43 Kewayen Siyasa a Kan Duniyar Musulunci
43 The Political Siege of the Islamic World
Ainihin dalilin mamayar Andalus shi ne ramuwar da Turai ke marmari tun bayan shan kayen wulakanci da ta yi a yakin Crusades. Bayan bugun ƙasa-ƙasa da Musulmi suka mata, kuma bayan an kore ta daga ƙasashen Musulmi, Yammacin duniya ya riƙe ƙiyayya ga Musulmi. Zukatansu sun cika da ƙiyayya da mugunta ga Musulmi. Ba su kuskura su sake yunƙurin kai hari a Gabas ba, domin sun san cewa Musulmi za su iya korar duk wani hari a can. Sun yi tunanin cewa za a fi samun sauƙin ramuwa a Andalus. A lokacin da ya dace, Turai ta karkata harin ta zuwa Andalus, ta kuma yanka ta gunduwa-gunduwa cikin kaifi, tana amfani da gatari da wuta a kan mazaunanta. Wannan ya fi zalunci fiye da na dabbobi, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin ayyukan kunya da Yamma ta aikata. Duk da haka, rashin taimakon Musulmi ga Andalus ne ya ƙarfafa su.
The real cause behind the invasion of Andalus was the revenge which Europe yearned for ever since their humiliating defeat in the crusader wars. After the crushing blow they were dealt by the Muslims, and after they had been chased away from Muslim lands, the Westerners carried a grudge against the Muslims. Their hearts were filled with hatred and malice towards the Muslims. They would not dare repeat their venture in the East, for they knew that the Muslims would be able to repel any offensive there. They thought that revenge would be easier to obtain in Andalus. In time, Europe directed its onslaught to Andalus and savagely ripped it apart using guillotines and crematoriums on its inhabitants. It was more savage than by beasts, being one of the most despicable of many shameful acts carried out by the West. Nevertheless, they were encouraged by the neglect of the Muslims in supporting Andalus.
A lokacin, Musulmi suna da ƙarfi isa, kuma suna cikin matsayin da za su iya taimaka wa wannan Wilayah (lardi) ta hanyar soja a kan abokan gābanta na Yamma. Sai dai Musulmi sun yi sakaci, suka bar Andalus ta zama abin cin nasara cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya ƙarfafa Yammacin duniya su ƙara tunanin ramuwar gayya, kuma da ba don ƙarfin Musulmi ba, musamman Daular ‘Uthmaniyya, hare-haren da za su zo kan sauran ƙasashen Musulmi da ƙarfi da sauri. Ƙarfin Musulmi sosai da kuma mamayar manyan sassan Turai da Daular ‘Uthmaniyya ta yi ne suka jefa tsoro mai girma a zukatan mutanen Yamma, suka tilasta musu su yi tunani sau biyu kafin su shiga kowane aiki maras hankali a kan Musulmi, don kada a ci su kamar yadda aka ci su a yaƙe-yaƙen Crusades.
The Muslims were strong enough at the time and in a position to militarily assist that Wilayah (province) against its Western foes. However, the Muslims slackened and left Andalus an easy prey. This encouraged the West to think even further about revenge and had it not been for the might of the Muslims, especially the ‘Uthmani State, the raids would have come strong and fast on the rest of the Muslim lands. It was the sheer might of the Muslims and the conquest of large parts of Europe by the invading ‘Uthmanis which caused great fright among the Westerners and pressed them to think twice about embarking on any rash venture against the Muslims lest they get defeated in the style of the crusades.
Mamayar yammacin duniya ta dauki lokaci kafin ta faru har sai rabin karni na biyu na karni na sha takwas. Sai a lokacin ne jinkiri ya kama duniyar Musulunci. Don haka, a lokacin da Musulmai suka daina isar da sakon Musulunci zuwa duniya baki daya, kuma kwazon Musulunci ya ragu a zukatansu da tunaninsu, sai kawai daukakarsu da karfinsu suka ragu a idanun abokan gabarsu. Bayan haka, mamayar al'adu da ta wa'azi a kan duniyar Musulunci ta tsananta, tare da mamayar siyasa wadda ta raba kasashen Musulmai gida-gida.
The Western invasion had to be delayed until the second half of the eighteenth century. Only then had stagnation hit the Islamic world. Thus, with the Muslims abandoning the conveyance of the Islamic message internationally and with the fervor of Islam having waned in their hearts and minds it was only then that their grandeur and might diminished in the eyes of their enemies. Following this, the cultural and missionary invasions of the Islamic world intensified, accompanied by the political invasion that carved up the Muslim lands.
A lokacin mulkin Catherine (1762-1796), Rasha ta yi yaƙi da Daular 'Uthmaniyya kuma ta ci su. A yayin wannan, an yanke wani yanki mai girma daga ƙasarsu. Rashawa sun karɓi birnin Azov da Tsibirin al-Qaram (Crimea), da dukan gaɓar arewacin Tekun Bahar Baƙi. Sun kafa birnin Sevastopol a matsayin sansanin soji a tsibirin, kuma sun gina tashar kasuwanci ta Odessa a kan Tekun Bahar Baƙi a kudancin Ukraine. Rasha ta zama babbar damuwa ga manufofin ƙasashen waje na Daular 'Uthmaniyya, ta hanyar ɗaukar iko a kan masarautun Roman da kuma ɗaukar kanta a matsayin mai kare Kiristanci a cikin Daular 'Uthmaniyya.
During the rule of Catherine (1762-1796), Russia fought the ‘Uthmanis and defeated them. In the process, a large area was sliced off of their land. The Russians took the city of Azov and the al-Qaram Peninsula (the Crimea), as well as the whole of the Northern coast of the Black sea. They founded the city of Sevastopol as a military base in the Peninsula and built the commercial port of Odessa on the Black Sea in the South of the Ukraine. Russia became a major concern for the foreign policy of the ‘Uthmani State by assuming sovereignty over the Roman emirates and considering herself the protector of Christianity within the ‘Uthmani State.
A shekara ta 1884, Rasha ta raba dukkan Turkistan daga Daular Musulunci, sannan ta kammala mamayar dukkan Qafqas. Sai dai Rasha ba ita kaɗai ba ce ta ƙalubalanci Daular 'Usmaniyya; sauran ƙasashen Yamma ma sun yi haka. A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1798, Napoleon ya kai hari kan Masar, ya kuma mamaye ta cikin sauri. A watan Fabrairu, 1799, ya kai hari kan tashar ruwan kudancin al-Sham, ya kuma kwace Gazza, al-Ramlah da Yafa. Ya tsaya kusa da katangar Akka (wadda aka shahara da ita a yaƙe-yaƙen Crusades a matsayin Acre), amma harinsa ya yi rauni, don haka ya koma Masar, sannan ya koma Faransa, kuma a ƙarshe shirinsa ya ci tura a shekara ta 1801. Duk da haka, duk da cewa yaƙin nasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya ci tura, ya shafi Daular 'Usmaniyya sosai. Bayan haka, yawancin ƙasashen Turai sun yi ta jerin-gwano wajen kai hari kan duniyar Musulunci da mamaye sassan ƙasarta. Faransawa sun mamaye Aljeriya a shekara ta 1830, sun kuma yi aiki don mamaye Tunisiya har suka yi hakan a shekara ta 1881. Sun mamaye Marrakesh a shekara ta 1912. Italiyawa sun mamaye Tripoli a shekara ta 1911, kuma wannan ya nuna rabuwar Arewacin Afirka, wadda ba ta ƙara kasancewa a karƙashin mulkin Musulunci ba, daga Daular 'Usmaniyya. Kafirai suka fara mulkinta, kuma sun yi mata mulkin mallaka kai tsaye.
In 1884, Russia cut the whole of Turkistan from the Islamic State, and then completed its occupation of all of Qafqas. However, Russia was not the only state to challenge the ‘Uthmanis, the rest of the Western powers did so too. On July 1st, 1798, Napoleon attacked Egypt and quickly occupied her. In February, 1799, he attacked the southern port of al-Sham and seized Gazza, al-Ramlah and Yafa. He stood near the fort of Akka (famous in the crusades as Acre), but his onslaught faltered and so he returned to Egypt, then to France and his venture finally failed in 1801. However, despite the fact that his campaign proved unsuccessful and abortive, it deeply affected the ‘Uthmani State. In its aftermath, most of the countries of Europe queued up to attack the Islamic world and occupy parts of its land. The French occupied Algeria in 1830, and worked towards occupying Tunisia until they did so in 1881. They occupied Marrakesh in 1912. The Italians occupied Tripoli in 1911 and this marked the separation of North Africa, which was no longer under Islamic rule, from the ‘Uthmani State. It came to be ruled by the disbelievers and was directly colonized by them.
Westerners ba su tsaya a nan ba, sun ci gaba da kammala karfafa mamayar da suka yi wa sauran sassan Daular. Birtaniya ta mamaye Adan a shekarar 1839, ta kuma fadada yarjejeniyarta don hada da Lahaj da sauran Kariya guda tara da suka bazu daga iyakar Yemen ta Kudu zuwa Gabashin Tsibirin Larabawa. Birtaniya ta riga ta kwace Indiya tun tuni, ta haka ta kwace ikon Musulmi a kanta. Sun mayar da zaluncinsu musamman kan Musulmi, wadanda su ne masu mulki a Indiya. Birtaniya ta kwace wannan iko ta kuma mamaye Indiya. Daga nan suka fara wani tsari da nufin raunana matsayin Musulmi gaba daya.
The Westerners did not stop there but continued to complete the consolidation of their occupation of the remaining parts of the State. Britain occupied Aden in 1839 and expanded its covenant to include the Lahaj and the other nine Protectorates which spread from the Southern Yemeni border to the East of the Peninsula. The British had long before seized India, therefore, stripping the Muslims from their authority over it in the process. They specifically concentrated their oppression on the Muslims, who had been the people in authority in India, the British thus seized that authority and colonized India. Then they began a process aimed at weakening the Muslim stand in general.
A shekarar 1882, Birtaniya ta mamaye Masar, sannan a 1898 ta mamaye Sudan. A lokaci guda, Holand ta mamaye Gabashin Indiya. An matsa wa Afganistan lamba daga Birtaniya da Rasha, haka ma Iran. Harin Yammacin duniya a kan duniyar Musulunci ya kara karfi har ya zama kamar za ta fada karkashin mulkin Yammacin duniya gaba daya, kuma yakin Crusaders ya dawo, yana samun nasara bayan nasara. An dauki matakai don tsayayya da wannan mamayar ta Yammacin duniya da rage matsin lambarta mai nauyi. Kungiyoyin tsayayya sun barke a wurare da dama. Juyin juya hali ya barke a Aljeriya, Musulmin kasar Sin suka tashi da makamai, haka kuma Mahdiyyawa a Sudan. Juyin juya halin Sanusiyya ma ya barke. Wannan a zahiri ya tabbatar da cewa har yanzu akwai wani irin kuzari a cikin duniyar Musulunci duk da raguwarta da rauninta. Sai dai, dukkan wadannan kokarin sun gaza gaba daya, kuma ba su taba iya ceto duniyar Musulunci ba.
In 1882, Britain seized Egypt and in 1898 Sudan. Meanwhile, Holland occupied the East Indies; Afghanistan was put under Anglo-Russian pressure and so was Iran. The Western onslaught on the Islamic world intensified until it was felt that it was about to fall under Western hegemony altogether and that the crusaders’ campaign had been resumed and was achieving success after success. Steps were taken to resist this Western invasion and to minimize its heavy pressure. Resistance movements broke out in several places. A revolution erupted in Algeria, the Muslims of China rose up in arms, as did the Mahdyyun in Sudan. The Sanusyya revolution also erupted. This actually proved that there was still some kind of vitality left within the Islamic world despite its decline and weakness. However, all these attempts completely failed and they never did manage to salvage the Islamic world.
Yamma, baya ga mamayar soja, ta fara rarraba duniyar Musulunci ta fuskar al'adu da siyasa, sannan ta raba wasu sassan duniyar Musulunci, tana kuma aiki babu kakkautawa don rushe Daular 'Usmaniyya, domin ita ce Daular Musulunci da ke wakiltar Musulmi a duk duniya. Da wannan manufa a zuciya, Yamma ta kafa kungiyoyin kabilanci da na kishin kasa. Da farko, sun tunzura mutanen Balkan su yi tawaye a shekarar 1804. Irin wadannan tawayen Yamma ce ke ba da kudinsu, kuma a karshe sun kai ga samun 'yancin kan Balkan a shekarar 1878.
The West, in addition to its military invasion, set about dividing the Islamic world culturally and politically, and went on to sever other parts of the Islamic world and worked tenaciously towards destroying the ‘Uthmani State, for this was the Islamic State that represented the Muslims world-wide. With this purpose in mind the West established ethnic and nationalist groups. To begin with, they incited the people of the Balkans to rebel in 1804. Such rebellions as these were financed by the West and they eventually led in 1878 to the Balkans gaining their independence.
Haka kuma ƙasashen waje sun ƙarfafa Girka ta yi tawaye a shekara ta 1821, har zuwa lokacin da wannan tawaye, saboda shigowarsu, ya ƙare da Girka ta samu 'yancinta daga Daular 'Usmaniyya a shekara ta 1830. A wannan mataki ne Balkan suka bi sahu, har inuwar Daular 'Usmaniyya ta daina rufe Crete, Cyprus da yawancin tsibiran Bahar Rum waɗanda a da take mulki. Yawancin mazauna waɗannan wurare daga baya an kore su daga gidajensu, aka tilasta musu guduwa saboda zaluncin kafirai. Sun nemi mafaka a ƙasashen Larabawa waɗanda har yanzu ƙasar Musulunci ce kuma suka ci gaba da zama ɓangare na Daular Musulunci. Circassawa, Bushnaks, Chechen da sauransu 'ya'yan waɗancan jarumai ne waɗanda suka ƙi miƙa wuya ga mulkin kafirai, suka gudu tare da addininsu zuwa mafakar gidan Musulunci da mulkin Musulunci.
The foreign powers also incited Greece to rebel in 1821 until this rebellion, thanks to their intervention, ended in Greece gaining its independence from the ‘Uthmani State in 1830. It was at this stage then that the Balkans followed suit, until the shadow of the ‘Uthmani State no longer engulfed Crete, Cyprus and most of the Mediterranean Islands which it had once governed over. Most of the inhabitants of these places were subsequently expelled from their homes and forced to flee due to the savagery of the disbelievers. They sought refuge in the Arab countries which were still Muslim land and remained part of the Islamic State. The Circassians, the Bushnaks, the Chechens and others are the sons of those heroes who refused to yield to the rule of the disbelievers and fled with their Deen to the safety of the Islamic household and Islamic rule.
Turawan Yamma sun ma ci gaba fiye da haka, inda a asirce suka karfafa tare da goyon bayan motsin ballewa a tsakanin Musulmi kansu a cikin Daular, watau tsakanin Larabawa da Turawa. Sun goyi bayan motsin kishin kasa, kuma sun taimaka wajen kafa jam'iyyun siyasa na Turkawa da na Larabawa kamar "Jam'iyyar Turkyya al-Fatah" (Matasan Turkawa), "Jam'iyyar Hadin Kai da Ci Gaba", "Jam'iyyar 'Yancin Larabawa", da "Jam'iyyar Alkawari (Al-A'hd)", da sauransu. Wannan ya sa jikin Daular ya girgiza sosai daga ciki, ya fara rugujewa, tare da mamayar kasashen waje. Rundunonin kafirai sun ga yana da amfani matuka su kai harinsu kan duniyar Musulunci, suna kwace sauran filayenta, suna rusa Daular Musulunci har su goge ta daga doron kasa. Wannan ya faru ne a farkon Yakin Duniya na Farko, wanda Daular 'Uthmaniyya ta shiga cikinsa tilas, kuma ya kare da shanyewarta. Kawayen sun fito a matsayin masu nasara, suka raba duniyar Musulunci a tsakaninsu a matsayin ganima ta yaki. Abin da ya rage na Daular Musulunci shi ne filayen Turkawa, wadanda aka sani da Turkiyya, kuma suka kasance a karkashin jinkan rundunonin Yamma har zuwa shekarar 1921 a karshen yakin a 1918, sai kuma ta samu 'yancinta daga gare su bayan ta ba kawayen tabbacin cewa za ta watsar da tsarin mulkin Musulunci.
The Westerners went even further and secretly encouraged and supported separatist movements among the Muslims themselves within the State, i.e. between Arabs and Turks. They backed the nationalist movements and helped to establish Turkish and Arab political parties such as the “Turkyya al-Fatah Party” (Young Turks), the “Union and Progress Party”, the “Arab Independence Party”, and the “Covenant (Al-A’hd) Party”, amongst others. This resulted in the State’s body being violently shaken from within and it began to crumble, coupled with foreign invasions. The disbelieving forces found it very promising to direct their onslaught against the Islamic world, seizing the rest of its land and destroying the Islamic State by wiping it out of existence. This was at the start of the First World War which the ‘Uthmani State was forced into and which ended in its defeat. The allies emerged as the victors and they divided the Islamic world between them as war booty. All that remained of the Islamic State was Turkish land which came to be known as Turkey and which remained at the end of the war in 1918 at the mercy of the Western forces until 1921, when she in turn managed to gain her independence from them after giving the allies guarantees that she would abandon the Islamic system of government.