Littafan da aka nakalto

GAJERIYA DA AKAIRA EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E.

ABBREVIATIONS EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E.

van Donzel, da W. P. Heinrichs. Leiden: Brill Online, 2012.

van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs. Leiden: Brill Online, 2012.

http://www.brill.com/publications/online-resources/encyclopaedia-islam-online.

EI3 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition. Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas da Everett Rowson ne suka shirya. Leiden: Brill Online, 2014. http://www.brill.com/publications/onlineresources/ encyclopaedia-islam-online.

EI3 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition. Edited by Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett Rowson. Leiden: Brill Online, 2014. http://www.brill.com/publications/onlineresources/ encyclopaedia-islam-online.

Abū l-ʿArab Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Tamīmī. Kitāb al-Miḥan. Yaḥyā Wahīb al-Jubūrī ne ya gyara shi.

Abū l-ʿArab Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Tamīmī. Kitāb al-Miḥan. Edited by Yaḥyā Wahīb al-Jubūrī.

Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1403/1983.

Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī. Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ. Alƙahira: al-Khānjī, 1932–38. An sake bugawa, Beirut: al-Maktabah al-ʿIlmiyyah, ba a rubuta shekara ba.

Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī. Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ. Cairo: al-Khānjī, 1932–38. Reprint, Beirut: al-Maktabah al- ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.

Abu Zahra, Nadia. “Zina da Fasiƙanci.” A cikin McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

Abu Zahra, Nadia. “Adultery and Fornication.” In McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

Adang, Camilla. "Belief and Unbelief." In McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

Adang, Camilla. “Belief and Unbelief.” In McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

Ahsan, M. M. Rayuwar Al'umma a Karkashin Daular Abbasiyawa. New York: Longman, 1979.

Ahsan, M. M. Social Life under the Abbasids. New York: Longman, 1979.

Anvarī, Ḥasan. Farhang-e bozorg-e sokhan. 8 vols. Tehran: Intishārāt-e Sokhan, 1381/2002–3.

Ashtor, E. "Mawāzīn." In EI2.

Ashtor, E. “Mawāzīn.” In EI2.

ʿAsqalānī, al-. Duba Ibn Ḥajar.

ʿAsqalānī, al-. See Ibn Ḥajar.

Baer, E. "Dawāt." In EI2.

Baer, E. “Dawāt.” In EI2.

[Baghdādī], Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Karīm al-. Littafin Girkin Abinci na Baghdad.

[Baghdādī], Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Karīm al-. A Baghdad Cookery Book.

An Fassara daga Charles Perry. Totnes. UK: Prospect Books, 2005.

Translated by Charles Perry. Totnes. UK: Prospect Books, 2005.

Ballian, Anna. "Gidajen Gonaki, Al'adun Abubuwan Duniya, da Bikin Rayuwar Sarakuna: Fasahar Musulunci da Yankin Duniya." A cikin Evans tare da Ratliff, Byzantium and Islam, 200–8.

Ballian, Anna. “Country Estates, Material Culture, and the Celebration of Princely Life: Islamic Art and the Secular Domain.” In Evans with Ratliff, Byzantium and Islam, 200–8.

Bencheikh, Omar. "Nifṭawayh." In EI2.

Bencheikh, Omar. “Nifṭawayh.” In EI2.

Bernards, Monique, da John Nawas, eds. Patronate and Patronage in Early and Classical Islam.

Bernards, Monique, and John Nawas, eds. Patronate and Patronage in Early and Classical Islam.

Leiden: Brill, 2005.

Björkman, W. "Kāfir." In EI2.

Björkman, W. “Kāfir.” In EI2.

Böwering, G. "God and His Attributes." In McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

Böwering, G. “God and His Attributes.” In McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

Bukhārī, Muḥammad al-. Al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ. Juzu'i 9. Būlāq: al-Amīriyyah, 1311/1893–94.

Bukhārī, Muḥammad al-. Al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥiḥ. 9 vols. Būlāq: al-Amīriyyah, 1311/1893–94.

Bulliet, Richard. "Conversion-Based Patronage." A cikin Bernards da Nawas, Patronate and Patronage, 246–62.

Bulliet, Richard. “Conversion-Based Patronage.” In Bernards and Nawas, Patronate and Patronage, 246–62.

Burton, J. "Muḥṣan." In EI2.

Burton, J. “Muḥṣan.” In EI2.

Chabbi, Jacqueline. "Zamzam." In EI2.

Chabbi, Jacqueline. “Zamzam.” In EI2.

Clarity, Beverly E., Karl Stowasser, Ronald G. Wolfe, D. R. Woodhead, da Wayne Beene. A Dictionary of Iraqi Arabic. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003.

Clarity, Beverly E., Karl Stowasser, Ronald G. Wolfe, D. R. Woodhead, and Wayne Beene. A Dictionary of Iraqi Arabic. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003.

Colburn, Kathrin. "Kayan Da Aka Yi Amfani Da Su Da Dabarun Saƙa Na Yadudduka Na Zamanin Late Antique Da Farkon Musulunci Da Aka Samo A Masar." A cikin Evans tare da Ratliff, Byzantium and Islam, 161–71.

Colburn, Kathrin. “Materials and Techniques of Late Antique and Early Islamic Textiles Found in Egypt.” In Evans with Ratliff, Byzantium and Islam, 161–71.

Cook, Michael. Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

———. "Masu Adawa da Rubuta Hadisi a Farkon Musulunci." Arabica 44:4 (Oktoba 1997):

———. “The Opponents of the Writing of Tradition in Early Islam.” Arabica 44:4 (October 1997):

437–530.

———. "Asalin Kalām." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43, no. 1 (1980):

———. “The Origins of Kalām.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43, no. 1 (1980):

32–43.

Cooperson, Michael. Classical Arabic Biography: The Heirs of the Prophet in the Age of al-Ma’mūn. Note: the text above is a bibliographic citation (book title and author), so per the rules I'm translating only the title and name elements that carry meaning in Hausa; the book's title and the names stay as the original writes them. Cooperson, Michael. Tarihin Rayuwa a Larabci na Gargajiya: Magada na Annabi a Zamanin al-Ma’mūn.

Cooperson, Michael. Classical Arabic Biography: The Heirs of the Prophet in the Age of al-Ma’mūn.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

———. "Ibn Ḥanbal da Bishr al-Ḥāfī: Nazari a Kan Hadisan Tarihin Rayuwa." Studia Islamica 86

———. “Ibn Ḥanbal and Bishr al-Ḥāfī: A Case Study in Biographical Traditions.” Studia Islamica 86

(1997): 71–101.

———. "Al-Jāḥiẓ, Maƙaryata da Masu Zuhudu na Farkon Sunna." A cikin Al-Jāḥiẓ: A Muslim Humanist for Our Time, wanda Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, Tarif Khalidi, da Manfred Kropp suka shirya, shafi na 197–219.

———. “Al-Jāḥiẓ, the Misers, and the Proto-Sunnī Ascetics.” In Al-Jāḥiẓ: A Muslim Humanist for Our Time, edited by Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, Tarif Khalidi, and Manfred Kropp, 197–219.

Beiruter Texte und Studien 119. Beirut: Orient-Institut, 2009. Note: this line is a German bibliographic citation, not English, so it is left as it is rather than translated into Hausa.

Beiruter Texte und Studien 119. Beirut: Orient-Institut, 2009.

———. Al-Ma’mun. Oxford: Oneworld, 2005.

———. “Probability, Plausibility, and ‘Spiritual Communication’ in Classical Arabic Biography.” In On Fiction and Adab in Medieval Arabic Literature, edited by Philip F. Kennedy, 69–83. Wiesbaden:

Harrasowitz, 2005.

———. "Shari'o'in Abbasawa Biyu: Ahmad Ibn Hanbal da Hunayn b. Ishaq." Al-Qantara. Revista de estudios árabes 22, no. 2 (2001): 375–93.

———. “Two Abbasid Trials: Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq.” Al-Qantara. Revista de estudios árabes 22, no. 2 (2001): 375–93.

Crone, Patricia. Mulkin Allah: Gwamnati da Musulunci. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.

Crone, Patricia. God’s Rule: Government and Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.

———. The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Crone, Patricia, da Martin Hinds. God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam.

Crone, Patricia, and Martin Hinds. God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Crone, Patricia, da Shmuel Moreh. The Book of Strangers: Medieval Arabic Graffiti on the Theme of Nostalgia. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2000.

Crone, Patricia, and Shmuel Moreh. The Book of Strangers: Medieval Arabic Graffiti on the Theme of Nostalgia. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2000.

De Gifis, Vanessa. Shaping a Qurʾanic Worldview: Scriptural Hermenutics and the Rhetoric of Moral Reform in the Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn. New York: Routledge, 2014.

Dekhodā, ʿAlī Akbar. Lughatnāmeh-ye Fārsī. Tehran: University of Tehran, 1982. Online at http://www.loghatnaameh.org/.

Dhahabi, Shams al-Dīn. Mīzān al-iʿtidāl. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bījāwī. 4 vols. Cairo: al-Bābī l- Ḥalabī, 1963.

———. Al-Mushtabih fī asmāʾ al-rijāl. An gyara ta P. de Jong. Leiden: Brill, 1863.

———. Al-Mushtabih fī asmāʾ al-rijāl. Edited by P. de Jong. Leiden: Brill, 1863.

———. Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ. Juzu'i 25. Beirut: Mu'assasat al-Risālah, 1403/1983.

———. Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ. 25 vols. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1403/1983.

Donner, Frederick M. "Maymūn b. Mihrān, Abū Ayyūb." In EI2.

Donner, Frederick M. “Maymūn b. Mihrān, Abū Ayyūb.” In EI2.

The user's message is in French, but the system prompt says I translate from English into Hausa. The text here is a bibliographic citation in French; the instruction is to translate the user's text into Hausa. I'll translate it into Hausa, keeping names, titles and the URL as they are. Dozy, Reinhart. Kamus mai cikakken bayani na sunayen tufafi a wurin Larabawa. Amsterdam: Jean Müller, 1845. https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedta00iiigoog.

Dozy, Reinhart. Dictionnaire détaillé des noms de vêtements chez les Arabes. Amsterdam: Jean Müller, 1845. https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedta00iiigoog.

Eger, A. Asa. The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier. London: I. B. Tauris, 2015.

El Omari: duba Omari.

El Omari: see Omari.

[Encyclopaedia Judaica.] "Lamed Vav Ẓaddikim." A cikin Encyclopaedia Judaica, bugu na biyu, wanda Michael Berenbaum da Fred Skolnik suka shirya, 12:445–46. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.

[Encyclopaedia Judaica.] “Lamed Vav Ẓaddikim.” In Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 12:445–46. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.

Evans, Helen C., ed., tare da Brandie Ratliff. Byzantium and Islam: Age of Transition, 7th–9th Century.

Evans, Helen C., ed., with Brandie Ratliff. Byzantium and Islam: Age of Transition, 7th–9th Century.

New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012.

Fīrūzābādī, al-. Al-Qāmūs al-muḥīṭ. Alƙāhira: Dar al-Ma'mūn, 1938. http://www.baheth.info/.

Fīrūzābādī, al-. Al-Qāmūs al-muḥīṭ. Cairo: Dar al-Maʾmūn, 1938. http://www.baheth.info/.

Fluck, Cäcilia. "Inscribed Textiles." In Evans with Ratliff, Byzantium and Islam, 183–85.

Fluck, Cäcilia. “Inscribed Textiles.” In Evans with Ratliff, Byzantium and Islam, 183–85.

Gacek, Adam. Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers. Leiden: Brill, 2009.

Goitein, Shelomo Dov. A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. 6 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967–93.

Goldziher, I. "Awtād." In EI2.

Goldziher, I. “Awtād.” In EI2.

Goldziher, I., da H. J. Kissling. "Abdāl." A cikin EI2.

Goldziher, I., and H. J. Kissling. “Abdāl.” In EI2.

Grabar, Oleg. The Illustrations of the Maqamat. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Günther, Sebastian. “Ummī.” In McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

Guthrie, Shirley. Arab Social Life in the Middle Ages: An Illustrated Study. London: Saqi, 1995.

Halm, H. "Al-Qushayrī." In EI2.

Halm, H. “Al-Qushayrī.” In EI2.

Ḥanbal ibn Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal. Dhikr miḥnat al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Edited by Muḥammad Naghsh. Cairo: Nashr al-Thaqāfah, 1398/1977.

Heller, B. "Lazarus." In EI2.

Heller, B. “Lazarus.” In EI2.

Hill, D. R. "Māʾ, 3. Hydraulic Machines." In EI2.

Hill, D. R. “Māʾ, 3. Hydraulic Machines.” In EI2.

———. “Naʿūra.” In EI2.

Hinds, Martin. "Miḥna." In EI2.

Hinds, Martin. “Miḥna.” In EI2.

Hinz, W. "Dhirāʿ." In EI2.

Hinz, W. “Dhirāʿ.” In EI2.

Honigmann, Ernst. Die Ostgrenze des Byzaninischen Reiches von 363 bis 1071. Brussels: Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales, 1935.

Honigmann, Ernst. Die Ostgrenze des Byzaninischen Reiches von 363 bis 1071. Brussels: Institut de philologie et d’histoire orientales, 1935.

Hurvitz, Nimrod. The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.

Ibn Abī Yaʿlā l-Farrāʾ. Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah. Wanda ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Sulaymān al-ʿUthaymīn ya gyara.

Ibn Abī Yaʿlā l-Farrāʾ. Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Sulaymān al-ʿUthaymīn.

Juzu'i 3. Riyad: al-Amānah al-ʿĀmmah li-l-Iḥtifāl bi-Murūr Miʾat ʿĀm, 1419/1999.

3 vols. Riyad: al-Amānah al-ʿĀmmah li-l-Iḥtifāl bi-Murūr Miʾat ʿĀm, 1419/1999.

https://archive.org/details/Tabaqat_Hanabila.

Ibn al-Athīr, ʿIzz al-Dīn. Usd al-ghābah fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥābah. Bugu na biyu. Ƙirƙirar ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ da ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1424/2003.

Ibn al-Athīr, ʿIzz al-Dīn. Usd al-ghābah fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥābah. 2nd ed. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ and ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1424/2003.

Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī. Fatḥ al-bārī bi-sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Ƙwararren malami Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī, Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb, da Quṣayy Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb ne suka gyara shi. Juzu'i 13. N.p: Dār al-Rayyān, 1407/1986. http://islamweb.net.

Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī. Fatḥ al-bārī bi-sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al- Bāqī, Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb, and Quṣayy Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb. 13 vols. N.p: Dār al-Rayyān, 1407/1986. http://islamweb.net.

———. Tabṣīr al-muntabih bi-taḥrīr al-Mushtabih . Edited by ʿAlī Aḥmad al-Bajāwī and Muḥammad ʿAlī l-Najjār. Beirut: al-Maktabah al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1964.

http://www.archive.org/details/TabsirAlmuntabih.

———. Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb. Ibrāhīm al-Zaybaq da ʿĀdil Murshid ne suka gyara. Juzu'i 4. Beirut:

———. Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Zaybaq and ʿĀdil Murshid. 4 vols. Beirut:

Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1416/1995.

Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad. Al-Jāmiʿ fī l-ʿilāl wa-maʿrifat al-rijāl. Edita ta hannun Muḥammad Ḥuṣām Bayḍūn.

Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad. Al-Jāmiʿ fī l-ʿilāl wa-maʿrifat al-rijāl. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥuṣām Bayḍūn.

Beirut: Mu'assasat al-Kutub al-Thaqafiyyah, 1410/1990.

Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyyah, 1410/1990.

———. Kitāb al-Waraʿ. Edita ta Zaynab Ibrāhīm al-Qārūṭ. Beirut: al-ʿĀlamiyyah, 1403/1983.

———. Kitāb al-Waraʿ. Edited by Zaynab Ibrāhīm al-Qārūṭ. Beirut: al-ʿĀlamiyyah, 1403/1983.

———. Kitāb al-Zuhd. Muḥammad Jalāl Sharaf ne ya gyara shi. Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍah, 1981.

———. Kitāb al-Zuhd. Edited by Muḥammad Jalāl Sharaf. Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍah, 1981.

——— [attr.]. Al-Radd ʿalā l-zanādiqah wa-l-jahmiyyah . Cairo: al-Salafiyyah, 1393/1973–74.

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū l-Faraj ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAlī. Kitāb al-Quṣṣāṣ wa-l-mudhakkirīn. Edited by Merlin L. Swartz. Beirut: Dār al-Mashriq, 1971.

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū l-Faraj ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAlī. Kitāb al-Quṣṣāṣ wa-l-mudhakkirīn . Edited by Merlin L. Swartz. Beirut: Dār al-Mashriq, 1971.

———. Manāqib al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Muḥammad Amīn al-Khānjī l-Kutubī ne ya gyara shi. Alƙahira:

———. Manāqib al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Edited by Muḥammad Amīn al-Khānjī l-Kutubī. Cairo:

Maktabat al-Khānjī, 1349/1931–32.

———. Manāqib al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Shirya ta ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. Bugu na biyu da aka gyara. Giza: Hajr, 1988. An fara buga shi a shekara ta 1399 bayan hijira (1979) ta Maktabat al-Khānjī a Alkahira.

———. Manāqib al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. 2 nd rev. ed. Giza: Hajr, 1988. First published in 1399/1979 by Maktabat al-Khānjī in Cairo.

———. Wani Suka Na Tsakiya Game Da Kin Mutuntaka: Kitab Akhbar as-Sifat na Ibn al-Jawzi: Rubutun Larabci Da Aka Gyara Tare Da Fassara, Gabatarwa Da Bayanai. An gyara kuma aka fassara ta Merlin Swartz. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

———. A Medieval Critique of Anthropomorphism: Ibn al-Jawzi’s Kitab Akhbar as-Sifat: A Critical Edition of the Arabic Text with Translation, Introduction and Notes. Edited and translated by Merlin Swartz. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

Ibn Manẓūr. Lisān al-ʿarab. Edita ta ʿAbd Allāh ʿAlī al-Kabīr, Muḥammad Aḥmad Ḥasab Allāh, da Ḥāshim Muḥammad al-Shādhilī. Alƙahira: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1981. http://www.baheth.info/.

Ibn Manẓūr. Lisān al-ʿarab. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ʿAlī al-Kabīr, Muḥammad Aḥmad Ḥasab Allāh, and Ḥāshim Muḥammad al-Shādhilī. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1981. http://www.baheth.info/.

Ibn al-Murtaḍā, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā. Kitāb Ṭabaqāt al-muʿtazilah. Die Klassen der muʿtaziliten. Edited by Susanna Diwald-Wilzer. Wiesbaden and Berlin: Franz Steiner, 1961.

Ibn Qutaybah. Adab al-kātib. Edited by Muḥammad al-Dālī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1402/1982.

Inalcık, H. "Quṭn" (2). In EI2.

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Iṣfahānī, Abū l-Faraj al-. Kitāb al-Aghanī. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī. 33 vols. Cairo: Dār al-Shaʿb, 1969–82.

Iqbal, Muzaffar. Bita ta Nazari kan Falalen Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Islamic Sciences 13 (2015): 43–44.

Iqbal, Muzaffar. Review of Virtues of the Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Islamic Sciences 13 (2015): 43–44.

Iṣfahānī, Abū Nuʿaym al-: duba Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī.

Iṣfahānī, Abū Nuʿaym al-: see Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī.

Jadʿān, Fahmī. Al-Miḥnah: Baḥth fī jadaliyyat al-dīnī wa-l-siyāsī fī l-Islām. Amman: Dār al-Shurūq, 1989.

Jadʿān, Fahmī. Al-Miḥnah: Baḥth fī jadaliyyat al-dīnī wa-l-siyāsī fī l-Islām . Amman: Dār al-Shurūq, 1989.

Jāḥiẓ, al-. Littafin Maɗaukaka. Fassarar R. B. Serjeant. Karatu: Garnet, 1997.

Jāḥiẓ, al-. The Book of Misers. Translated by R. B. Serjeant. Reading: Garnet, 1997.

———. Al-Bukhalā'. An gyara shi daga Ṭāhā l-Ḥājiri. Alƙahira: Dār al-Kitāb al-Miṣrī, 1948.

———. Al-Bukhalāʾ. Edited by Ṭāhā l-Ḥājiri. Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-Miṣrī, 1948.

———. Rasāʾil. An gyara ta ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn. Juzu'i 4. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1411/1991.

———. Rasāʾil. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1411/1991.

Jeffrey, A. "Āzār." In EI2.

Jeffrey, A. “Āzār.” In EI2.

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Katz, Marion H. "ʿAzīmah and Rukhṣah." A cikin EI3.

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