Tiada seorang pun yang berada dalam kedudukan untuk mempengaruhi Negara Uthmaniyyah dan memaksanya menarik diri dari peperangan atau mengadakan perdamaian berasingan dengannya, selain daripada pegawai-pegawai tentera yang berpengaruh. Adapun yang lain, mereka tidak berada dalam kedudukan untuk melakukan apa-apa. Adapun pengkhianat-pengkhianat dari kalangan orang Arab yang bekerjasama dengan British dan Perancis, mereka tidak mencapai taraf ahli-ahli politik, dan tuan-tuan mereka - British dan Perancis - tidak mengharapkan mereka mempengaruhi Negara. Tugas mereka ialah bertindak sebagai pengintip terhadap Negara dan melakukan sabotaj terhadapnya. Malah pengkhianat utama, Al-Sharif Hussein bin Ali, terlalu lemah untuk mempunyai sebarang pengaruh ke atas Negara.

No person was in a position to influence the Ottoman State and make her withdraw from the war or hold a separate peace with her apart from the influential army officers. As for the others, they were not in a position to do anything. As for those traitors from among the Arabs who collaborated with the British and the French, they did not rise to the level of the politicians, nor did their masters - the British and the French, expect them to influence the State. Their task was to act as spies against the State and to carry out acts of sabotage against her. Even the chief traitor, Al- Sharif Hussein ibn Ali, was too weak to have any influence over the State.

Apa yang diingini British hanyalah menggunakannya dalam tindakan sabotaj terhadap tentera Islam, tentera Uthmaniyyah, dan dalam membentuk pendapat umum untuk mereka di kalangan angkatan tentera, bimbang orang Islam menyimpan perasaan permusuhan terhadap mereka dan mengisytiharkan ke atas mereka Jihad yang diperintahkan oleh Syariah, memandangkan mereka adalah kafir. Oleh itu, orang Arab bukanlah tumpuan perhatian Sekutu semasa perang dalam usaha mereka untuk memaksa Negara Uthmaniyyah menarik diri daripada perang; mereka sebaliknya menumpukan perhatian mereka kepada para pegawai Turki.

All that the British wanted, was to use him in acts of sabotage against the Islamic army, the Ottoman army, and in generating a public opinion for them amongst the armed forces, lest the Muslims held feelings of animosity against them and declared on them the Jihad which Shariah commanded, considering that they were Kuffar. Therefore, the Arabs were not the Allies focus of attention during the war in their attempt at making the Ottoman State withdraw from the war, they rather concentrated their attention on the Turkish officers.

Dalam kalangan orang Turki, terdapat dua pegawai tentera yang terkenal kerana dua perkara. Pertama, kebencian mereka terhadap Jerman dan penentangan mereka terhadap penglibatan Negara Uthmaniyyah dalam perang sebagai sekutu Jerman. Kedua, cita-cita mereka untuk merampas kuasa dan usaha mereka untuk mencapai matlamat itu. Kedua-dua pegawai tersebut ialah Jamal Pasha dan Mustafa Kemal. Adapun Mustafa Kemal, beliau ialah seorang pegawai muda yang tidak mempunyai sebarang nilai, walaupun beliau bijak, bercita-cita tinggi dan aktif menentang Negara. Manakala Jamal Pasha berada dalam kedudukan yang berpengaruh, terutamanya kerana seluruh Negara Uthmaniyyah ditadbir oleh tiga orang: Talat, Perdana Menteri, Anwar, Menteri Perang, dan Jamal Pasha sendiri, komandan divisyen keempat dan gabenor Syria. Oleh itu, pihak Berikat cuba memikat Jamal Pasha.

From amongst the Turks two officers were known for: Firstly, their hatred for the Germans and their opposition to the Ottoman States entry into the war as an ally to Germany. Secondly, their ambition to seize power and their endeavour to reach that goal. These two officers were Jamal Pasha and Mustafa Kemal. As for Mustafa Kemal, he was a junior officer with no value whatsoever, although he was clever, ambitious and active against the State. Whereas Jamal Pasha was in a position to be influential, especially because of the fact that the whole of the Ottoman State was governed by three men : Tal’at, the Prime Minister, Anwar, the war minister and Jamal Pasha himself, the commander of the fourth division and governor of Syria. Hence, the Allies attempted to entice Jamal Pasha.

Semasa kempen Dardanelles (Kempen Gallipoli) dan selepas kegagalannya, Berikat cuba menghubungi Jamal Pasha supaya beliau memberontak terhadap Negara Uthmaniyyah. Ini kerana British telah menyerang Istanbul dan menawan Gallipoli pada 25 April 1915; namun tentera Uthmaniyyah telah menentang mereka dan menghentikan kemaraan mereka. Justeru mereka tidak dapat maju walau selangkah, dan mereka menanggung kerugian besar sehingga panglima pasukan Berikat, Jeneral Hamilton, terpaksa menghantar telegram pada 16 Ogos kepada Lord Kitchener, setiausaha perang British, memohon bala bantuan dan peluru. Tambahan pula, pada 14 Oktober, kerajaan British memecat panglima kempen Dardanelles, Jeneral Hamilton, dan menggantikannya dengan Jeneral Charles Monro yang diarahkan untuk menyiasat kempen Dardanelles. Pada 28 Oktober, Monro tiba di Dardanelles dan bersama staf am, beliau meneliti keadaan pasukan Berikat di sepanjang pantai Dardanelles dan sekitar parit-parit British. Kemudian beliau menulis kepada kabinet perang dengan mengesyorkan pemindahan keluar. Namun setiausaha perang Lord Kitchener menjadi gelisah dengan telegram Monro, lalu memutuskan untuk pergi ke Dardanelles sendiri.

During the Dardanelles campaign (Gallipoli Campaign) and in the wake of its failure, the Allies attempted to contact Jamal Pasha in order for him to revolt against the Ottoman State. This was due to the fact that the British had attacked Istanbul and seized Gallipoli on 25th April 1915; however the Ottoman army had confronted them and halted their progress. Thus they could not advance a single step and they suffered heavy losses to the point that the commander of the allied forces, General Hamilton, was forced to send on 16th August a telegram to Lord Kitchener, the British war secretary, seeking reinforcements and ammunition. Furthermore, on 14th October, the British government dismissed the commander of the Dardanelles campaign, General Hamilton and replaced him with General Charles Monro who was ordered to investigate the Dardanelles campaign. On 28th October, Monro arrived in the Dardanelles and together with the general staff, he studied the situation of the allied forces along the Dardanelles coastline and around the British trenches. He then wrote to the war cabinet recommending evacuation. However the war secretary Lord Kitchener, was disquietened by Monro’s telegram and decided to travel to the Dardanelles himself.

Beliau tiba di sana pada 9 November dan memeriksa kedudukan tentera di sepanjang pantai serta di sekitar parit-parit British dan Perancis. Beliau sampai kepada kesimpulan bahawa pasukan Berikat dapat mempertahankan kedudukan mereka kecuali jika Turki berjaya memperoleh meriam dan peluru dari Jerman, kerana hal itu akan menjadikan kedudukan pasukan Berikat sangat genting. Kemudian pada 1 Disember, pasukan Berikat tiba-tiba mengosongkan kedudukan mereka. Dalam tempoh genting dan kekeliruan inilah, ketika mereka kelam-kabut akibat kempen Dardanelles, Berikat cuba menghubungi Jamal Pasha dan berunding dengannya untuk memberontak terhadap Kerajaan Uthmaniyyah. Nampaknya rundingan ini benar-benar berlaku dan Jamal Pasha bersetuju secara prinsip serta menggariskan syarat-syaratnya. Ini kerana pada 26 November 1915, kementerian luar Rusia menghantar kepada dua kedutaannya di Paris dan Rom telegram No 6391; untuk memetik daripada telegram itu: Berita yang sampai kepada kami daripada kalangan Armenia di Istanbul memaklumkan bahawa Jamal Pasha bersedia melakukan tindakan bermusuhan terhadap kerajaan Istanbul sekiranya syarat-syarat berikut dipenuhi:

He arrived there on 9th November and inspected the military positions along the coastline and around the British and French trenches. He came to the conclusion that the allied forces could maintain their positions unless the Turks managed to acquire canons and ammunition from Germany, for this would render the allied forces’ position very critical. Then on 1st December, the allied forces suddenly evacuated their positions. It was during this critical period and time of confusion in which they were muddled due to the Dardanelles campaign, that the Allies attempted to contact Jamal Pasha and negotiate with him to rebel against the Ottoman State. It seems that these negotiations did effectively take place and Jamal Pasha agreed in principle and laid down his conditions. For on 26th November 1915, the Russian foreign ministry sent to its two embassies in Paris and Rome telegram No 6391; to quote from the telegram : “The news reaching us from the Armenian circles in Istanbul inform us that Jamal Pasha is willing to undertake a hostile move against the government of Istanbul if the following conditions were met :

1- Bahawa negara-negara bersekutu mengakui kedaulatan Negara Uthmaniyyah, yang diketuai oleh Sultan, ke atas negeri-negeri Syria, Palestin, Iraq, Arabstan, Kilikia, Armenia dan Kurdistan.

1- That the allied states recognise the sovereignty of the Ottoman State, headed by the Sultan, over the states of Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Arabstan, Kilikia, Armenia and Kurdistan.

2- Bahawa Kesultanan itu dipegang oleh Ahmed Jamal Pasha, dan bahawa anak-anak lelaki serta cucu-cucunya akan memegang Kesultanan selepas dia.

2- That the Sultanate is assumed by Ahmed Jamal Pasha and that his sons and grand-sons would assume the Sultanate after him.

3- Bahawa Ahmed Jamal Pasha akan berusaha mengisytiharkan bahawa Sultan yang sedang memerintah dan kerajaannya adalah tawanan di tangan Jerman, serta mengisytiharkan perang ke atas mereka.

3- That Ahmed Jamal Pasha would undertake to proclaim that the present Sultan and his government are prisoners in the hands of the Germans, and to declare war on them.

4- Bahawa sekiranya Jamal Pasha mengisytiharkan pemberontakannya dan bergerak untuk memerangi kerajaan, pihak Berikat akan berjanji untuk membekalkan tenteranya dengan senjata, makanan dan peralatan ketenteraan yang diperlukan.

4- That in the event of Jamal Pasha declaring his rebellion and his march to fight the government, the Allies would undertake to supply his army with the necessary weapons, food and military equipment.

5- Bahawa negara-negara berikat akan menawarkan bantuan kewangan yang diperlukan kepada Jamal Pasha sehingga berakhirnya perang.

5- That the allied states would offer Jamal Pasha the necessary financial aid till the end of the war.

6- Bahawa Jamal Pasha bersetuju untuk menyerahkan Selat dan Istanbul kepada Pihak Berikat.

6- That Jamal Pasha accepts to surrender the straits and Istanbul to the Allies.

7- Bahawa Jamal Pasha berjanji untuk menjamin laluan bebas bagi membantu orang Armenia. Inilah senarai syarat yang disebut dalam telegram itu, dan nampaknya Rusia telah berunding dengan British dan Perancis; manakala Rusia telah menerima syarat-syarat Jamal Pasha, British dan Perancis tidak menerimanya.

7- That Jamal Pasha undertakes to secure a free route to help the Armenians.” This was the list of conditions mentioned in the telegram and it seems that Russia had negotiated with the British and the French, and while Russia had accepted Jamal Pasha’s terms the British and French did not.

Pada 12 Disember 1915, Canselor Kedua dalam kementerian luar Rusia menghantar telegram 6130 kepada duta Rusia di Bucharest; dipetik daripada telegram itu: Adalah mungkin untuk memberi Jamal Pasha jaminan mengenai apa yang beliau cadangkan dan, jika perlu, kita berada dalam kedudukan untuk memperoleh daripada Pihak Berikat janji untuk memberinya apa yang dia mahu. Namun, nampaknya Pihak Berikat menolak perkara ini. Pada 27 Disember 1915, duta Rusia di Paris menghantar telegram kepada kerajaannya yang di dalamnya beliau menulis: Kami telah menerima telegram anda No. 6391, salinannya telah disampaikan kepada Monsieur Brian yang menunjukkan minat yang besar terhadap kandungannya dan beliau menyatakan bahawa beliau akan membentangkannya di hadapan kabinet esok, sebelum terlambat. Beliau juga berkata kepada saya pada kesempatan ini bahawa walaupun syarat-syarat ini boleh diterima oleh kami, namun ia tidak selari dengan cita-cita British dan mereka akan menolaknya. Kemudian Perancis menarik balik penerimaan syarat-syarat tersebut. Pada 29 Disember 1915 duta itu menghantar telegram sebagai lampiran kepada telegram pertamanya. Dipetik daripada telegram itu: Apa yang saya perolehi ialah menteri-menteri Perancis menentang keras perjanjian ini sehingga mereka tidak segan silu menyatakan bantahan mereka. Beliau menambah: Yang pasti ialah Perancis menghargai sebahagian daripada cadangan anda dan mereka sedar akan kepentingan untuk mencetuskan pemberontakan dalam Kesultanan Uthmaniyyah.

On 12th December 1915, the Second Chancellor in the Russian foreign ministry sent telegram 6130 to the Russian ambassador to Bucharest; to quote from the telegram : “It is possible to give Jamal Pasha an undertaking about what he proposes and if necessary, we are in a position to secure from the Allies promises to give him what he wants.” However, it seems that the Allies rejected this. On 27th December 1915, the Russian ambassador to Paris sent a telegram to his government in which he wrote : “We are in receipt of your telegram No 6391, a copy of which was passed on to Monsieur Brian who expressed a great deal of interest in its contents and he declared that he would present them before the cabinet tomorrow, before it is too late. He also said to me on this occasion that although these conditions are acceptable to us, they however do not agree with the British ambitions and they would reject them.” Then the French retracted from accepting the conditions. On 29th December 1915 the ambassador sent a telegram appendant to his first telegram. To quote from the telegram : “What I learnt is that the French ministers resisted strongly this agreement to the point that they did not shrink from expressing their objection.” He added : “What is certain is that the French do appreciate some of your proposals and they are aware of the importance to instigate a revolt within the Ottoman Sultanate.

Mereka bahkan percaya bahawa pemberontakan ini akan sangat berguna bagi mereka dalam perang dunia. Namun, mereka melihat cadangan-cadangan yang dikemukakan untuk berunding dengan Jamal Pasha tidak lebih daripada pemenuhan cita-cita kamu untuk merampas Istanbul dan selat-selat itu, tanpa membuat sebarang peruntukan bagi kedaulatan Perancis di Timur. Kemudian, pihak British mengisytiharkan penolakan mereka untuk mengambil bahagian dalam rundingan-rundingan ini.

They even believe that this revolt would be very useful to them in the world war. However, they do see in the proposals put forward to negotiate with Jamal Pasha nothing but a fulfilment of your ambitions to seize Istanbul and the straits, without making any provisions for the French sovereignty over the East.” The British later declared their rejection to take part in these negotiations.

Pada 27 Januari 1916, duta besar Rusia di London menghantar telegram kepada menteri luar Rusia di Petersburg, yang di dalamnya beliau menulis: Nicholson memaklumkan kepada saya bahawa setelah meneliti isu ini sekali lagi dan memeriksa dengan teliti segala aspeknya, kerajaan British berpendapat perlu untuk berhenti mengambil bahagian dalam rundingan ini dan melepaskannya untuk selama-lamanya. Ini menunjukkan bahawa idea Berikat untuk memaksa Turki menarik diri daripada perang dan untuk memikat sebahagian pegawai supaya merampas kuasa itu telah berakar umbi.

On 27th January 1916, the Russian ambassador to London sent a telegram to the Russian foreign minister in Petersburg in which he wrote: “Nicholson informed me that having reviewed the issue once again and having closely examined all of its aspects, the British government deem it necessary to desist from taking part in these negotiations and to relinquish them for good.” This indicates that the Allies’ idea to make Turkey withdraw from the war and to entice some of the officers to seize power had its roots.

Mereka, bagaimanapun, mahu memecahbelahkan Negara Uthmaniyyah dan memansuhkan Khilafah. Oleh kerana salah satu syarat Jamal Pasha ialah memelihara perpaduan negeri-negeri Islam, sekurang-kurangnya dalam bentuk persekutuan, dan kerana salah satu syarat beliau yang lain ialah memelihara Khilafah, mereka menolak cadangannya dan enggan berunding dengannya. Adalah wajar sekali bahawa mereka pasti telah mengambil inisiatif-inisiatif lain.

They however wanted to dismember the Ottoman State and abolish the Khilafah. Since one of Jamal Pasha’s conditions was to preserve the unity of the Islamic lands, at least as a federation, and as one of his other conditions was to preserve the Khilafah, they rejected his proposal and refused to negotiate with him. It is only natural that they must have undertaken other initiatives.

Adapun usaha-usaha mereka bersama Syarif Makkah, Hussein bin Ali, ia memang diketahui, tetapi tidak akan mencapai tujuan untuk membuat Negara Uthmaniyyah menarik diri dari peperangan. Tidak syak lagi, mereka pasti telah melakukan beberapa usaha lain bersama sejumlah pegawai Turki. Tiada apa-apa yang menunjukkan bahawa rundingan lain pernah berlaku dengan mana-mana pihak dari kalangan Turki, tetapi British memang mempunyai ejen-ejen mereka di dalam Negara itu, seperti Arif Pasha, Damad Farid dan lain-lain. Sebelum Perang Dunia Pertama, atase tentera British telah sangat aktif dan biasa membuat banyak langkah serta hubungan, kesemuanya dengan kebebasan penuh. Atase tentera ini kembali ke Istanbul selepas gencatan senjata ditandatangani dan dia memainkan peranan besar, bersama panglima pasukan Bersekutu, dalam memansuhkan Khilafah. Oleh itu, sangat mungkin dia telah membuat beberapa hubungan dan mewujudkan pautan, walaupun tiada satu pun daripadanya yang terbongkar.

As for their attempts with the Sharif of Makkah, Hussein ibn Ali, these were known, but they would not have served the purpose of making the Ottoman State withdraw from the war, and undoubtedly, they must have made several other attempts with a host of Turkish officers. There is nothing to indicate that other negotiations did take place with anyone from among the Turks, but the British did have their agents within the State, such as Arif Pasha, Damad Farid and others. Before the First World War, the British military attaché had been very active and used to make many moves and contacts, all with a free hand. This military attaché had returned to Istanbul after the cease-fire was signed and he played a major role, together with the commander of the allied forces, in abolishing the Khilafah. Hence, it is very likely that he had made several contacts and established links, although none of these came to light.

Mustafa Kemal ialah seorang pegawai muda yang kurang dikenali ketika perang meletus, walaupun dia terkenal dengan pemikiran Baratnya dan pemberontakannya terhadap pemikiran Islam, serta kecenderungannya kepada British dan kebenciannya terhadap Jerman. Baru selepas penglibatannya dalam pertempuran Ana Forta namanya menjadi terkenal dan diraikan. Sejak waktu itu, dia memperoleh publisiti yang meluas, namanya menjadi masyhur dan dia menjadi terkenal.

Mustafa Kemal was a little known junior officer when the war broke out, though he was known for his Western thoughts and his rebellion against the Islamic thoughts, and for his inclination towards the British and his hatred for the Germans. It was only after his participation in the battle of Ana Forta that his name became known and celebrated. Since that time, he acquired a wide publicity, his name became celebrated and he became famous.

Pada musim bunga tahun 1915, pada permulaan tahun kedua Perang Dunia, Jerman menghentikan percubaannya untuk merampas wilayah-wilayah Perancis kerana baik Jerman mahupun Perancis tidak dapat mengalahkan antara satu sama lain dan mencapai kemenangan yang menentukan. Sementara itu, Rusia telah menderita kekalahan yang teruk, dan mereka tidak dapat bangkit semula dan meneruskan perjuangan mereka melainkan jika negara-negara Barat bertindak segera dan membekalkan Rusia dengan peluru yang sangat diperlukan secara berterusan. Sekutu-sekutu Barat memuatkan kapal-kapal untuk tujuan ini, tetapi mereka dikepung di Laut Mediterranean dan tidak dapat sampai ke Rusia. Oleh itu, menjadi sangat penting untuk melancarkan serangan ke atas Istanbul dan membuka Selat supaya kapal-kapal dapat masuk dan membekalkan Rusia secara berterusan. Ketika itu, pimpinan tentera Uthmaniyyah berada di tangan Jeneral Jerman, Otto Liman von Sanders. Beliau telah menyerahkan pimpinan satu divisyen kepada Qaim Qam Mustafa Kemal Beik, dan ketika itulah serangan Sekutu berlaku.

In the spring of 1915, at the beginning of the second year of the World War, Germany halted her attempts at seizing the French territories because neither Germany nor France could defeat one another and achieve a decisive victory. The Russians had meanwhile suffered a severe battering, from which they could not rise again and resume their struggle unless the Western states acted swiftly and supplied Russia on a regular basis with much needed ammunition. The Western Allies loaded ships for this purpose but they were besieged in the Mediterranean and could not reach Russia. Hence it became imperative to launch an attack on Istanbul and open the straits in order to allow the ships to enter and supply Russia on a regular basis. The command of the Ottoman army was at the time in the hands of the German General Otto Liman von Sanders. He had assigned the command of one division to the “Qa’im Qam” Mustafa Kemal Beik and it was at that time that the Allies’ offensive took place.