Nampaknya Britain tidak menyeru persidangan keamanan terakhir sehinggalah dia telah menyelesaikan semua helahnya dan mencapai keputusan yang dia kehendaki. Dengan meneliti semua tindakan yang dilakukan di Turki sahaja sejak diadakannya gencatan senjata Mondros sehingga persidangan pertama Lausanne, nampaknya British telah memainkan peranan paling kotor dengan kebijaksanaan yang paling licik untuk memusnahkan Khilafah. Jeneral British Harrington ialah Panglima Tertinggi tentera Berikat yang menduduki tanah Turki, dan dia mempunyai kawalan penuh ke atas Istanbul dan semua tanah Turki.

It seems that Britain did not call for the final peace conference until she had finished all her manoeuvres and achieved the results that she had wanted. By reviewing all the actions undertaken in Turkey alone since the holding of the Mondros truce, up until the first conference of Lausanne, it appears that the British had played with utmost shrewdness the dirtiest of roles in order to destroy the Khilafah. The British General Harrington was the Commander in Chief of the Allied armies occupying the Turkish lands and he was in total control of Istanbul and all the Turkish lands.

Turki pada ketika itu sudah terpisah dari negeri-negeri Islam yang lain. Oleh itu, peluang untuk melaksanakan apa yang selama ini mereka pendam menjadi semakin terbuka. Usaha mereka tertumpu pada menghancurkan Khilafah dan memisahkan sekutu-sekutu, iaitu Perancis, Itali dan Greece, daripada Turki.

Turkey by then had already been severed from the rest of the Islamic lands. Hence, the prospect of undertaking what they had been harbouring had become favourable. Their activities were focused on destroying the Khilafah and alienating the allies - France, Italy and Greece, from Turkey.

Maka mereka pun mula melaksanakan manuver-manuver mereka sambil menyedari bahawa dua tugas ini, iaitu memusnahkan Khilafah dan memencilkan sekutu-sekutunya, bukanlah perjalanan yang mudah.

So they proceeded to initiate their manoeuvres while realising that these two tasks, of destroying the Khilafah and alienating the allies was not going to be an easy ride.

Oleh itu, mereka meneruskan dengan niat jahat dan kelicikan yang paling melampau. Proses mengasingkan sekutu-sekutu telah diambil alih oleh kerajaan British melalui pelbagai gaya politik dan diplomatik, manuver antarabangsa dan ketenteraan, serta dengan mencetuskan peperangan dalam negeri, yang turut digunakannya sebagai salah satu cara untuk memusnahkan Khilafah. Adapun proses memusnahkan Khilafah, ia dilaksanakan oleh kerajaan British melalui tindakan langsung di dalam Turki sendiri, dengan dua orang jeneral British, Harrington dan Wilson, digunakan untuk melaksanakannya, selain gaya politik dan manuver antarabangsa tersebut. Mustafa Kemal ialah lelaki yang membantu dalam peranan yang mengerikan ini, dan sekiranya bukan kerana dirinya, komplot mereka pasti akan gagal.

Therefore, they proceeded with the utmost malice and shrewdness. The process of secluding the allies was assumed by the British government through various political and diplomatic styles, international and military manoeuvring and through flaring up a domestic war, which she also used as one of the means to destroy the Khilafah. As for the process of destroying the Khilafah, this was carried out by the British government through direct actions inside Turkey itself , with the two British Generals, Harrington and Wilson being used to execute it, in addition to these political styles and international manoeuvres. Mustafa Kemal was the man who aided in this horrific role, and had it not been for him their conspiracies would have been doomed to failure.

Nampaknya terdapat juga beberapa lelaki Inggeris lain yang kurang terkenal, yang melakukan pelbagai tindakan secara langsung di dalam wilayah Turki sendiri. Didapati bahawa Kapten H.S. Armstrong, walaupun seorang pegawai yang tidak dikenali dan berpangkat rendah, tetap menjalankan tindakan-tindakan tertentu pada masa itu. Sejurus sebelum Perang Dunia Pertama, beliau ialah Atase Tentera British di Istanbul, dan semasa perang, beliau ditawan bersama-sama seluruh divisyen tentera keenam. Semasa dalam tahanan, beliau memohon untuk bertemu dengan Anwar Pasha. Permintaannya amat mengejutkan, kerana Anwar Pasha ketika itu ialah Menteri Peperangan dan seluruh negara berada di bawah kawalannya. Bagi seorang tawanan British untuk memohon bertemu dengannya adalah sesuatu yang luar biasa. Namun begitu, Anwar menemui beliau dan satu perbualan panjang berlangsung antara mereka, yang berakhir dengan Anwar mengarahkan supaya beliau dikurung bersendirian sebagai hukuman.

It appears also that there were other little renowned men from among the British who performed a host of direct actions inside the Turkish territories themselves. It seems that Captain H.S. Armstrong, although he was an unknown and low ranking officer, was nevertheless undertaking certain actions at the time. Just before the First World War, he was the British Military Attaché in Istanbul, and during the war, he was taken prisoner along with the whole of the sixth army division. During his imprisonment, he requested a meeting with Anwar Pasha. His request was astonishing, for Anwar Pasha was at the time the War Minister and the whole country was under his control. For a British prisoner to request a meeting with him was extraordinary. Nonethless Anwar met him and a long conversation took place between them, which ended with Anwar ordering that he should be placed in solitary confinement as a punishment.

Tidak pernah diketahui apa yang menyebabkan Anwar marah kepada tawanan ini; namun, dikatakan bahawa dia cuba memulakan perang saraf terhadap Anwar dan bahawa dia menghina beliau atau negara, lalu membawa kepada hukumannya. Namun, nampaknya tawanan ini sebenarnya berhubung dengan sebahagian pegawai tentera, kerana sebelum tamatnya perang dia melarikan diri dari penjara dan kembali kepada tentera British. Tidak pernah diketahui siapa yang membantu dia melarikan diri. Sejurus sahaja perang berakhir, kerajaan British menghantarnya semula ke Istanbul dan pihak berkuasa penjajah British memberikannya pelbagai tugas rasmi. Dia kekal di sana selama beberapa tahun, dan sepanjang masa itu dia berhubung secara langsung dengan orang Turki secara umum dan dengan Mustafa Kemal khususnya, serta menyaksikan semua langkah yang diambil untuk menghapuskan Khilafah. Oleh itu, sangat mungkin dia termasuk dalam kalangan mereka yang berpakat dengan Mustafa Kemal dalam usahanya memusnahkan Khilafah.

It never became known what caused Anwar to become angry with this prisoner; however, it is said that he attempted to initiate a war of nerves against Anwar and that he insulted him or the state, thus leading to his punishment. However, it seems that this prisoner was in fact in contact with some of the army officers, for before the end of the war he escaped from prison and returned to the British forces. It never became known who helped him escape. No sooner had the war ended than the British government dispatched him back to Istanbul and the British occupying authorities delegated to him a host of official duties. He remained there for several years, during which time he was in direct contact with the Turks in general and with Mustafa Kemal in particular, and he witnessed all the moves undertaken to remove the Khilafah. Hence, it is very likely that he was from among those who colluded with Mustafa Kemal in his endeavour to destroy the Khilafah.

Namun, peranan utama diserahkan kepada Harrington, kerana beliau adalah Panglima Tertinggi dan beliau memegang kawalan penuh ke atas segala urusan. Nampaknya ketika Mustafa Kemal memainkan peranannya, hubungan utamanya ialah dengan Harrington. Pihak British menganggap Harrington sebagai pihak berkuasa tertinggi di Turki, dan terdapat banyak kenyataan rasmi yang menonjolkan peranannya di Turki.

However, the principal role was assigned to Harrington, for he was the Commander in Chief and he was in total control of all affairs. It seems that when Mustafa Kemal was playing his role, his main contact was with Harrington. The British considered Harrington as the supreme authority in Turkey and there exists a host of official statements highlighting his role in Turkey.

Pada 25 Februari 1924, Leftenan-Kolonel Dalemass berucap kepada Dewan Rakyat dengan menyatakan: Reputasi Britain di timur adalah kacau-bilau. Beliau kemudian menambah: Britain tidak seharusnya campur tangan dalam isu Armenia, dan merujuk kepada banyak surat yang sampai kepadanya daripada orang Armenia yang menyatakan bahawa mereka mahu hidup bersama orang Turki dengan aman.

On 25th February 1924, Lieutenant-Colonel Dalemass addressed the Commons by saying: “Britain’s reputation in the east is muddled.” He then added: “Britain should not interfere in the Armenian issue”, and referred to many letters reaching him from the Armenians stating that they wished to live with the Turks in peace.

Atas perkara ini Charles Bate menjawab: Perasaan orang Turki terhadap kami sangat mesra dan tindakan kami di sana amat berjaya. Dia membuat jawapannya berdasarkan maklumat yang sampai kepadanya daripada Sir Charles Harrington, tetapi dia tidak mendedahkan sifat maklumat ini. Pada 24 Mac 1940, dua hari selepas kematian Harrington, akhbar The Times menulis sebuah artikel yang menyebut perkara berikut: Berikutan kekalahan Greek oleh Turki pada tahun 1921, Panglima Tertinggi pasukan bersekutu Sir Harrington diberi kuasa yang luas untuk bekerjasama dengan Mustafa Kemal. Namun, sifat kerjasama ini tidak disebut. Akhbar itu menambah: Kecenderungan Harrington terhadap politik menyembunyikan ketegasan dan tekadnya untuk mencapai cita-citanya, dan dia layak untuk itu. Dengan kuasa yang luas untuk bekerjasama dengan Mustafa Kemal ini, fasa akhir untuk menyelesaikan isu tersebut dan memberikan pukulan maut kepada Khilafah telah bermula. Selepas gencatan senjata pada Julai 1922, pengunduran orang Greek, dan selepas pengunduran Perancis dan Itali, negara itu dibebaskan daripada semua garnisun asing, kecuali garnisun British. Oleh itu Harrington menjadi satu-satunya pelaksana, dan kekuatan Mustafa Kemal dengan pengaruh dan populariti beliau di seluruh negara telah mencapai kemuncaknya. Sementara itu, kerajaan Istanbul hanyalah kerajaan nominal yang tidak mempunyai kata dalam apa jua perkara, kerana kuasa penuh berada di tangan kerajaan Ankara, sama ada yang berkaitan urusan dalam negeri seperti pelaksanaan undang-undang, mengawal angkatan tentera dan menyelia segala urusan negara, mahupun yang berkaitan urusan luar negeri seperti hubungan dengan negara lain dan penandatanganan perjanjian.

Upon this Charles Bate replied: “The feeling of the Turks towards us is very friendly and our actions there are very successful.” He was basing his answers on the information that had reached him from Sir Charles Harrington, but he did not disclose the nature of this information. On 24th March 1940, two days after the death of Harrington, the Times newspaper wrote an article in which it mentioned the following: “In the wake of the Greeks’ defeat by the Turks in 1921, the allied forces Commander in Chief Sir Harrington was given wide powers to cooperate with Mustafa Kemal.” However, the nature of this cooperation was not mentioned. The paper added: “Harrington’s flirtation with politics concealed his resoluteness and determination to achieve his ambitions, and he was worthy of this.” With these wide powers to cooperate with Mustafa Kemal, the final phase to settle the issue and deal the Khilafah the fatal blow had started. After the holding of the truce in July 1922, the evacuation of the Greeks and after the evacuation of the French and the Italians, the country was rid of all the foreign garrisons, apart from the British garrison. Accordingly Harrington became the sole operator, and the force of Mustafa Kemal with his influence and popularity throughout the whole country had reached their peak. Meanwhile, the Istanbul government was a nominal government that had no say in matters whatsoever, for the full authority was in the hands of the Ankara government, whether pertaining domestic matters such as the execution of laws, controlling the armed forces and supervising all the state’s affairs, or pertaining foreign matters such as relations with other states and signing of treaties.

Sementara itu, Sultan berada di dalam istananya dalam keadaan penuh kesedihan yang mendalam, tanpa mendapati sesiapa yang sudi mendengar keluh-kesahnya. Pihak British biasa menunjukkan simpati kepadanya dan mengasihaninya. Malah, mereka biasa memberinya wang dari semasa ke semasa, setelah perbendaharaan kosong dan dia kehabisan dana. Maka dia menerima wang daripada mereka sebagai hadiah, iaitu sebagai sedekah daripada mereka. Dalam keadaan status quo di Turki inilah, negara-negara bersekutu iaitu Britain, Perancis dan Itali menghantar jemputan kepada kerajaan Ankara dan satu lagi jemputan kepada kerajaan Sultan di Istanbul untuk menghadiri persidangan Lausanne bagi menandatangani perjanjian damai. Ini berlaku pada 17 Oktober 1922. Jemputan kepada kedua-dua kerajaan dalam negara ini disambut dengan kemarahan oleh Dewan Negara, lalu percubaan langsung untuk memansuhkan Khilafah telah bermula dan perjuangan mengenainya juga telah bermula.

The Sultan meanwhile was in his palace experiencing a great deal of anguish, without finding anyone to listen to him. The British used to display sympathy towards him and pity him. Indeed, they used to give him money from time to time, after the treasury became empty and he had run out of funds. So he used to receive money from them as a gift, i.e. as a charity from them. It was amidst this status quo in Turkey, that the allied states Britain, France and Italy sent an invitation to the Ankara government and another invitation to the Sultan’s government in Istanbul to attend the Lausanne conference in order to sign the peace treaty. This was on 17th October 1922. This invitation of the two governments in the country was met with anger by the National Assembly, thus the direct attempt at abolishing the Khilafah had started and the struggle over it had also started.

Majlis Negara, iaitu perhimpunan Mustafa Kemal, tidak berpuas hati dengan permainan ini, iaitu jemputan dua kerajaan Turki untuk menghadiri persidangan damai; Majlis Negara mahu menamatkan keadaan ini dan membebaskan negara daripada pemerintahan dua hala. Majlis Negara mahu menyelesaikan perkara ini, dan sebahagian daripada wakil rakyat mencadangkan supaya kerajaan Istanbul meletakkan jawatan dan ditubuhkan sebuah kerajaan baharu yang diketuai oleh Mustafa Kemal seumur hidup.

The National Assembly, i.e. the assembly of Mustafa Kemal - was unhappy about these games, that is the invitation of two Turkish governments to attend the peace conference; the National Assembly wanted to put an end to this situation and rid the country from its dual rule. The National Assembly wanted to settle the score, and some of the deputies suggested the resignation of the Istanbul government and the establishment of a new government headed by Mustafa Kemal for life.

Manakala Dewan Negara sedang membahaskan isu ini, Mustafa Kemal berada di Izmir, namun beliau mengikuti dengan teliti perkembangan berita mengenai perbahasan yang sedang berlangsung.

Whilst the National Assembly was debating this issue Mustafa Kemal was in Izmir, but he was closely following the news of the current debates.

Majlis itu menghubunginya dua kali untuk berbincang dengannya mengenai isu persidangan keamanan yang akan datang, tetapi dia membalas dengan memohon maaf kerana tidak dapat hadir, dengan alasan tugas ketenteraannya menahannya di Izmir. Dengan itu, Rauf dan sejumlah ahli politik menyertainya di Izmir untuk mendapatkan pendapatnya tentang bagaimana kerajaan baharu di Turki sepatutnya dibentuk, kerana tidak terbayangkan wujudnya dua kerajaan: sebuah kerajaan sementara yang memegang kuasa dengan Ankara sebagai pusatnya, dan sebuah kerajaan rasmi yang hanya bersifat nominal di ibu negara, diketuai oleh Sultan dan kabinet menterinya. Mereka mencadangkan kepada Mustafa Kemal supaya kedua-dua kerajaan itu digabungkan menjadi satu kerajaan tunggal, dengan Khalifah menjadi Sultan berperlembagaan dan Mustafa Kemal menjadi Perdana Menteri.

The Assembly contacted him twice to discuss with him the issue of the forthcoming peace conference, but he replied with apologies for not being able to attend claiming that his military duties are holding him in Izmir. Upon this Ra’uf and a host of politicians joined him in Izmir to seek his opinion on how the new government in Turkey should be, for it was inconceivable to have two governments, one being an interim government in authority with Ankara as its centre and the other an official nominal government in the capital, headed by the Sultan and his ministerial cabinet. They suggested to Mustafa Kemal the merger of the two governments into one single government, with the Khalifah becoming a constitutional Sultan and Mustafa Kemal becoming the Prime Minister.

Namun beliau tidak memberi jawapan kepada cadangan ini, dan mereka mula mengesyaki niatnya. Rauf terus mendesaknya dengan beberapa siri soalan, dan akhirnya Mustafa Kemal berjanji untuk menemui beliau di Ankara.

He, however, did not reply to this proposal and they began to suspect his intentions. Ra’uf continued to press him with a series of questions and finally Mustafa Kemal promised to meet him in Ankara.

Oleh itu, Perhimpunan Negara bersidang dan para wakil berbahas mengenai isu tersebut. Para penyokong Mustafa Kemal berkata: Apakah yang telah dilakukan oleh kerajaan ibu kota untuk menyelamatkan Turki? Turki hanya mempunyai satu kerajaan, iaitu kerajaan Ankara, dan majoriti wakil mencadangkan agar kerajaan Istanbul meletak jawatan dan Mustafa Kemal membentuk kerajaan baharu, serta Khalifah dijadikan Sultan perlembagaan. Di tengah-tengah perbahasan yang hangat dan suasana muram yang menyelubungi Perhimpunan itu, Mustafa Kemal naik ke podium dan meminta para wakil memberi perhatian kepadanya. Beliau kemudian mencadangkan pemisahan antara Kesultanan dan Khilafah, dengan itu memansuhkan Kesultanan dan menyingkirkan Wahid-ud-Deen. Ketika itu, bahaya yang dihadapi Khilafah menjadi sangat ketara, dan kekecohan meningkat dengan mendadak. Lantas, Mustafa Kemal, yang disokong oleh lapan orang pengikut peribadinya, menuntut diadakan undian segera; tetapi Perhimpunan merujuk perkara itu kepada jawatankuasa hal ehwal luar untuk dikaji.

Consequently, the National Assembly convened and the deputies debated the issue. Mustafa Kemal’s supporters said: “What did the capital’s government do to salvage Turkey? Turkey has one single government, that is the government of Ankara, and the majority of the deputies suggest that the Istanbul government should resign and that Mustafa Kemal should form the new government, and that the Khaleefah should become a constitutional Sultan.” Amidst such heated debate and the gloomy atmosphere which engulfed the Assembly, Mustafa Kemal took to the podium and requested the deputies to pay attention to him. He then suggested the separation between the Sultanate and the Khilafah, thereby abolishing the Sultanate and removing Wahid-ud-Deen. At this point the danger facing the Khilafah became frightfully apparent and the uproar increased dramatically. Hence, Mustafa Kemal backed by eight of his personal followers demanded the holding of an immediate ballot; but the Assembly referred the matter to the foreign affairs committee in order to study it.

Pada keesokan harinya, jawatankuasa itu berhimpun, terdiri daripada sekumpulan peguam dan ulama. Ia menghabiskan berjam-jam lamanya meneliti isu pemisahan Kesultanan daripada Khilafah, dan para anggotanya merujuk kepada nas-nas dari al-Quran dan Sunnah, di samping ratusan contoh daripada sejarah Khulafa', baik di Baghdad mahupun di Kaherah. Maka, jawatankuasa secara keseluruhannya tidak bersetuju dengan cadangan tersebut dan dengan sebulat suara menolaknya.

On the following day, the committee gathered, being formed of a group of lawyers and scholars. It spent long hours studying the issue of separating the Sultanate from the Khilafah and its members referred to texts from the Qur’an and the Sunnah, in addition to hundreds of examples from the history of the Khulafa’, both in Baghdad and in Cairo. It followed that the committee as a whole was averse to the proposal and it unanimously rejected it.

Mustafa Kemal hadir pada ketika itu; maka apabila beliau mendengar persetujuan umum mereka dan menyedari bahawa keputusan jawatankuasa itu ialah penolakan sebulat suara terhadap cadangan tersebut, beliau dengan marah melompat ke atas sebuah kerusi, mengganggu perbahasan para hadirin, lalu menjerit: "Tuan-tuan! Sultan Uthmaniyyah telah merampas kuasa daripada rakyat dengan kekerasan, dan dengan kekerasan jugalah rakyat bertekad untuk merebutnya kembali daripadanya. Kesultanan mesti dipisahkan daripada Khilafah dan dimansuhkan. Ini akan berlaku sama ada kamu bersetuju atau tidak. Yang perlu hanyalah sebahagian daripada kepala kamu akan bergolek dalam proses ini." Apabila mendengar kata-kata ini, ahli-ahli jawatankuasa menjadi panik dan lutut mereka menggeletar. Apa yang mampu mereka lakukan hanyalah merujuk cadangan itu kepada Dewan Negara.

Mustafa Kemal was present at the time; so when heard of their general consensus and realised that the committee’s decision was a unanimous rejection of the proposal, he angrily leapt up onto a chair, interrupting the debate of the attendees and shouted: “Sirs! The Ottoman Sultan has usurped the authority from the people by force, and it is by force that the people are determined to regain it from him. The Sultanate must be separated from the Khilafah and abolished. This will happen whether you agree to it or not. All there is to it is that some of your heads will roll in the process.” Upon hearing this the committee members became panic stricken and their knees trembled. All they could do was to refer the proposal to the National Assembly.

Dewan Negara kemudian bersidang untuk membahas cadangan tersebut. Majoriti besar mengisytiharkan penolakan mereka terhadap cadangan itu dan menyatakan rasa tidak puas hati terhadapnya, malah terhadap Mustafa Kemal sendiri. Mustafa Kemal menyedari perkara ini, dan apabila prosedur untuk menganjurkan undian terbuka ke atas cadangan itu hendak dimulakan, dia sedar bahawa cadangan itu pasti akan ditolak dan bahawa majoriti besar menentangnya. Oleh itu, dia mengumpulkan penyokong peribadinya di sekelilingnya untuk melindunginya dan menuntut agar undian ke atas cadangan itu diambil hanya sekali, tetapi sebahagian wakil enggan dan mencadangkan agar undian diambil dengan memanggil setiap seorang mengikut nama. Namun, Mustafa Kemal menolak cadangan ini. Penyokongnya jelas bersenjata dan dia menjerit ugutan sambil mereka meletakkan tangan di atas pistol mereka: Saya pasti bahawa Dewan akan menerima cadangan itu dengan persetujuan umum dan memadai untuk mengambil undian hanya dengan mengangkat tangan. Maka cadangan itu dikemukakan untuk diundi dan beberapa tangan diangkat; namun, speaker mengumumkan keputusan undian seperti berikut: Dewan telah mengesahkan cadangan itu dengan persetujuan umum. Maka beberapa wakil melompat ke atas kerusi mereka sambil membantah dan menjerit: Ini tidak benar, kami tidak bersetuju dengan perkara ini. Lalu penyokong Mustafa Kemal menjerit balas: Duduk! Diam. Kemudian kekecohan meletus dan huru-hara semakin memuncak, dan sidang itu ditamatkan dengan bising.

The National Assembly then convened to debate the proposal. The overwhelming majority declared their rejection of the proposal and expressed their resentment towards it and even towards Mustafa Kemal himself. Mustafa Kemal sensed this and when the procedures to organise an open ballot on the proposal were about to start, he realised that it was inevitably going to be rejected and that the overwhelming majority was against it. Hence, he gathered his private supporters around him to protect him and demanded that a vote on the proposal should be taken only once, but some deputies refused and suggested taking the vote by calling each one by name. However, Mustafa Kemal refused this. His supporters were clearly armed and he shouted threats while they rested their hands on their pistols: “I am sure that the Assembly would accept the proposal with a general consensus and it will be sufficient to take a vote just by raising hands. Upon this the proposal was put forward to be voted on and few hands were raised; however, the speaker announced the result of the ballot as follows: “The Assembly has endorsed the proposal by a general consensus.” Upon this a number of deputies jumped on to their seats protesting and shouting: “This is not true, we did not agree to this.” So the supporters of Mustafa Kemal shouted back: “Sit down! Shut up.” Then chaos broke out and the uproar intensified, and the session was noisily wound up.

Pada awal November 1922, Mustafa Kemal meninggalkan bangunan Majlis Nasional dengan dikelilingi para penyokongnya. Ini berlaku 14 hari selepas jemputan untuk menghadiri persidangan Lausanne tiba.

In the beginning of November 1922, Mustafa Kemal left the building of the National Assembly surrounded by his supporters. This was 14 days after the invitation to attend the Lausanne conference had arrived.

Lima hari selepas membuat keputusan itu, Rif'at Pasha melancarkan rampasan kuasa tentera secara mengejut di Istanbul, yang dengannya dia merampas tampuk kuasa di ibu kota dengan bantuan tentera dan kekuatan ketenteraan. Ini berlaku betul-betul di depan mata Jeneral Harrington. Oleh itu, dia memansuhkan kerajaan Sultan dengan kekerasan. Sultan berpura-pura tidak tahu apa-apa tentang keadaan ini selama beberapa hari; kemudian dia menghantar kepada Harrington satu pesanan melalui ketua kumpulan muzik di Istana Sultan. Pesanan itu secara lisan, dan seorang lelaki menyampaikannya kepada Harrington dengan berkata: Sultan memohon perlindungan Panglima British dan kerajaan British, kerana baginda yakin bahawa nyawanya berada dalam bahaya. Dua hari kemudian, pada 17 November 1922, sebuah ambulans British datang ke Istana Sultan, dan Wahid-ud-Deen menaiki kenderaan itu diikuti oleh anaknya, seorang sida-sida yang membawa sebuah beg kecil, dan seorang kuli yang membawa bagasinya.

Five days after taking this decision, Rif ’at Pasha staged a sudden military coup in Istanbul through which he seized the reins of power in the capital with the help of the army and the military power. This occurred right under the nose of General Harrington. Hence, he abolished the government of the Sultan by force. The Sultan pretended to know nothing about this situation for a few days; then he sent to Harrington a message with the maestro of the musical band at the Sultanic Palace. The message was verbal and a man conveyed it to Harrington by saying: “The Sultan is seeking the protection of the British Commander and the British government, for his majesty is certain that his life is in danger.” Two days later on 17th November 1922, a British ambulance came to the Sultan’s palace and Wahid-ud-Deen climbed on board followed by his son, a eunuch carrying a small suitcase and a porter carrying his baggage.

Kereta itu membawanya ke tempat dia menaiki sebuah kapal wap, yang seterusnya membawanya ke sebuah kapal perang British yang sedang menunggu di pelabuhan. Kapal perang itu membawanya ke Malta.

The car took him to where he boarded a steam boat, which in turn took him to a British warship that was waiting in the port. The warship took him to Malta.

Selepas pemergian Wahid-ud-Deen, sepupunya Amir Abdul-Majid ibn Abdul-Aziz dilantik sebagai Khaleefah kaum Muslimin selepas persetujuan Majlis Negara Besar mengenai perkara ini telah diminta. Oleh itu, ramai orang dari kalangan penyokong Khilafah bergegas kepadanya untuk mengangkat sumpah setia mereka. Beliau juga dikunjungi oleh Rauf Beik dan Doktor Adnan Beik, serta Ali Fuad dan Kathim Qara Bakir, dan mereka secara terbuka mengisytiharkan kesetiaan mereka kepadanya bagi memaklumkan kepada dunia bahawa mereka masih setia kepada Khaleefah dan bahawa Khilafah masih wujud. Mustafa Kemal berpuas hati dengan pemisahan Kesultanan daripada Khilafah lalu beliau mengambil alih tampuk kuasa, meninggalkan Khaleefah tanpa sebarang kuasa. Kemudian beliau mula membuat persediaan untuk persidangan damai.

In the wake of Wahid-ud-Deen’s departure, his cousin the Amir Abdul- Majid ibn Abdul-Aziz was appointed as Khaleefah of the Muslims after the consent of the Greater National Assembly on this matter had been sought. Hence, many men from among the supporters of the Khilafah rushed to him to pledge their support for him. He was also visited by Rauf Beik and Doctor Adnan Beik, as well as Ali Fuad and Kathim Qara Bakir and they openly declared their allegiance to him in order to let the world know that they were still loyal to the Khaleefah and that the Khilafah still existed. Mustafa Kemal was contented with the separation of the Sultanate from the Khilafah and he took over the reins of power, leaving the Khaleefah stripped of all authority. He then started to prepare for the peace conference.

Pada 20 November 1922, persidangan Lausanne telah dirasmikan. Ia dihadiri bagi pihak Negara Uthmaniyyah hanya oleh satu delegasi kerajaan Ankara, yang bertindak sebagai wakil Negara Uthmaniyyah yang telah dikalahkan dalam Perang Dunia. Persidangan itu juga dihadiri oleh Curzon, Setiausaha Hal Ehwal Luar British, sebagai ketua delegasi British, kerana kerajaan Lloyd George telah meletakkan jawatan pada 19 Oktober 1922. Persidangan itu mula bersidang, dan semasa berlangsungnya, ketua delegasi British, Curzon, mensyaratkan empat syarat sebelum mengiktiraf kemerdekaan Turki. Syarat-syarat tersebut ialah: pemansuhan Khilafah sepenuhnya, pengusiran Khalifah melepasi sempadan, perampasan hartanya, dan pengisytiharan sekularisasi negara. Kejayaan persidangan itu bergantung kepada pemenuhan empat syarat ini.

On 20th November 1922, the Lausanne conference was inaugurated. It was attended on behalf of the Ottoman State by a delegation of the Ankara government only, who acted as the representative of the Ottoman State that was defeated in the World War. It was also attended by Curzon the British Foreign Secretary, as head of the British delegation, for the government of Lloyd George had resigned on 19th October 1922. The conference started its sessions and during it, the head of the British delegation Curzon, stipulated four conditions prior to recognising the independence of Turkey. These conditions were: the total abolishment of the Khilafah, the expulsion of the Khalifah beyond the borders, the confiscation of his assets and declaration of the state’s secularisation. The success of the conference rested on the fulfilment of these four conditions.

Walau bagaimanapun, ia telah ditamatkan pada 4 Februari 1923 tanpa membuahkan sebarang hasil, dan ia diisytiharkan sebagai kegagalan.

However, it was wound up on 4th February 1923 without yielding any result and it was declared a failure.

Ismat kembali ke Turki dan Mustafa Kemal bergegas menemuinya di Eskisehir, di mana beliau mempelajari daripadanya segala perkara yang telah dibangkitkan dalam persidangan itu; kemudian beliau pulang bersamanya ke Ankara.

Ismat returned to Turkey and Mustafa Kemal rushed to meet him in Eskisehir where he learnt from him all the matters which had been raised at the conference; then he returned with him to Ankara.

Ketika tiba di stesen Ankara, pasangan itu terkejut kerana Rauf, Perdana Menteri, dan timbalan-timbalan bandar tersebut gagal hadir untuk menyambut mereka. Mustafa Kemal sangat marah dengan perkara ini lalu memanggil Rauf dan menuntut agar dia menjelaskan tingkah lakunya. Rauf membalas dengan menyatakan bantahannya terhadap penghantaran Ismet ke persidangan tanpa berunding dengan kerajaan, dan terhadap tindakan Mustafa Kemal yang tergesa-gesa menemui Ismet di Eskisehir, juga tanpa berunding dengan kerajaan, sambil menegaskan bahawa ini merupakan tindakan yang bertentangan dengan perlembagaan; kemudian, selepas bantahan itu, dia menyerahkan peletakan jawatannya daripada jawatan Perdana Menteri.