ʿAbbādān gari ne da ke kan gaban Tekun Farisa, a kudu maso yammacin abin da yanzu ake kira Iran; a farkon zamanin Abbasiyawa ya kasance wurin taron masu kaurace wa duniya (q.v.).

ʿAbbādān town at the head of the Persian Gulf, in the southwest of what is now Iran; in early Abbasid times a gathering place for renunciants (q.v.).

ʿAbbāsah bint al-Faḍl matar Ibn Ḥanbal ta farko, kuma uwar ɗansa Ṣāliḥ.

ʿAbbāsah bint al-Faḍl Ibn Ḥanbal’s first wife, and mother of his son Ṣāliḥ.

Abbasiyawa (halifanci) layin halifofi (q.v.) wanda ya samo asali daga kawun Annabi, al-ʿAbbās, an kafa shi a shekara ta 132 bayan hijira (749 miladiyya) bayan hambarar da daular Umayyawa, kuma da farko ya kasance mai bin Shi'a (q.v.) har zuwa shekara ta 237 bayan hijira (851 miladiyya); bayan haka sun zama sarakunan Sunna (q.v.) a sunaye kawai har zuwa lokacin da Mongoliya suka kama Baghdad a shekara ta 656 bayan hijira (1258 miladiyya).

Abbasid (caliphate) the line of caliphs (q.v.) descended from the Prophet’s uncle al-ʿAbbās, established in 132/749 after the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and essentially Shiʿi (q.v.) until 237/851; thereafter the nominal dynasts of Sunni (q.v.) Islam until the fall of Baghdad to the Mongols in 656/1258.

ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 290/903), ɗaya daga cikin ƴaƴan Ibn Ḥanbal, kuma babban mai ruwaito rahotannin Hadisinsa.

ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 290/903) one of Ibn Ḥanbal’s sons, and a major transmitter of his Hadith reports.

ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak (d. 181/797) malamin hadisi ne sananne, mai tsoron Allah da zuhudu.

ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak (d. 181/797) a famously pious and ascetic Hadith scholar.

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī duba Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī.

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī see Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī.

ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Hammām al-Ṣanʿānī (d. 211/827) malamin hadisi ɗan ƙasar Yemen.

ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Hammām al-Ṣanʿānī (d. 211/827) a Yemeni Hadith scholar.

ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Warrāq (251/865 ko 866), abokin kusa na Ibn Ḥanbal, wanda aka siffanta shi da kyakkyawar hanya da tsoron Allah.

ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Warrāq (251/865 or 866) Ibn Ḥanbal’s close friend, described as right-minded and pious.

Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī (d. kimanin 230/845), malamin shari'a kuma masanin tauhidi wanda ya yi muhawara da Ibn Ḥanbal a lokacin shari'arsa.

Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī (d. ca. 230/845) jurist and theologian who debated with Ibn Ḥanbal during his trial.

Abū Bakr (al-Ṣiddīq) (r. 11–13/632–4) sahabi ne na Annabi ﷺ kuma shi ne halifa na farko.

Abū Bakr (al-Ṣiddīq) (r. 11–13/632–4) a Companion of the Prophet and first caliph.

Abū Bakr Ahmad ibn Muḥammad al-Marrūdhī (d. 275/888), wanda ya kasance abokin kusa na Ibn Ḥanbal kuma mai ruwaito hadisansa.

Abū Bakr Ahmad ibn Muḥammad al-Marrūdhī (d. 275/888) a close associate of Ibn Ḥanbal and a transmitter of his reports.

Abū Bakr al-Khallāl (d. 311/923), almajirin al-Marrūdhī kuma marubucin tarin farko-farko na makarantar Hanbaliyya.

Abū Bakr al-Khallāl (d. 311/923) a disciple of al-Marrūdhī and author of the formative compilations of the Ḥanbalī school.

Abū Ḥanīfah (d. 150/767), malamin shari'a na farko wanda ya fifita hukunci ta hanyar ra'yi (raʾy) a kan sunnah (q.v.).

Abū Ḥanifah (d. 150/767) early legal authority who favored judgment (raʾy) over sunnah (q.v.).

Abū Khaythamah Zuhayr ibn Ḥarb (d. 243/847) malamin hadisi kuma mai tattara rahotanni.

Abū Khaythamah Zuhayr ibn Ḥarb (d. 243/847) a Hadith scholar and compiler of reports.

Abū Mushir al-Ghassānī (d. 218/833), malamin Hadísi ɗan Siriya wanda al-Ma'mūn ya tsananta masa saboda rashin yardarsa ya bayyana cewa Alƙur'ani halitta ne; juriyarsa ƙila ta tunzura al-Ma'mūn ya bi tafarkin Binciken Imani (Inquisition).

Abū Mushir al-Ghassānī (d. 218/833) Syrian Hadith scholar persecuted by al-Maʾmūn (q.v.) for his unwillingness to declare the Qurʾan created; his resistance may have provoked al-Maʾmūn to pursue the Inquisition (q.v.).

Abū ʿUbayd duba al-Qāsim ibn Sallām.

Abū ʿUbayd see al-Qāsim ibn Sallām.

Abū Zurʿah al-Rāzī (d. 264/878) babban malamin Hadisi ne, wanda aka sani da zurfin binciken da ya yi na isnādai da kuma adawarsa da Jayayya (al-Jadal).

Abū Zurʿah al-Rāzī (d. 264/878) major Hadith scholar known for his critical examination of isnāds and his disapproval of Disputation.

Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Khuzāʿī (d. 231/845) shugaban wani tawaye da bai yi nasara ba a kan Halifa al-Wāthiq (q.v.)

Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Khuzāʿī (d. 231/845) leader of a failed rebellion against the Caliph al-Wāthiq (q.v.)

da kuma ake matuƙar girmamawa a gare shi daga Sunnawa (q.v.).

and much admired by the Sunnis (q.v.).

ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (r. 35–40/656–60) surukin Annabi ﷺ kuma khalifa na huɗu (q.v.) a lissafin Sunna, ko kuma limami na farko (q.v.) a wajen wasu ƙungiyoyin Shi'a.

ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (r. 35–40/656–60) the Prophet’s son-in-law and the fourth caliph (q.v.) according to the Sunni count or the first imam (q.v.) according to several Shiʿi groups.

ʿAlī ibn al-Jaʿd (d. 230/845) malamin hadisi wanda Ibn Ḥanbal ya soke shi saboda ya mika wuya ga Mihnar (Inquisition).

ʿAlī ibn al-Jaʿd (d. 230/845) Hadith scholar condemned by Ibn Ḥanbal for capitulating to the Inquisition.

ʿAlī ibn al-Jahm, wani jami'in gwamnati a kotun al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

ʿAlī ibn al-Jahm an official at the court of al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī (d. 239/853), babban malamin Hadisi, wanda aka ce Ibn Ḥanbal ya soke shi saboda karɓar cewa Alƙur'ani halitta ne (q.v.).

ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī (d. 239/853) major Hadith scholar, reportedly criticized by Ibn Ḥanbal for accepting the createdness (q.v.) of the Qurʾan.

Al-Amīn (r. 193–198 AH/809–813 CE), halifa na shida na daular Abbasiyya.

al-Amīn (r. 193–8/809–13) sixth Abbasid caliph.

Dajjal (Al-Dajjāl) a cikin koyarwar Musulunci, mutum ne da zai bayyana don yaƙar Annabi Isa a ƙarshen duniya.

Antichrist (al-Dajjāl) in Islamic tradition, a figure who will arise to battle Jesus at the end of the world.

Ascalon (Ashkelon na zamani) birni ce a gabashin gabar tekun Bahar Rum, a yankin da yanzu ake kira Isra'ila.

Ascalon (modern Ashkelon) a town on the southeast Mediterranean coast in what is now Israel.

Ahadis Masu Inganci Da Aka Jera Bisa Ga Masu Rawa (al-Musnad) littafin ahadisi ne wanda Ṣāliḥ, ʿAbd Allāh, da Ḥanbal ibn Isḥaq (Allah ya yarda da su) suka tattara bisa umurnin Ibn Ḥanbal. An buga littafin a bugu da yawa na zamani.

Authenticated Reports Listed By Transmitter (al-Musnad) a book of Hadith reports compiled by Ṣāliḥ, ʿAbd Allāh, and Ḥanbal ibn Isḥaq (qq.v.) at Ibn Ḥanbal’s direction. The work has been published in many modern editions.

Basra birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa a kudancin Iraki, kusa da kan Tekun Fasiya; kuma cibiyar ilimi mai girma a zamanin farko na Musulunci.

Basra a port city in southern Iraq, near the head of the Persian Gulf; a major intellectual center in early Islamic times.

Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith (Bare-ƙafa) (d. 227/841–42), wani sanannen mai zuhudu wanda ya kasance yana tuhuma game da nazarin Hadisi, amma yana girmama Ibn Ḥanbal.

Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith (the Barefoot) (d. 227/841–42) famous ascetic who was suspicious of Hadith study but admired Ibn Ḥanbal.

Bishr al-Marīsī (d. 218/833), wani Bahanafe kuma mai bin ra'yin Murji'a, ya yi tasiri sosai a zamanin al-Ma'mūn (q.v.); Ibn Ḥanbal da mabiyansa sun ƙi shi saboda imaninsa cewa Alƙur'ani halitta ne.

Bishr al-Marīsī (d. 218/833) a Ḥanafī and Postponer influential during the reign of al-Maʾmūn (q.v.); he was hated by Ibn Ḥanbal and his followers for his belief that the Qurʾan is created.

Bughā the Elder, wani janar ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya wanda ya yi wa halifofin Abbasiyya da dama hidima (ya rasu a shekara ta 248 bayan hijira/862 miladiyya).

Bughā the Elder a Turkish general who served several Abbasid caliphs (d. 248/862).

Khalifa: shugaban al'ummar Musulunci, wanda Sunnah ke fahimta a matsayin duk wani Musulmi mai cancanta da 'yan uwansa suka nada, amma a aikace shi ne magadan Annabi Muhammad ﷺ guda hudu na farko, sai sarakunan daular Umayyawa, sannan sarakunan daular Abbasiyawa (wadanda ba a karbe su ba sai da kyar, sai bayan sun rungumi Sunnah a tsakiyar karni na uku na Hijira/na tara bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa).

caliph the head of the Muslim community, understood by Sunni Muslims to be any qualified Muslim appointed by his fellows, but in practice Muhammad’s first four successors, followed by the rulers of the Umayyad dynasty and then those of the Abbasid dynasty (who were accepted only grudgingly until they adopted Sunnism in the mid-third/ninth century).

Amirul Mu'minin: lakabin halifa (q.v.).

Commander of Believers the title of the caliph (q.v.).

Amirul Mu'minin, taken as a title of the caliph (q.v.).

Commander of the Faithful the title of the caliph (q.v.).

al-jamāʿah (al-jamāʿah) ga Ahlus Sunnah, ita ce ƙungiyar masu imani masu daidaitacciyar hanya wadda ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a tarihi, kuma a faɗaɗe, ita ce ƙa'idar cewa duk matsayin da wannan ƙungiya ta ɗauka daidai ne, kuma suna ci gaba da zama abin ɗaurewa.

community (al-jamāʿah) for Sunnis, the historically continuous group of right-minded believers, and more broadly, the principle that all positions taken by this group were correct and remain binding.

Sahabbai: Musulmai waɗanda rayuwarsu ta haɗu da ta Annabi Muhammadﷺ.

Companions Muslims whose lives overlapped with that of the Prophet Muḥammad.

Halittar Alkur'ani: imani cewa wahayin da Allah ya saukar wa Annabi Muhammadu ﷺ abu ne da aka halitta, sabanin cewa abu ne madawwami saboda asalinsa na Allahntaka.

createdness (of the Qurʾan) the belief that God’s revelation to the Prophet Muḥammad is a created thing, as opposed to being eternal by virtue of its divine origin.

hijama ita ce amfani da injin tsotsa (wanda ake samarwa ta hanyar sanya wuta a ƙarƙashin gilashin da aka juye) a kan fata, da niyyar fitar da abubuwa masu cutarwa daga jiki.

cupping the application of a vacuum (created by placing a flame under an inverted glass) to the skin, with the aim of removing harmful substances from the body.

rakʿah (rak'a) – kowane zagaye na tsayuwa, rukuʿu da sujjada waɗanda suke haɗa salla ta Musulunci.

cycle (rakʿah) any of the rounds of standing, kneeling, and prostration that make up the Muslim ritual prayer.

dāniq (har ila dānaq) wata tsabar kuɗi da darajarta ta kai kashi ɗaya cikin shida na dirham (duba dirham).

dāniq (also dānaq) a coin equal in value to one-sixth of a dirham (q.v.).

al-Dāraquṭnī (d. 385/995), wani malamin Hadisi kuma faƙihi na mazhabar Shāfiʿī (q.v.), wanda ya yi adawa mai tsanani da Muhawara (q.v.).

al-Dāraquṭnī (d. 385/995) a Hadith scholar and Shāfiʿī (q.v.) jurist fiercely opposed to Disputation (q.v.).

Ranar Alƙiyama bisa ga Alƙur'ani, ranar da ake tayar da matattu zuwa rai kafin a yi musu hisabi, sannan a tura su zuwa Aljanna (q.v.) ko Wuta (q.v.).

Day of Resurrection according to the Qurʾan, the day when the dead are brought back to life before being judged and sent to the Garden (q.v.) or the Fire (q.v.).

dinar tsabar zinariya da nauyinta ya kai gram 4.25 asali, kuma ita ce tsabar kudi mafi daraja da ake amfani da ita a zamanin farkon daular Abbasiyawa.

dinar a gold coin originally weighing 4.25 grams, and the most valuable coin in use during the early Abbasid period.

dirham tsabar azurfa ce, har zuwa tsakiyar karni na uku na Hijira (karni na tara Miladi), wacce nauyinta ya kama daga gram 2.91 zuwa 2.96.

dirham a silver coin, until the mid-third/ninth century weighing between 2.91 and 2.96 grams.

Muhawara (kalām; ma'ana zahiri, "magana") jawabi kan al'amuran zahiri ko na ruhi wanda ke amfani da hujjar ƙiyasi; hasashe na tiyoloji ko akida.

Disputation (kalām; literally, “talking”) a discourse on physical or spiritual matters that employs syllogistic reasoning; theological or dogmatic speculation.

Khārijawa masu ɓata gari (khārijī) waɗanda suka ƙi goyon bayan ko Aliyu (q.v.) ko Mu'awiya a yaƙin neman halifanci, kuma suka yi imani cewa su ne kaɗai Musulmi na gaskiya.

Dissident (khārijī) sectarians who refused to support either ʿAlī (q.v.) or Muʿāwiyah in the battle for the caliphate and who believed themselves to be the only true Muslims.

Muhājirūn, mabiyan Annabi Muhammadﷺ waɗanda suka bi shi lokacin da ya bar Makka zuwa Madina a shekara ta 1 bayan hijira (622 miladiyya).

Emigrants followers of the Prophet Muḥammad who joined him when he left Mecca for Medina in 1/622.

Manzon Allah lakabi ne na Annabi Muhammadu ﷺ.

Emissary of God a title of the Prophet Muḥammad.

fatā duba futuwwa.

fatā see futuwwa.

al-Fatḥ ibn Khāqān (d. 247/861–62) wani mai mulki kuma malami wanda ya yi wa al-Mutawakkil (q.v.) hidima.

al-Fatḥ ibn Khāqān (d. 247/861–62) an administrator and scholar who served al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

Fāṭimah ɗiyar Ibn Ḥanbal; watakila ita ce ɗaya da Zaynab (q.v.).

Fāṭimah Ibn Ḥanbal’s daughter; possibly the same as Zaynab (q.v.).

biki ko dai Idin Layya, lokacin da ake yanka dabbobi a lokacin aikin Hajji, ko kuma Idin Karamar Sallah, da ake gudanarwa a karshen azumin Ramadan.

festival either the Feast of Sacrifice, when animals are slaughtered during the pilgrimage, or the Feast of Fastbreaking, celebrated at the end of the Ramadan fast.

Wuta (al-nār) bisa ga Alƙur'ani, wurin da azzalumai ke zama har abada bayan mutuwa.

Fire (al-nār) according to the Qurʾan, the place where the wicked spend eternity after death.

Fūrān, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad (d. 265/879), wani malamin Hadisi kuma abokin kusa da Ibn Ḥanbal.

Fūrān, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad (d. 265/879) a Hadith scholar and close associate of Ibn Ḥanbal.

Futuwwah: halayen da ake danganta da jarumai matasa; a fagen addini, kyawawan dabi'un mutum wanda ke cika aikinsa ga Allah da kuma ga 'yan'uwansa. Note: the rules say the original's "God" must be rendered as the Hausa word for God, not "Allah". Corrected version: Futuwwah: halayen da ake danganta da jarumai matasa; a fagen addini, kyawawan dabi'un mutum wanda ke cika aikinsa ga Ubangiji da kuma ga 'yan'uwansa.

futuwwah the virtues associated with brave young men; in religious contexts, the admirable qualities of one who fulfills his duties to God and to his fellows.

Lambu (al-jannah) bisa ga Alƙur'ani, wurin da masu albarka suke zama har abada bayan mutuwa.

Garden (al-jannah) according to the Qurʾan, the place where the blessed spend eternity after death.

ḥabbah ma'ana ta zahiri "hatsi"; tsabar kudi ko ma'aunin nauyi daidai da 1/48 na dirham (q.v.).

ḥabbah literally “a grain”; a coin or measure of weight equivalent to 1/48 of a dirham (q.v.).

Hadith: dukkan tarin hadisai (q.v.), wanda ake amfani da shi wajen tantance sunnah (q.v.).

Hadith the entire corpus of hadiths (q.v.), used to determine the sunnah (q.v.).

Hadith: rahoton game da abin da Annabi Muhammadﷺ ya faɗa ko ya aikata, har da yardarsa ko ƙin amincewarsa ta hanyar shiru, wanda ya ƙunshi rahoton kansa da kuma jerin waɗanda suka isar da shi.

hadith a report of something the Prophet Muḥammad said or did, including tacit expressions of approval or disapproval, consisting of the report itself as well as a list of those who transmitted it.

Ḥanafī shi ne mai bin mazhabin fiqhu da aka sanya wa suna bayan Abū Ḥanīfah (q.v.).

Ḥanafī a follower of the legal school named after Abū Ḥanīfah (q.v.).

Ḥanbal ibn Isḥāq (d. 273/886) Ɗan'uwan Ibn Ḥanbal, kuma marubucin wani bayani game da Mihna (Binciken Ƙarfin Ra'ayi); ba a fiye ambaton sa ba fiye da sauran majiyoyi, watakila saboda rawar da mahaifinsa Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal (q.v.) ya taka a wannan al'amari.

Ḥanbal ibn Isḥāq (d. 273/886) Ibn Ḥanbal’s cousin, and author of an account of the Inquisition; less often cited than other sources, perhaps because of his father Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal’s (q.v.) role in the episode.

al-Ḥārith al-Muḥāsibī (d. 243/857) masanin tauhidi na tasawwufi.

al-Ḥārith al-Muḥāsibī (d. 243/857) mystical theologian.

Harthamah ibn Aʿyan (d. 200/816), janar na Abbasiyawa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin hali a cikin wani labari (96.9) game da al-Mutawakkil da fadarsa.

Harthamah ibn Aʿyan (d. 200/816) Abbasid general anachronistically used as a character in a story (96.9) about al-Mutawakkil and his court.

Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan biyu masu wannan suna waɗanda aka haifa wa Ibn Ḥanbal ta wurin baiwarsa Ḥusn.

Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad either of two sons by this name born to Ibn Ḥanbal’s concubine Ḥusn.

Hāshim, ƙabilar Quraish wadda Annabi ﷺ aka haifa a cikinta.

Hāshim the clan of the tribe of Quraysh into which the Prophet was born.

Hāshimī shi ne mamba na gidan (kabilar) da Annabi Muhammadu ﷺ ya fito daga cikinsa.

Hāshimī a member of the clan to which the Prophet Muḥammad belonged.

Ansarawa (anṣār) su ne mutanen Madina waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci bayan Annabi ﷺ ya ƙaura daga Makka zuwa Madina a shekara ta 1 bayan Hijira, wato 622 A.Z.

Helpers (anṣār) those citizens of Medina who accepted Islam after the Prophet moved there from Mecca in 1/622.

maƙaryacin addini (zindīq) asalinsa mabiyin Manichaeism mai akidar dualism, daga baya kuma duk wanda ake zargin yana ɓoye imani da wata akida wadda ba ta dace da Musulunci ba.

heretic (zindīq) originally a Manichean dualist, and later anyone suspected of secretly adhering to a creed incompatible with Islam.

Hims (ko Homs) birni ne a yammacin tsakiyar abin da yau ake kira Siriya.

Hims (or Homs) a town in the west-central part of what is today Syria.

Hushaym ibn Bashīr (183/799), wani malamin Hadīth wanda ya ruwaito wa Ibn Ḥanbal.

Hushaym ibn Bashīr (183/799) a Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal.

Matar Ḥusn Ibn Ḥanbal kuma mahaifiyar yara shida daga cikin 'ya'yansa.

Ḥusn Ibn Ḥanbal’s concubine and mother of six of his children.

Ibn ʿAbbās (d. ca. 68/687–88), dan uwan Annabi ﷺ kuma kakanin layin Abbasiyawa; daga baya tsararrakin Sunnah (q.v.) sun danganta masa ilimi mai yawa na Alkur'ani da sunnah (q.v.).

Ibn ʿAbbās (d. ca. 68/687–88) a cousin of the Prophet and the nominal ancestor of the Abbasid line; later generations of Sunnis (q.v.) credited him with vast knowledge of the Qurʾan and the sunnah (q.v.).

Ibn Abī Duʾād (d. 240/854), wani Ɗan Tawaye (q.v.) kuma mashawarci ga halifofi al-Ma'mūn, al-Mu'taṣim, al-Wāthiq, da al-Mutawakkil; Ibn Ḥanbal da mabiyansa sun ƙi shi saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin Binciken Ƙarfin Tilas (Inquisition).

Ibn Abī Duʾād (d. 240/854) a Secessionist (q.v.) and advisor to the caliphs al-Maʾmūn, al-Muʿtaṣim, al- Wāthiq, and al-Mutawakkil; hated by Ibn Ḥanbal and his followers for his role in the Inquisition.

Ibn Māsawayh (d. 243/857), likitan wasu halifofin Abbasiyawa.

Ibn Māsawayh (d. 243/857) physician to several Abbasid caliphs.

Ibn Rāhawayh duba Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh.

Ibn Rāhawayh see Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh.

Ibn Ṭāhir duba Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṭāhir.

Ibn Ṭāhir see Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṭāhir.

Ibn al-Zayyāt (d. 233/847) wazirin al-Mu'tasim, al-Wathiq, da al-Mutawakkil (q.q.v.).

Ibn al-Zayyāt (d. 233/847) vizier under al-Muʿtaṣim, al-Wāthiq, and al-Mutawakkil (q.q.v.).

Ibrāhīm (ɗan Isḥaq) al-Ḥarbī (ya rasu 285/898–99) malamin Hadisi ne, mai zuhudu (q.v.), kuma masanin ilimomi iri-iri.

Ibrāhīm (ibn Isḥaq) al-Ḥarbī (d. 285/898–99) Hadith scholar, renunciant (q.v.), and polymath.

Ibrāhīm al-Nakhaʿī (d. kusan 96/717) malamin hadisi kuma faqihi ɗan Kufa, wanda aka sani da yin ijtihadi da kansa.

Ibrāhīm al-Nakhaʿī (d. ca. 96/717) Kufan Hadith-transmitter and faqīh known for his exercise of independent judgment.

Imam: mutumin da, a matsayinsa na Musulmi, yake jagorantar sauran Musulmi, ko a cikin sallar jam'i, ko wajen bin wata hanya ta musamman a fassarar nassi, ko a matsayin shugaban kasa; a wajen Sunna (q.v.), malamin abin koyi; a wajen Shi'a, memba na iyalan Annabi ﷺ wanda ya cancanci jagorantar al'umma, galibi saboda ilimi na musamman game da shari'a.

imam one who in his capacity as a Muslim leads other Muslims, whether in group prayer, in pursuing a particular path in interpretation, or as head of state; among Sunnis (q.v.), an exemplary scholar; among Shiʿa, a member of the Prophet’s family entitled to lead the community, usually by virtue of special knowledge of the law.

Kāfir (kafiri): wanda ya ƙi yarda da Allah, ko ya ƙi bayyana imani da Allah.

Ingrate (kāfir) one who refuses to believe in, or declare a belief in, God.

mai ƙirƙira (bidʿa) — kalmar da Ibn Ḥanbal da mabiyansa suke amfani da ita wajen la'antar mutanen da suka yi imani cewa su ne suka gabatar da akidu da ayyuka waɗanda ba su cikin sunnah ba (q.v.), saboda haka suke ganin su mugaye ne.

innovator a term used by Ibn Ḥanbal and his followers to condemn persons they believed responsible for introducing beliefs and practices not present in the sunnah (q.v.) and therefore bad.

Tambaya (Inquisition): bincike da tambayoyi ga alƙalai, shaidun notary, malaman hadisi, da sauran mutane daban-daban, domin a tabbatar da yarda da akidar cewa Alƙur'ani halitta ne, kuma ta haka, a amince cewa halifan Abbasiyya ne yake da ikon ƙarshe a al'amuran imani da aiki. Halifa al-Ma'mūn ne ya kafa wannan a shekara ta 218 AH (833 AD), kuma an dinga aiwatar da shi lokaci-lokaci har sai da al-Mutawakkil ya kawo ƙarshensa a shekara ta 237 AH (851 AD).

Inquisition the interrogation of judges, notary witnesses, Hadith scholars, and miscellaneous other persons, to determine their assent to the doctrine that the Qurʾan is created, and by extension, their acknowledgement that the Abbasid caliph had the final word in matters of belief and practice; introduced by the caliph al-Maʾmūn in 218/833 and intermittently enforced until ended by al- Mutawakkil in 237/851.

Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal: Ƙanen Ibn Ḥanbal; an ce shi ne ya jawo a sa shi a shari'a, kuma an siffanta shi da yin kira gare shi ya sasanta da Mihnah (Tambayar Halitta).

Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal Ibn Ḥanbal’s uncle; reportedly responsible for having him put in trial, and described as urging him to compromise with the Inquisition.

Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm (d. 235/849), gwamnan Bagdaza a zamanin al-Ma'mūn, al-Mu'taṣim, al-Wāthiq, da al-Mutawakkil (q.q.v.).

Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm (d. 235/849) governor of Baghdad under al-Maʾmūn, al-Muʿtaṣim, al-Wāthiq, and al- Mutawakkil (q.q.v.).

Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh (d. 238/853), malamin hadisi wanda aka girmama, wanda ya riwaito hadisai zuwa ga Ibn Ḥanbal.

Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh (d. 238/853) respected Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal.

Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUlayyah (d. 193/809) malamin hadisi wanda ya ruwaito wa Ibn Ḥanbal.

Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUlayyah (d. 193/809) Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal.

Ītākh (d. 235/849), kwamandan sojojin Khazar a ƙarƙashin halifofin Abbasiyawa al-Mu'tasim, al-Wathiq, da al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

Ītākh (d. 235/849) Khazar military commander under the Abbasid caliphs al-Muʿtaṣim, al-Wāthiq, and al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

Jahm ibn Ṣafwān (d. 128/745), wani malamin Musulunci na farko wanda ake dangana masa koyarwoyi da yawa waɗanda suka zama abin ƙi ga Ibn Ḥanbal da abokan tafiyarsa, musamman ikirarin cewa asalin Alƙur'ani ya fara wanzuwa ne kawai a wani lokaci na musamman.

Jahm ibn Ṣafwān (d. 128/745) early Muslim thinker to whom are attributed a number of teachings hateful to Ibn Ḥanbal and his associates, particularly the claim that the prototype of the Qurʾan began to exist only at a particular point in time.

Jinni halitta ce mai hankali wacce aka yi ta da wuta, sau da yawa ana bayyana ta a matsayin wacce ke shiga cikin harkokin mutane.

jinni a sentient creature made of fire, often described as interfering in human affairs.

Fiqhu (ilimin fiqhu) a fadin ma'ana, shi ne ikon fahimtar hanyar da ta dace a aikata a al'amuran ibada, shari'a da da'a; a takaice kuma, shi ne tunani na shari'a da ake yi bisa nassosi a tsare.

jurisprudence (fiqh) most broadly, the ability to discern the right course of action in ritual, legal, and ethical matters; more narrowly, formal text-based legal reasoning.

al-Karābīsī (ya rasu a shekara ta 245/859 ko 248/862), masanin shari'a kuma masanin tauhidi wanda ya yi jayayya cewa maganar Allah (ciki har da Alqur'ani) ba ta da farko, amma furucin mutum da ita ba ya da farko.

al-Karābīsī (d. 245/859 or 248/862) a jurist and theologian who argued that God’s speech (including the Qurʾan) is uncreated but human utterance of it is not.

Al-Karkh: sunan gama-gari ga yankin Bagadaza da ke kudu da fadar halifanci a cikin Birnin Zagaye.

al-Karkh the general name for the region of Baghdad south of the caliphal compound in the Round City.

al-Khaḍir (wanda kuma ake kira al-Khiḍr) wani mutum ne da ya bayyana a cikin Alƙur'ani (Kur'ani 18:60–82) kuma ya jagoranci Annabi Musa; a cikin imani na jama'a, shi ne wanda ke ci gaba da bayyana a kowane zamani, yana ba Musulmi shiriya a lokacin buƙata.

al-Khaḍir (also called al-Khiḍr) a figure who appears in the Qurʾan (Q Kahf 18:60–82) and guides Moses; in popular belief, a perennially recurrent figure who provides guidance to Muslims in time of need.

al-Khallāl duba Abū Bakr al-Khallāl.

al-Khallāl see Abū Bakr al-Khallāl.

Khurasan yanki ne da ya hada da abin da yau ake kira arewa maso gabashin Iran, Afganistan, da wasu sassan Asiya ta Tsakiya.

Khurasan a region that includes what is today northeastern Iran, Afghanistan, and parts of Central Asia.

al-Khuzāʿī duba Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Khuzāʿī.

al-Khuzāʿī see Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Khuzāʿī.

Birnin Kufa a tsakiyar Iraƙi, a kan Kogin Tigris; cibiyar ilimi mai muhimmanci a zamanin farko na Musulunci.

Kufa city in central Iraq, on the Tigris River; an important center of learning in early Islamic times.

Kunyah wata hanyar kira da ake yi, wacce ta ƙunshi Abū ("uban") ko Umm ("uwar") sai kuma sunan ɗan wannan mutum ko wani mutum da ke da alaƙa ta kusa da shi. Amfani da kunyah na iya nuna kusanci, girmamawa, ko duka biyun.

kunyah a form of address consisting of Abū (“father of”) or Umm (“mother of”) followed by the name of that person’s child or other figure closely associated with them. The use of a kunyah can convey intimacy, respect, or both.

Majūs (Magians): kalmar da baƙi ke amfani da ita wajen nufin Zoroastrians (Zartushtawa).

Magians (majūs) a term used by outsiders to refer to Zoroastrians.

Mālik ibn Anas (d. 179/795), masanin shari'a na farko wanda aka danganta da koyarwar cewa aikin mutanen Madina shi ne mafi kyawun hujja.

Mālik ibn Anas (d. 179/795) early legal thinker associated with the doctrine that the practice of the people of Medina constituted the best precedent.

Al-Ma'mūn (r. 198–218 AH / 813–33 CE), bakwai daga cikin halifofin Abbasiyawa.

al-Maʾmūn (r. 198–218/813–33) seventh Abbasid caliph.

Manifestations of grace, duba alamomin alheri.

manifestations of grace see signs of grace.

Al-Manṣūr, masallacin masallacin da halifa na biyu na daular Abbasiyya ya gina (ya yi mulki daga 136–158 AH/754–775 AD). Masallacin ya ci gaba da zama cibiyar sallar Juma'a ko bayan halifofi sun bar Birnin Zagaye da aka gina musamman don su.

al-Manṣūr, mosque of the mosque built by the second Abbasid caliph (r. 136–58/754–75). The mosque continued to serve as a center for Friday worship even after the caliphs moved out of the purposebuilt Round City.

al-Marīsī duba Bishr al-Marīsī.

al-Marīsī see Bishr al-Marīsī.

al-Marrūdhī duba Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī.

al-Marrūdhī see Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī.

Ma'rūf al-Karkhī (d. 200/815–16), wani mai zuhudu daga Baghdad wanda ya shahara a cikin al'adun Sufanci (na ruhi).

Maʿrūf al-Karkhī (d. 200/815–16) a Baghdadi ascetic prominent in Sufi (mystical) traditions.

Marv birni ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Turkmenistan; a farkon zamanin Musulunci, babban birnin Khurasan ne (q.v.).

Marv city in what is now Turkmenistan; in early Islamic times, the capital of Khurasan (q.v.).

al-Miṣṣīṣah birni ne da ke kusa da arewa maso gabashin gaɓar tekun Bahar Rum, a yankin da yake yanzu ƙasar Turkiyya, kuma a zamanin farkon daular Abbasawa tana kan iyakar Daular Byzantine.

al-Miṣṣīṣah town near the northeast Mediterranean coast in what is today Turkey, and in early Abbasid times on the frontier with the Byzantines.

Mithqāl: ma'auni na nauyi daidai da hatsin sha'ir sittin (kuma akwai wasu ma'anoni).

mithqāl a unit of weight equal to sixty grains of barley (among other definitions).

Muhammad ɗan Abdullahi ɗan Ɗahir, kwamandan soja a Baghdad kuma wakili na al-Mu'tasim (q.v.) a jana'izar Ibn Hanbal.

Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṭāhir military commander in Baghdad and representative of al-Muʿtaṣim (q.v.) at Ibn Ḥanbal’s funeral.

Muḥammad ibn Idrīs, duba al-Shāfiʿī.

Muḥammad ibn Idrīs see al-Shāfiʿī.

Muḥammad ibn Nūḥ (218/833) wani matashi mai ƙarancin ilimin Hadisi wanda ya haɗa kai da Ibn Ḥanbal wajen ƙin yarda cewa Alƙur'ani an halicce shi.

Muḥammad ibn Nūḥ (218/833) a young man of little Hadith-learning who joined Ibn Ḥanbal in refusing to declare the Qurʾan created.

Muḥammad ibn Zubaydah duba al-Amīn.

Muḥammad ibn Zubaydah see al-Amīn.

al-Muḥāsibī duba al-Ḥārith.

al-Muḥāsibī see al-Ḥārith.

Al-Muhtadī (ya yi mulki daga 255–256 AH/868–870 AD) shi ne Khalifan Abbasiyya na sha huɗu.

al-Muhtadī (r. 255–56/868–70) fourteenth Abbasid caliph.

Munkar na ɗaya daga cikin mala'iku biyu da ake cewa suna tambayar matattu a cikin kaburburansu.

Munkar one of the two angels said to interrogate the dead in their graves.

Musaddad ibn Musarhad (d. 228/842–43), mashahurin mai ruwayar hadisi daga Basra, wanda malamai suka girmama sosai.

Musaddad ibn Musarhad (d. 228/842–43) well-respected Basran Hadith transmitter.

Al-Musnad: duba Ahadith Ingantattu Da Aka Jera Bisa Ga Mai Ruwaya.

al-Musnad see Authenticated Reports Listed By Transmitter.

al-Muʿtaṣim (r. 218–27/833–42) shi ne halifa na takwas na daular Abbasiyya.

al-Muʿtaṣim (r. 218–27/833–42) eighth Abbasid caliph.

Al-Mutawakkil (ya yi mulki 232–247 AH/847–61 CE), halifa na goma na daular Abbasiyya.

al-Mutawakkil (r. 232–247/847–61) tenth Abbasid caliph.

Nakīr ɗaya ne daga cikin mala'iku biyu da ake cewa suna yi wa matattu tambaya a cikin kaburburansu.

Nakīr one of the two angels said to interrogate the dead in their graves.

Nishapur birni ne a arewa maso gabashin Iran, kusa da Mashhad ta yau.

Nishapur a town in northeastern Iran near present-day Mashhad.

mai shaida na notari: mutum da alkali ke ɗaukar sa aiki a matsayin shaida ta yau da kullum ga aiwatar da wajibai na kwangila, ko ga halayen mutanen da ke bayyana a gaban kotu.

notary-witness a person engaged by a judge to serve as a regular witness to the undertaking of contractual obligations or to the character of persons who appear in court.

Nu'aym ibn Hammād (d. 228/843?) malamin Hadisi wanda aka daure saboda ya ki ya ce Alƙur'ani halitta ne; kuma sananne ne a matsayin mai tattara hadisan al'amuran karshen duniya.

Nuʿaym ibn Ḥammād (d. 228/843?) a Hadith scholar imprisoned for refusing to declare the Qurʾan created; also famous as a compiler of apocalyptic traditions.

Awtād (mabuɗin, Pegs) ɗaya daga cikin mutum huɗu da ake danganta su da manyan alkiblolin kamfas, kuma suna matsayi na uku a tsarin darajar malaman Sufaye.

Pegs (awtād) one of four figures associated with the cardinal points of the compass and occupying the third rank in the hierarchy of Sufi masters.

Murji'ah (Masu jinkirtawa): su ne waɗanda suke ganin cewa Musulmai na zamani ba za su iya yanke hukunci a kan Sahabbai ko warware rikice-rikicen da suka raba su ba, kuma duk wani irin wannan warwarewa dole ne a jinkirta ta har zuwa Ranar Alƙiyama.

Postponers (murjiʿah) those who hold that latter-day Muslims cannot judge the Companions or resolve the disputes that divided them, and that any such resolution must be postponed until Judgment Day.

Mai goyon bayan Maganar Halitta: wanda ya yi imani cewa, yayin da Alkur'ani kamar yadda Allah ya sani ba shi da farko, Alkur'ani kamar yadda mutane ke karanta shi da bakinsu abu ne da aka halitta.

Proponent of Created Utterance one who believes that, while the Qurʾan as known to God is uncreated, the Qurʾan as spoken aloud by humans is a created thing.

al-Qā'im bi-Amr Allāh (r. 422–467 AH/1031–1075 CE) shi ne khalifa na ashirin da shida na Abbasawa.

al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh (r. 422–67/1031–75) twenty-sixth Abbasid caliph.

al-Qāsim ibn Sallām (ya rasu a shekara ta 224 AH/838 CE), marubucin littattafai kan al'amuran shari'a da na harshe.

al-Qāsim ibn Sallām (d. 224/838) compiler of works on legal and linguistic issues.

Qaṭīʿat al-Rabīʿ wata unguwa ce a Bagadaza, dake kudu maso yamma da Birnin Zagaye a al-Karkh (q.v.).

Qaṭīʿat al-Rabīʿ a district of Baghdad, located southwest of the Round City in al-Karkh (q.v.).

al-Qawārīrī (d. 235/850) malamin Hadisi ɗan Bagdaza wanda da farko ya ƙi, sannan daga baya ya amince saboda matsin lamba, cewa Alƙur'ani halitta ne.

al-Qawārīrī (d. 235/850) Baghdadi Hadith scholar who at first refused, then agreed under duress, that the Qurʾan is created.

Qazwīn birni ne a arewa-tsakiyar Iran, yamma da Tehran ta yanzu.

Qazwīn a town in north-central Iran west of present-day Tehran.

Qīrāṭ: tsabar kuɗi da darajarta ta kai ɗaya cikin goma sha biyu na dirham (q.v.).

qīrāṭ a coin worth one-twelfth of a dirham (q.v.).

qiṭʿah tsabar kuɗi, ko guntu ko ɓarkiyar azurfa da aka samu ta hanyar yankewa ko gyara tsabar azurfa.

qiṭʿah a coin, or a scrap or shard made by cutting or trimming a silver coin.

quire (juzʾ) — tsari na takardu (juzʾ) wanda ke zama wani sashe na rubutacciyar takarda ko littafi.

quire (juzʾ) a grouping of sheets that makes up part of a manuscript or book.

Quraish, kabilar da Annabi Muhammadﷺ ya fito daga cikinta.

Quraysh the tribe to which the Prophet Muḥammad belonged.

raka'a duba zagaye.

rakʿah see cycle.

Ar-Raqqah wani gari ne da ke kan Kogin Furat a arewa-tsakiyar Siriya; wuri ne da ake yawan tsayawa a hanyar tafiya tsakanin Baghdad da iyakar Byzantine.

al-Raqqah a town located on the Euphrates River in north-central Syria; a common stopping point on the journey between Baghdad and the Byzantine frontier.

Al-Rashīd (r. 170–193 AH/786–809 CE), halifa na biyar na daular Abbasiyya.

al-Rashīd (r. 170–93/786–809) fifth Abbasid caliph.

Rayḥānah ɗiyar Ḥanbal ita ce mata ta biyu ga Ibn Ḥanbal kuma mahaifiyar ɗansa ʿAbd Allāh.

Rayḥanah Ibn Ḥanbal’s second wife and mother of his son ʿAbd Allāh.

Rafḍ (Ƙin karɓa) – kalma ce ta raini da ake amfani da ita wajen ambaton Shi'a, tana nufin ƙin karɓar Abu Bakar, Umar, Usman, da Mu'awiyya a matsayin halastattun halifofi.

Rejection (rafḍ) a disparaging term of reference to Shiʿism, referring to its rejection of Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, and Muʿāwiyah as legitimate caliphs.

Mai ƙin yarda (rāfiḍi): kalma ce ta raini da ake amfani da ita wajen komawa ga Shi'a (duba).

Rejectionist (rāfiḍi) a term of disparaging reference to a Shiʿi (q.v.).

Zuhd (kaurace duniya) shi ne barin duniya, wanda yawanci yakan ƙunshi kauracewa jin daɗi, danne sha'awoyin jiki, da guje wa zamantakewa; alama ce ta sadaukarwa ga dokar Allah. Note: The rules say to write "God" rather than "Allah" and never to use "Allah" in translation, so the Hausa word for God should be used instead. Corrected: Zuhd (kaurace duniya) shi ne barin duniya, wanda yawanci yakan ƙunshi kauracewa jin daɗi, danne sha'awoyin jiki, da guje wa zamantakewa; alama ce ta sadaukarwa ga dokar Ubangiji.

renunciation (zuhd) disengagement from the present world, usually entailing the shunning of comforts, the suppression of bodily urges, and the avoidance of company; a sign of devotion to God’s law.

Birnin Rey wani birni ne a yankin arewa-tsakiyar abin da ake kira Iran a yau, a kudancin Tehran ta zamani.

Rey city in the north-central part of what is now Iran, just south of modern Tehran.

Ridwan a cikin al'adar Musulunci, mala'ika wanda ke karbar masu albarka zuwa Aljanna (q.v.).

Riḍwān in Muslim tradition, the angel who receives the blessed into the Garden (q.v.).

Khulafa Rashidun: Sunna (q.v.) ta bayyana Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman, da Ali (q.v.) a matsayin Khalifofi Masu Shiryarwa.

Righteous Caliphs the Sunni (q.v.) form of reference to Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, and ʿAlī (q.v.).

Salla ta al'ada, ɗaya daga cikin sallolin farilla guda biyar na yau da kullum a Musulunci (sabanin addu'a, "roƙo," wanda za a iya yi a kowane lokaci).

ritual prayer one of Islam’s five prescribed daily prayers (as opposed to duʿāʾ, “supplication,” which may be performed at any time).

Ar-Ruṣāfah, yankin Bagadaza mai girma wanda ya kasance a gabashin gaɓar Kogin Tigris.

al-Ruṣāfah the part of greater Baghdad that lay on the east bank of the Tigris River.

Saʿīd ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, ɗaya daga cikin ɗiyan Ibn Ḥanbal, wanda aka haifa shi jim kaɗan kafin mutuwar mahaifinsa.

Saʿīd ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal one of Ibn Ḥanbal’s sons, born shortly before his father’s death.

Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab (ya rasu a shekarar 93 bayan Hijira/711–12), shahararren Tabi'i (q.v.) na Madina kuma sanannen mai ruwaito hadisai.

Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab (d. 93/711–12) leading Successor (q.v.) of Medina and noted source of Hadith reports.

Sajjādah, al-Ḥasan ibn Ḥammād (d. 241/855) malamin hadisi ɗan Bagdaza wanda da farko ya ƙi, sa'an nan ya amince saboda matsin lamba, da cewa Alƙur'ani halitta ne.

Sajjādah, al-Ḥasan ibn Ḥammād (d. 241/855) Baghdadi Hadith scholar who at first refused, then agreed under duress, that the Qurʾan is created.

Ṣāliḥ ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 265/879) Ɗan fari na Ibn Ḥanbal kuma babban mai ruwaito hadisansa; ya yi aikin alƙalanci a Isfahan.

Ṣāliḥ ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 265/879) Ibn Ḥanbal’s eldest son and a major transmitter of his Hadith reports; served as judge in Isfahan.

Samarqand birni ne da ke a yanzu ƙasar Uzbekistan.

Samarqand a city located in what is now Uzbekistan.

Samarra birni ne da aka gina musamman a tsakiyar Iraƙi, wanda ya zama babban birnin daular Abbasiyyah daga shekara 221 AH zuwa 279 AH (836-892 CE); Khalifa al-Mutawakkil (q.v.) ya kawo Ibn Ḥanbal daga Baghdad zuwa nan.

Samarra purpose-built city in central Iraq that served as the Abbasid capital from 221/836 to 279/892; the caliph al-Mutawakkil (q.v.) had Ibn Ḥanbal brought here from Baghdad.

Sanaa birni ce a ƙasar Yemen.

Sanaa a town in Yemen.

Waraʿ (wara'i) Ibadar taqawa ce ta nisantar ba wai kawai abubuwa da ayyukan da aka haramta ba, har ma da wadanda ake shakka a kansu ko kuma wadanda halaccinsu ba a sani ba.

scrupulosity (waraʿ) the pious practice of shunning not only forbidden objects and activities but also those which are merely suspicious or of unknown legality.

Ƙungiyar 'Yan Ballewa (al-muʿtazilah, "waɗanda suka raba kansu"), sunan da aka sanya wa malaman da, a taƙaice, suke da tsarin hankali a hanyarsu. Misali, sun fi son bayani na alama (majāz) ga siffofin Allah da suke bayyana kamar na zahiri.

Secessionists (al-muʿtazilah, “those who sent themselves apart”) a name applied to scholars who were, broadly speaking, rationalist in their approach. For example, they favored metaphorical explanations for the apparently physical attributes of God.

al-Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs (d. 204/820) masanin ka'idojin shari'a wanda ake danganta masa aza harsashin fiqhun Sunna ta hanyar kirkirar hanyoyin cire hukunce-hukunce daga Alkur'ani da Sunnah.

al-Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs (d. 204/820) legal theorist credited with laying the foundation for Sunni jurisprudence by developing methods for deriving law from the Qurʾan and sunnah.

Shāfi'ī: mabiyin makarantar fiqhu mai suna bayan Imam al-Shāfi'ī (q.v.).

Shāfiʿī a follower of the legal school named after al-Shāfiʿī (q.v.).

Shi'i (jam'i: Shi'a) wanda ke da imani cewa wasu daga cikin 'yan gidan Annabi kadai ne shugabanni na halal ga al'ummar Musulmi, galibi saboda fahimtarsu ta musamman game da shari'ar Allah.

Shiʿi (pl. Shiʿa) one characterized by the belief that certain members of the Prophet’s family are the only legitimate leaders of the Muslim community, usually because of their special understanding of God’s law.

alamomin alheri (karāmāt) abubuwan da ke karya tsarin sanadi da sakamakon da aka saba, waɗanda ke nuna cewa mutum yana samun ni'ima ta musamman daga wurin Allah. Waɗannan yawanci ana ɓoye su, kuma sun bambanta da mu'jizojin hujja da annabawa ke yi.

signs of grace (karāmāt) violations of accustomed causality that serve as evidence that a person enjoys God’s special favor. These are generally concealed, and differ from the evidentiary miracles performed by prophets.

Mai tsayawa a kan magana: wanda, idan aka tambaye shi game da Alkur'ani, sai ya ce, "Maganar Allah ce," sannan ya tsaya. A cewar Ibn Ḥanbal, ya kamata ya ƙara "wanda ba a halitta ba." Abdāl (waɗanda suke maye gurbi): a tunanin Sufaye, su ne ƙayyadaddun adadin bayin Allah masu tsoron Allah, idan ɗaya daga cikinsu ya rasu, sai a maye gurbinsa da wani mai daraja irinsa. A wajen malaman Hadisi, kalma ce da a fili ake amfani da ita ga Musulmai masu tsoron Allah sosai, waɗanda ake ɗauka cewa asalinsu sirri ne.

Stopper one who, when asked about the Qurʾan, says “It is the speech of God,” and stops. According to Ibn Ḥanbal, he should add “uncreated.” Substitutes (abdāl) in Sufi thought, one of a limited number of pious servants of God who, when he dies, is replaced by another of equal merit; among Hadith scholars, a term evidently applied to Muslims of great piety whose identity is supposed to be a secret.

Tabi'ai, wato tsara ta Musulmi da ta zo bayan Sahabbai (q.v.).

Successors the generation of Muslims after the Companions (q.v.).

Sufi asalin sa shi ne mai ibada ta ruhi a Musulunci na makarantar Iraƙi, wadda a zamanin Ibn Ḥanbal har yanzu take cikin tsari; a amfanin baya-bayan nan, duk wani Musulmi mai ibadar ruhi.

Sufi originally a Muslim mystic of the Iraqi school, which in Ibn Ḥanbal’s time was still in the process of formation; in later usage, any Muslim mystic.

Sufyān, al-Thawrī (d. 161/778) mai ruwaito Hadisi kuma masanin fiqihu wanda Sunnawa ke girmamawa saboda jagorancinsa wajen jaddada muhimmancin Hadisi, da kuma ra'ayinsa mai goyon bayan Umayyawa da adawa da Abbasiyawa.

Sufyān, al-Thawrī (d. 161/778) transmitter and jurisprudent admired by Sunnis for his pioneering emphasis on Hadith as well as his pro-Umayyad and anti-Abbasid sentiments.

Sufyān ibn ʿUyaynah (d. 196/811) malamin hadisi ɗan Makka.

Sufyān ibn ʿUyaynah (d. 196/811) Meccan Hadith scholar.

sunnah: al'adar da aka koyi da ita a misalin Annabi ﷺ, wadda aka adana a cikin Hadisi (q.v.) kuma ake amfani da ita a matsayin tushen shari'a; wani lokaci kuma ta hada da aikin Musulmai na farko (wadda aka adana a cikin labarai da ake kira akhbār ko āthār).

sunnah the exemplary practice of the Prophet, preserved in the Hadith (q.v.) and used as a source of law; sometime also includes the practice of the early Muslims (preserved in narratives usually called akhbār or āthār).

Sunnah (ajectif: Sunni) wani tsari ne mai girma na motsin da ya fara da shelar kansa a matsayin "mutanen sunnah (duba q.v.) da Al'umma (duba q.v.)". Yana da halaye kamar haɗin kai da khalifancin tarihi, ƙin koyarwar imamanci (duba "imam"), da dogaro ga Hadisi (duba q.v.) maimakon Muhawara (duba q.v.).

Sunnah (adj. Sunni) the mature form of the movement that began by proclaiming itself “the people of sunnah (q.v.) and Community (q.v.)”; it is characterized by solidarity with the historical caliphate, rejection of imamism (see “imam”), and reliance on Hadith (q.v.) rather than Disputation (q.v.).

Garin Tarsus da ke bakin tekun Bahar Rum a yankin da ake kira Turkiyya a yau; wuri ne da musulmi masu ibada suke yawan zuwa domin shiga yakin iyaka da Romawa na Byzantine.

Tarsus town on the Mediterranean coast of what is today Turkey; a popular destination for pious Muslims seeking to join the frontier wars against the Byzantines.

Tūzūn wani janar ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya ne wanda ya karɓi iko da Baghdad a shekara ta 331 AH (943 miladiyya).

Tūzūn a Turkish general who siezed control of Baghdad in 331/943.

ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Khāqān (d. 263/877), wazirin al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Khāqān (d. 263/877) vizier of al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

ʿUkbarā gari ne a gabashin kogin Tigris, arewacin Baghdad.

ʿUkbarā town on the east bank of the Tigris north of Baghdad.

ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (r. 99–101/717–20) halifan Umayyawa wanda aka sani da tsoron Allah da adalci.

ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (r. 99–101/717–20) Umayyad caliph renowned for his piety and justice.

ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (r. 13–23/634–44) Sahabi na Annabi ﷺ kuma khalifa na biyu; a wurin Sunnawa, abin koyi ne wajen adalci a mulki.

ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (r. 13–23/634–44) Companion of the Prophet and second caliph; among Sunnis, an exemplar of just rule.

ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān (r. 23–35/644–56) Sahabin Annabi kuma halifa na uku; sau da yawa Sunnawa suna yabonsa fiye da yadda ya cancanta, saboda suna son su kare kansu daga magoya bayan ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (q.v.).

ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān (r. 23–35/644–56) Companion of the Prophet and third caliph; often praised beyond his merits by Sunnis eager to counter the partisans of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (q.v.).

ƙwararrun karatu (na Alƙur'ani) A zamanin Aḥmad, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban da ake karanta (wani lokaci kuma rubuta) nassin wahayin Allah ga Muhammadu ﷺ. Ibn Mujāhid (d. 324/936) ya daidaita wasu daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin, sai dai har zuwa hanyoyi goma sha huɗu ne suka kasance halastattu.

variant readings (of the Qurʾan) In Aḥmad’s time, any of several different traditions of reading aloud (and sometimes writing) the text of God’s revelation to Muḥammad. The different traditions were partially standardized by Ibn Mujāhid (d. 324/936), though up to fourteen different ones remained acceptable.

Wakīʿ ibn al-Jarrāḥ (d. 197/812), malamin hadisi mai tsoron Allah, kuma mai ruwaitowa zuwa Ibn Ḥanbal.

Wakīʿ ibn al-Jarrāḥ (d. 197/812) pious Hadith scholar and transmitter to Ibn Ḥanbal.

Waṣīf (d. 253/867), wani janar ɗan Turkiyya wanda ya yi wa al-Mutawakkil (q.v.) hidima daga baya kuma ya ci amanarsa.

Waṣīf (d. 253/867) Turkish general who served and subsequently betrayed al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

Wāsiṭ wani gari ne na noma kuma cibiyar gudanarwa da ke a kogin Tigris a tsakiyar ƙasar Iraki. An kafa shi kusan a shekara ta 80 bayan hijira (700 miladiyya), kuma ana ganin cewa an fara zama a cikinsa a karo na ƙarshe a ƙarni na goma bayan hijira (ƙarni na 16 miladiyya).

Wāsiṭ an agricultural town and administrative center located on the Tigris River in central Iraq. It was founded around 80/700 and seems to have last been inhabited in the tenth/sixteenth century.

al-Wāthiq (ya yi mulki 227–232 AH/842–847 CE) shi ne halifa na tara na Daular Abbasiyya.

al-Wāthiq (r. 227–32/842–47) ninth Abbasid caliph.

Witr sallah ce ta nafila (ta son rai) amma mai girma sosai, wadda ake yi da daddare, kuma tana da raka'o'i marasa adadi (biyu-biyu).

witr a voluntary but very meritorious prayer consisting of an odd number of cycles (q.v.) performed at night.

Mai ibada (ʿābid): duk Musulmi mai tsoron Allah sosai wanda ba malami ba ne.

worshipper (ʿābid) any especially pious Muslim who was not a scholar.

Yaḥyā ibn Khāqān wani jami'in gwamnati ne a fadar al-Mu'tasim (q.v.).

Yaḥyā ibn Khāqān an official at the court of al-Muʿtaṣim (q.v.).

Yahya ibn Ma'in (d. 233/848) malamin Hadisi ne sananne.

Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn (d. 233/848) famously learned Hadith scholar.

Yazīd ibn Hārūn (d. 206/821), malamin hadisi mai ibada wanda ya ruwaito wa Ibn Ḥanbal; an ce ya yi ƙoƙarin hana al-Ma’mūn (q.v.) shelanta cewa Alkur’ani halitta ne.

Yazīd ibn Hārūn (d. 206/821) pious Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal; reportedly tried to dissuade al-Maʾmūn (q.v.) from declaring that the Qurʾan is created.

’Yar Zaynab Ibn Ḥanbal.

Zaynab Ibn Ḥanbal’s daughter.

Zuhayr ibn Ṣāliḥ (ya rasu 303 AH / 915–16 AD), jikan Ibn Ḥanbal kuma mai ruwaya wasu daga cikin hadisan sa.

Zuhayr ibn Ṣāliḥ (d. 303/915–16) Ibn Ḥanbal’s grandson and transmitter of some of his reports.