上,开始谈论哈里发制度的弊端。他开始为废除哈里发制度做准备。一些代表针对这一威胁,发表言论指出哈里发制度在外交上的优势,对此穆斯塔法·凯末尔随即发动了猛烈的抨击。他对国民议会说:"土耳其农民五个世纪以来为之战斗、为之牺牲,难道不是因为哈里发制度、伊斯兰教和教士吗?现在是土耳其照顾自身利益、不再理会印度人和阿拉伯人的时候了。土耳其应当摆脱引领穆斯林的责任。"

However, things did not run as smoothly for Mustafa Kemal as he had wished. For one thing, the Turkish people are Muslim and what Mustafa Kemal did contradicts Islam. A feeling that Mustafa Kemal intended to destroy Islam spread, fueled by Kamal’s own personal actions. In his private life, he held Islam in contempt, violating all the Divine Shari’ah rules, mocking everything that Muslims hold in high esteem and sanctity. People soon realized that the new rulers of Ankara were damned Kafireen and they began to gather around the Khalifah ‘Abdul Majid. They attempted to hand him back the authority and make him the effective ruler so that he could get rid of these apostates. Mustafa Kemal sensed the growing danger and realized that the majority of the people despised him, accusing him of being a Zindiq and Kafir. He thought long and hard about the matter and as a result intensified his smear campaign against the Khalifah and the Khilafah, inciting the fervor of the National Assembly, until it adopted and enacted a law stating that any opposition to the republic and any siding with the Sultan would be considered an act of treachery, carrying the death penalty. Mustafa Kemal then began to talk about the disadvantages of the Khilafah at every meeting, especially the National Assembly. He started to prepare the ground to abolish the Khilafah. Some of the deputies countered this threat by speaking out about the diplomatic advantages of the Khilafah, they were met in turn by a fierce attack from Mustafa Kemal. He said to the National Assembly, “Was it not because of the Khilafah, Islam and the clergy, that the Turkish peasants fought and died for five centuries? It is high time Turkey looked after her own interests and ignored the Indians and the Arabs. Turkey should rid itself of leading the Muslims.”.

穆斯塔法·凯末尔对哈里发制度展开了诽谤运动，着力突出其对土耳其人民的种种弊端。他还诋毁哈里发本人，把他和他的支持者描绘成真正的叛徒和英国的傀儡。穆斯塔法·凯末尔并未就此止步，而是进一步资助针对哈里发制度拥护者的恐怖运动。一位公开宣称坚守哈里发制度、捍卫宗教是义务的议员，引起了他的反应，他雇人在该议员原定发言的当晚将其杀害。当晚，该议员从国民议会返家途中，被他的一名追随者刺杀。另一位议员发表了伊斯兰演说，穆斯塔法·凯末尔便把他召来，威胁说如果他再开口，就绞死他。

Mustafa Kemal pursued his smear campaign against the Khilafah, highlighting its disadvantages to the Turkish people. He also smeared the Khalifah himself by portraying him and his supporters as the real traitors and as British puppets. Mustafa Kemal did not stop there, but went on to sponsor a terror campaign against those who championed the Khilafah. His reaction towards one of the deputies who openly declared the obligation of holding onto the Khilafah and safeguarding the Deen was to hire someone to kill him the very night that he was meant to speak. So one of his followers assassinated him that night while he was on his way back home from the National Assembly. Another deputy delivered an Islamic speech, so Mustafa Kemal summoned him and threatened him with hanging if he opened his mouth again.

穆斯塔法·凯末尔到处散布恐怖。过了一段时间，他下令伊斯坦布尔总督缩减哈里发出行星期五聚礼（Salat ul Jumu'ah）时随行队伍的礼仪与仪仗排场。他还将哈里发的薪俸削减至最低限度，并劝诱其追随者离弃哈里发。凯末尔的一些温和派支持者目睹此事后，伊斯兰情感再度高涨，他们担心哈里发制度将被废除。他们向穆斯塔法·凯末尔提议，由他自己出任穆斯林的哈里发。他断然拒绝。随后，两个代表团前来拜访他，一个来自埃及，另一个来自印度，请求他自任穆斯林的哈里发，他们屡次恳求，但毫无结果。此时，穆斯塔法·凯末尔已经为敲响哈里发制度的丧钟、给予其最后一击做好了准备。

Mustafa Kemal spread terror everywhere. In time, he ordered the Governor of Istanbul to scale down the protocol and ceremonial display that surrounds the Khalifah’s cortege during Salat ul Jumu’ah. He also cut down the Khalifah’s salary to the minimum and exhorted his followers to desert him. When some of Mustafa Kemal’s moderate supporters witnessed this, their Islamic feelings began to run high again and they feared the annulment of the Khilafah. They proposed to Mustafa Kemal the idea of appointing himself as Khalifah over the Muslims. He flatly refused. Then he was visited by two delegations, one from Egypt and the other from India, asking him to appoint himself as Khalifah of the Muslims, pleading with him repeatedly but to no avail. Mustafa Kemal had by now prepared the way to ring the death knell and deal his final blow to the Khilafah.

对外国人、敌人以及他们所谓的盟友哈里发的仇恨与蔑视，被凯末尔在民众、武装部队和国民议会中广为散布。煽动对外国人的仇恨情绪，不过是一个诡计，意在指控哈里发是他们的盟友。当舆论已转向他，对哈里发的反感情绪高涨之时，穆斯塔法·凯末尔于1924年3月3日向国民议会提出一项动议，宣布废除哈里发制度，罢免并驱逐哈里发，从而正式将宗教与国家分离。

Hatred and contempt for foreigners, the enemy and their supposed ally the Khalifah was spread by Kemal amongst the people, the armed forces and the National Assembly. Inciting the feeling of hatred towards foreigners was merely a ploy intended to accuse the Khalifah of being their ally. When public opinion had shifted towards him and with feelings against the Khalifah running high, Mustafa Kemal presented to the National Assembly on March 3rd, 1924 a motion stating the annulment of the Khilafah and the removal and expulsion of the Khalifah, thereby formally separating the Deen from the State.

他在向代表们提出这项动议时说了如下一些话:“受威胁的共和国应当以何种代价来守护,并建立在坚实的科学基础之上?哈里发以及“奥斯曼家族”(Ahl ul Uthman)的遗产必须废除,古老的宗教法庭及其法律必须由现代法庭和现代法律取代,教士们的学校必须让位于世俗的政府学校。”接着,他又抨击伊斯兰教和他所谓的宗教人士。他展现出真正的独裁权威,亲自采纳了这项动议,并在没有任何辩论的情况下获得了国民议会的批准。随后,他向伊斯坦布尔总督下达命令,要求哈里发阿卜杜勒·马吉德在次日黎明前离开土耳其。总督本人于午夜时分率领一队警察和士兵前往哈里发的宫殿。他们强迫哈里发登上一辆马车,并护送他到边境,只允许他携带一只装有少量衣物和一些钱的手提箱。

Some of the words which he said when he presented the motion to the deputies were as follows, “At what cost should the threatened republic be safeguarded and be established on a strong scientific basis? The Khalifah and the legacies of “Ahl ul Uthman” must go, the ancient religious courts and their laws must be replaced by modern courts and modern laws, the schools of the clergy must give way to secular government schools.” He then went on to attack the Deen and what he called religious men. Displaying real dictatorial authority, he adopted the motion himself and secured the National Assembly’s approval without any debate. He then sent an order to the Governor of Istanbul stating that the Khalifah, ‘Abdul Majid, should leave Turkey before dawn the following day. The Governor himself, went with a group of policemen and soldiers to the Khalifah’s Palace at midnight. They forced him to get into a cart and escorted him to the border not allowing him to take more than one suitcase containing some clothing and a little money.

这就是穆斯塔法·凯末尔废除伊斯兰国家和伊斯兰制度，并以资本主义国家和资本主义制度取而代之的经过。通过摧毁伊斯兰国家，他实现了异教徒自十字军东征以来一直怀抱的梦想。

This is how Mustafa Kemal abolished the Islamic State and the Islamic System, and in its place established a Capitalist state and a Capitalist system. By destroying the Islamic State, he fulfilled the dream of the disbelievers which they had nurtured ever since the Crusades.