Notas

1 Narrado por Abu Dawud. Referenciei as tradições proféticas pelos seus compiladores. Por exemplo, "Narrado por Bukhari" significa que se encontra no livro de hadiths compilado por Bukhari. Você pode pesquisar os vários hadiths em bases de dados online em inglês e árabe. Observe que as traduções podem variar.

1 Narrated by Abu Dawud. I have referenced the Prophetic traditions by their compilers. For example, “Narrated by Bukhari” means that it is in the hadith book compiled by Bukhari. You can search for the various hadiths using online English and Arabic databases. Please note translations may vary.

2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2

2ª Edição.

nd Edition.

Traduzido com uma Introdução e Notas por T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

Você pode assistir a alguns desses debates em www.hamzatzortzis.com [Acesso em 3 de outubro de 2016].

3 You can watch some of these debates at www.hamzatzortzis.com [Accessed 3rd October 2016].

As tradições proféticas autênticas e verificadas são as palavras, declarações, ações e aprovação tácita do Profeta Muhammad ﷺ.

4 Prophetic traditions are authentic and verified words, statements, actions and consent of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.

6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.

7Ibid, p. 216.

8Ibid, pp. 217-218.

9Ibid, pp. 217-218.

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.

11 Narrado por Muslim.

11 Narrated by Muslim.

12 O Alcorão, Capítulo 52, Versículo 36. Ao longo deste livro usei várias traduções do Alcorão. As traduções que mais utilizei foram a do Professor Abdel Haleem [ver Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 e edição de reimpressão, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press] e a tradução da Sahih International [disponível em: www.quran.com]. 13 "Quem, senão um tolo, abandonaria a religião de Abraão?" O Alcorão, Capítulo 2, Versículo 130.

12 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 36. Throughout this book I have used various Qur’anic translations. The translations I have used most frequently are the translation by Professor Abdel Haleem [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] and the translation by Sahih International [available at: www.quran.com]. 13 “Who but a fool would forsake the religion of Abraham?” The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 130.

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

15 Ibid.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Traduzido por Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. O tradutor se refere a físicos; no entanto, no contexto original, a expressão se refere àqueles que rejeitam a providência de Deus. 17 O Alcorão, Capítulo 10, Versículo 99.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. The translator refers to physicists; however, in the original context it refers to those who reject God’s providence. 17 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 99.

18 O Alcorão, Capítulo 2, Versículo 256.

18 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Disponível em: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Acesso em 1º de outubro de 2016].

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.

22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity's Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

26 Ibid, p. 1.

27 Modernizando o argumento a favor de Deus. Time Magazine, 7 de abril de 1980, pp. 65-66. Disponível em: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Acesso em 2

27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7 April 1980, pp. 65-66. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Accessed 2

[2 de outubro de 2016].

nd October 2016].

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. Londres: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.

29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.

Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.

30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.

31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.

Citado em William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

33 Ibid., p. 44.

33 Ibid p. 44.

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011. [online] Disponível em: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Acesso em 1º de outubro de 2016].

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Trabalho de campo de janeiro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2010. Bruxelas: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Disponível em: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Acesso em 1º de outubro de 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

36 A história do ateísmo na China tem suas próprias complexidades e não pode ser equiparada ao ateísmo ocidental. O ateísmo chinês não se deve ao darwinismo nem a um tipo de novo ateísmo à maneira de Dawkins. O ateísmo na China baseia-se em um conjunto singular de fatores culturais, políticos e intelectuais. Ele precisa ser estudado por si mesmo.

36 The history of atheism in China has its own complexities and cannot be equated with Western atheism. Chinese atheism is not due to Darwinism or a Dawkins type of new atheism. Atheism in China is based on a unique set of cultural, political and intellectual factors. It has to be studied on its own.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.

38 Ibid, p. 55.

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Disponível em: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Acessado em 2 de outubro de 2016].

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].

40Algumas das ideias deste capítulo foram inspiradas e adaptadas de Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Disponível em: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Acesso em 23 de novembro de 2016].

40Some of ideas in this chapter have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

42 O Alcorão, Capítulo 12, Versículo 87.

42 The Qur’an, Chapter 12, Verse 87.

43 O Alcorão, Capítulo 99, Versículos 6 a 8.

43 The Qur’an, Chapter 99, Verses 6 to 8.

44 O Alcorão, Capítulo 45, Versículo 22.

44 The Qur’an, Chapter 45, Verse 22.

45 O Alcorão, Capítulo 50, Versículo 35.

45 The Qur’an, Chapter 50, Verse 35.

46 O Alcorão, Capítulo 10, Versículo 26.

46 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 26.

47 O Alcorão, Capítulo 36, Versículos 55 a 58.

47 The Qur’an, Chapter 36, Verses 55 to 58.

48 O Alcorão, Capítulo 17, Versículo 70.

48 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 70.

49 O Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículo 191.

49 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

50 O Alcorão, Capítulo 32, Versículo 18.

50 The Qur’an, Chapter, 32, Verse 18.

51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.

52 O Alcorão, Capítulo 57, Versículos 20 a 21.

52 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verses 20 to 21.

53 Citado em BBC (sem data) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Disponível em: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Acesso em 1º de outubro de 2016].

53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].

54 Citado em Pollan, S. M. e Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

54 Cited in Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Disponível em:

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2

[2 de outubro de 2016].

nd October 2016].

56 O Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículo 191.

56 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

58 O Alcorão, Capítulo 7, Versículo 128.

58 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 128.

59 O Alcorão, Capítulo 39, Versículo 29.

59 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2ª Edição. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

61 O Alcorão, Capítulo 11, Versículo 105.

61 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 105.

62 O Alcorão, Capítulo 25, Versículo 75.

62 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verse 75.

63 O Alcorão, Capítulo 59, Versículo 19.

63 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.

BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.

65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.

BonJour, L. (1995). "Toward a Moderate Rationalism." Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

66 BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

67 Basic assumptions of science (sem data) Disponível em: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Acesso em 14 de novembro de 2016].

67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Disponível em: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Acesso em 4 de outubro de 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Available at: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Accessed 4th October 2016].

69 O'Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Disponível em: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Acesso em 4 de outubro de 2016].

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.

73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.

74 Sage, James. "Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

74 Sage, James. “Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

Ibid, p. 104.

75 Ibid, p. 104.

Ibid.

76 Ibid.

77 Ibid.

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Disponível em: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Acesso em 30 de setembro de 2019].

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].

79 O Alcorão, Capítulo 41, Versículo 53.

79 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.

80 O Alcorão, Capítulo 47, Versículo 24.

80 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 24.

81 O Alcorão, Capítulo 11, Versículo 51.

81 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 51.

82 O Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículo 190.

82 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.

84 Extraído e adaptado de Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

84 Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

85 A resposta a esta objeção foi inspirada e adaptada de Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Acesso em 24 de outubro de 2016].

85 The response to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].

Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.

88 Ibid, p. 30.

89 Ibid. Para respostas a outras objeções e mais detalhes sobre este tema, veja: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

89 Ibid. For responses to other objections and more detail on this topic please see: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer's Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, e veja: "The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism," Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

91 BBC Today. (2008). Disponível em: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Acesso em 1 de outubro de 2016].

91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar' Ta'arud al-'Aql wan-Naql. 2ª Edição. Editado por Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami'ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol. 8, p. 482.

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4ª Edição. Editado por Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirute: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children "Intuitive Theists"? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

98 Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

Ibid, 74.

99 Ibid, 74.

Ibid.

100 Ibid.

101 Ibid., 79.

101 Ibid, 79.

102 Ibid., 81.

102 Ibid, 81.

103 Ibid, 82.

104 Ibid, 83.

105 Ibid, 84.

106 Ibid.

Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. e Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children's Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3ª Edição. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrado por Muslim.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3rd Edition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrated by Muslim.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Traduzido por Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu' al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama' Malik Fahad. Vol. 16, p. 324.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.

113 Ibid. Vol 6, p. 73.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol. 7, p. 219.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.

115 O Alcorão, Capítulo 16, Versículo 69.

115 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 69.

116 O Alcorão, Capítulo 10, Versículo 24.

116 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

117 O Alcorão, Capítulo 52, Versículos 35 e 36.

117 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

118 O Alcorão, Capítulo 28, Versículo 56.

118 The Qur’an, Chapter 28, Verse 56.

119 O Alcorão, Capítulo 14, Versículo 10.

119 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 10.

Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Tradução e notas de Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

122 Ibid, p. 203

123 Citado em Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

123 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

124 O Alcorão, Capítulo 52, Versículos 35 e 36.

124 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

126 Este argumento foi inspirado e adaptado de Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence. Disponível em: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Acesso em 23 de novembro de 2016].

126 This argument has been inspired by and adapted from Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Available at: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

128 Quine: Terms explained. Disponível em: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Acesso em 23 de outubro de 2016].

128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Disponível em: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Acessado em 23 de novembro de 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.

Disponível em: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Acesso em 4

1714. Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Accessed 4

[Outubro de 2016].

th October 2016].

Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

132 Ibid.

133 Ibid, p. 105.

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Disponível em: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Acessado em 1º de outubro de 2016].

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Disponível em: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Acessado em 9

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9

[Outubro de 2016].

th October 2016].

136 Analogias adaptadas de Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Disponível em: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Acesso em 9 de outubro de 2016].

136 Analogies adapted from Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9th October 2016].

137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.

Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

139 Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

140 Ibid, p. 147.

140 Ibid p. 147.

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Disponível em: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Acessado em 10 de setembro de 2016].

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Accessed 10th September 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Disponível em: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Acessado em 2 de outubro de 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Available at: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Traduzido por Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

144 Citado em Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Editado por Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol. 2, p. 271.

144 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

145 Este exemplo foi retirado de Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

145 This example has been taken from Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

2

2ª Edição. Londres: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

nd Edition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

146 Este exemplo foi adaptado de Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Disponível em: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Acessado em 2 de outubro de 2016].

146 This example has been adapted from Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Disponível em: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Acesso em 2

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2

[2 de outubro de 2016].

nd October 2016].

148 Citado em Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. Nova York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.

149Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.

150 Narrado por Bukhari.

150 Narrated by Bukhari.

151 Citado em Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol. 2, p. 270.

151 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

Alcorão, Capítulo 112, Versículos 2 e 3.

152 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 2 and 3.

153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya's Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

155 O Alcorão, Capítulo 42, Versículo 11.

155 The Qur’an, Chapter 42, Verse 11.

156 O Alcorão, Capítulo 58, Versículo 7.

156 The Qur’an, Chapter 58, Verse 7.

157 Esta é uma estimativa baseada no número de átomos de hidrogênio contidos no número total estimado de estrelas do universo observável. O número é maior se outros átomos forem incluídos.

157 This is an estimate based on the number of hydrogen atoms that are contained in the estimated total number of stars in the observable universe. The number is higher if other atoms are included.

158 O Alcorão, Capítulo 24, Versículo 45.

158 The Qur’an, Chapter 24, Verse 45.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

160 O Alcorão, Capítulo 2, Versículo 20.

160 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 20.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Editado por Dr. Adullah Al-Turki e Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirute: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol. 1, pp. 338-9.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Edited by Dr. Adullah Al-Turki and Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.

162 Inspirado e adaptado de Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Disponível em: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Acesso em 13 de novembro de 2016].

162 Inspired and adapted from Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Available at: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Accessed 13th November 2016].

Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

164 O Alcorão, Capítulo 11, Versículo 107.

164 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 107.

165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.

Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 127.

166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.

167 A resposta a esta objeção foi inspirada e adaptada de Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Disponível em: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Acessado em 27 de setembro de 2019].

167 The answer to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].

168 Huemer, H e Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

Este exemplo é adaptado de Immanuel Kant. Ver Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Traduzido por N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin's Press, A203.

169 This is example is adapted from Immanuel Kant. See Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Disponível em: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Acesso em 26 de setembro de 2019].

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

171 Adaptado de Craig, W. e Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. e Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

171 Adapted from Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Disponível em: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Acesso em 26 de setembro de 2019].

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Disponível em: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Acesso em 22 de outubro de 2016].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].

174 Muitos conceitos do argumento apresentado neste capítulo foram adaptados e inspirados na tradição erudita islâmica e no trabalho filosófico cristão contemporâneo. Ver Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirute: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar'rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirute: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1ª Edição, Riade: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Acesso em 20 de outubro de 2019].

174 Many concepts of the argument presented in this chapter have been adapted from and inspired by the Islamic scholarly tradition and contemporary Christian philosophical work. See Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Para uma discussão aprofundada sobre a necessidade, veja Pruss, R. e Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

175 For an in-depth discussion on necessity please see Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

Esta seção é inspirada e adaptada de Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Acesso em 20 de outubro de 2019].

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Accessed 20th October 2019].

177 Analogia adaptada de Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

177 Analogy adapted from Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

178 O Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículo 97.

178 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 97.

179 O Alcorão, Capítulo 35, Versículo 15.

179 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 15.

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Adheem. Editado por Saami As-Salaama. 2

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2

nd Edição. Riade: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada'ih al-Batiniyya. Editado por Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

184 Godwin, S. J. (sem data). Transcrição do debate radiofônico entre Russell e Copleston. Disponível em: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Acesso em 4 de outubro de 2016].

184 Godwin, S. J. (no date). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Available at: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

185 Adaptado de Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Disponível em:

185 Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Acessado em 20 de outubro de 2019].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Partes da resposta a esta objeção foram adaptadas e inspiradas em Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Acessado em 20 de outubro de 2019].

186Parts of the answer to this objection has been adapted from and inspired by Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

187Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.

189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.

190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.

191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.

192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

194 Os 5 pontos a seguir foram extraídos e adaptados de Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

194 The following 5 points have been taken and adapted from Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Disponível em: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Acesso em 1 de outubro de 2016].

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

196 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

197 Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

198 Ibid.

199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Disponível em: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Acesso em 4 de outubro de 2016].

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].

202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.

203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.

204 Ibid, p. 109.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

206 A discussão acima foi retirada e adaptada da palestra relevante e da discussão de seminário realizada durante a minha pós-graduação (Mestrado em Filosofia). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). "Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) "Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) “Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Uma versão deste ensaio pode ser encontrada online em: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Acessado em 21 de novembro de 2016].

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.

Ibid.

213 Ibid.

Ibid.

214 Ibid.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip e Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (Nova York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

217 Ibid, 31.

218 Ibid, 30.

Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.

219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.

220 Ibid, p. 21.

221 Ibid, p. 22.

222 Ibid, p. 24.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.

224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8

th Edição. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.

228 Ibid, p. 26.

Ibid, pp. 29-30.

229 Ibid, pp. 29-30.

230 Ibid, p. 30.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.

234 Seager, W. e Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Disponível online em: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.

236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.

237 Ibid, p. 192.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

Ibid., p. 150.

239 Ibid p. 150.

240 O Alcorão, Capítulo 2, Versículo 255.

240 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 255.

241 O Alcorão, Capítulo 67, Versículo 14.

241 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 14.

Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

243 O Alcorão, Capítulo 17, Versículo 85.

243 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 85.

244 O Alcorão, Capítulo 30, Versículo 8.

244 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 8.

245 Analogia adaptada de Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Versão adaptada. Disponível em: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Acesso em 24 de outubro de 2016] 246 O Alcorão, Capítulo 55, Versículos 5 a 7.

245 Analogy adapted from Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016] 246 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 5 to 7.

247 O Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículo 190.

247 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

248 O Alcorão, Capítulo 16, Versículo 12.

248 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 12.

Tibawi, A.L. (ed. e trad.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (A Epístola de Jerusalém) "Tratado de Al-Ghazali sobre Teologia Dogmática". In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9 Note: the bibliographic entry above is a title and citation, so the translation keeps names, titles and publication details as they appear in the original. Portuguese translation: 250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Traduzido por Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

252 Ibid.

253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.

255 Citado em Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

255 Cited in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.

257 Ward, P. D. e Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. Nova York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

258 Ibid, pp. 221-222.

259 ‘Sem Júpiter, sem vida avançada?’ - A evolução pode ser impossível em sistemas estelares sem um planeta gigante. (2012). Disponível em: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Acesso em 2 de outubro de 2016].

259 ‘No Jupiter, no advanced life? ’ - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

260 Rasio, F.A. e E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

260 Rasio, F.A. and E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

261 Ward, P. D. e Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. Nova York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

262 Ibid, p. 227.

263 Ibid, p. 223.

Ibid.

264 Ibid.

265 Inspirado e adaptado de Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Disponível em: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Acesso em 24 de outubro de 2016].

265 Inspired by and adapted from Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].

Ibid.

266 Ibid.

267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.

269 Citado em Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

269 Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

270 Ibid.

Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Disponível em: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Acesso em 5 de outubro de 2016].

271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

272 Adaptado de Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

272 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

273 Sou grato a Abu Hurayra por sua contribuição na resposta a essas objeções. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

273 I am grateful to Abu Hurayra for his contribution in responding to these objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

Ambos os pontos foram adaptados do tratamento do Professor William Lane Craig sobre o tema. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

275 Both points have been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the issue. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

276 O Alcorão, Capítulo 112, Versículos 1 a 4.

276 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 1 to 4.

Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.

277 Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.

278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].

279 Adaptado de Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

279 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

280 Ibid.

281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.

282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.

283 Os argumentos apresentados neste capítulo, incluindo algumas das ideias, foram inspirados e adaptados de Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Disponível em: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Acessado em 24 de outubro de 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

283 The arguments presented in this chapter, including some of the ideas, have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

Ibid.

284 Ibid.

285 O Alcorão, Capítulo 52, Versículo 28.

285 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 28.

286 O Alcorão, Capítulo 7, Versículo 28.

286 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 99.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.

289 O Alcorão, Capítulo 2, Versículo 163.

289 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 163.

290 O Alcorão, Capítulo 59, Versículos 22 a 24.

290 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verses 22 to 24.

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Disponível em: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Acesso em 4 de outubro de 2016].

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Disponível em: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Acesso em 24 de outubro de 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016].

293 Citado em Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

293 Cited in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

294 O Alcorão, Capítulo 21, Versículo 22.

294 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 22.

295 Al-Mahalli, J. e As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Traduzido por Aisha Bewley. Londres: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. e As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3ª Edição. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. Você pode acessar uma cópia online em: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Acessado em 1º de outubro de 2016].

295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

296 Averroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Traduzido com notas de rodapé, índice e bibliografia por Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

297 O Alcorão, Capítulo 7, Versículo 28.

297 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

298 Para mais informações sobre a natureza divina do Alcorão, por favor leia: Khan, N. A. e Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute e Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. Londres: One Reason.

298For more on the Divine nature of the Qur’an, please read: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute and Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.

299 O Alcorão, Capítulo 29, Versículo 46.

299 The Qur’an, Chapter 29, Verse 46.

300 Narrado por Tirmidhi.

300 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

301 O problema do mal e do sofrimento como argumento foi formulado de várias maneiras diferentes. Alguns dos argumentos usam as palavras boa, misericordiosa, amorosa ou gentil de forma intercambiável. Apesar do uso variado das palavras, o argumento permanece o mesmo. Em vez de usar a palavra boa, termos como misericordiosa, amorosa, gentil, etc., também podem ser usados. O problema do mal pressupõe que o conceito tradicional de Deus deve incluir um atributo que implicaria que Deus não deseja que o mal e o sofrimento existam. Por isso, o uso de palavras alternativas como misericordiosa, amorosa e gentil não afeta o argumento. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Disponível em: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of%20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Acesso em 1 de outubro de 2020].

301 The problem of evil and suffering argument has been expressed in a number of different ways. Some of the arguments use the words good, merciful, loving or kind interchangeably. Despite the varying use of words, the argument remains the same. Instead of using the word good, terms such as merciful, loving, kind, etc., can also be used. The problem of evil assumes that the traditional concept of God must include an attribute that would imply God does not want evil and suffering to exist. Hence, using alternative words such as merciful, loving and kind do not affect the argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2020].

303 Ibid.

Ibid.

304 Ibid.

Ibid.

305 Ibid.

Ibid.

306 Ibid.

307 Esta premissa foi adaptada do tratamento do Professor William Lane Craig sobre o problema do mal. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. Ver capítulo 27.

307 This assumption has been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the problem of evil. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist's Handbook, p. 51.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.

309 Esta parte da história mostra a misericórdia de Deus. Todas as crianças entram no paraíso — que é a bem-aventurança eterna — independentemente de suas crenças e ações. Portanto, o fato de Deus ter inspirado o homem a matar o menino deve ser entendido à luz da misericórdia e da compaixão.

309 This part of the story shows God’s mercy. All children enter paradise—which is eternal bliss—regardless of their beliefs and actions. Therefore, God inspiring the man to kill the boy is to be understood through the lens of mercy and compassion.

310 O Alcorão, Capítulo 18, Versículos 65 a 82.

310 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verses 65 to 82.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.

Ibid.

312 Ibid.

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu' al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol. 14, p. 266.

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.

Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Editado por Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami'ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

315 Citado em Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

315 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

316 O Alcorão, Capítulo 51, Versículo 56.

316 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

317 O Alcorão, Capítulo 67, Versículo 2.

317 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 2.

318 O Alcorão, Capítulo 39, Versículo 7.

318 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 7.

319 Narrado por at-Tirmidhi.

319 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

320 O Alcorão, Capítulo 2, Versículo 214.

320 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 214.

321 O Alcorão Capítulo 2, Versículo 286.

321 The Qur’an Chapter 2, Verse 286.

322 O Alcorão, Capítulo 5, Versículo 100.

322 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 100.

323 Shuʿab al-Iman de Al-Bayhaqi, transmitido até Al-Hasan Al-Basri, que o atribui ao Profeta Muhammad ﷺ. Os eruditos classificaram esta tradição profética como hasan; seu grau de autenticidade é bom.

323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, traced back to Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who ascribes it to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The scholars have graded this Prophetic tradition as hasan; its level of authenticity is good.

324 O Alcorão, Capítulo 57, Versículo 20.

324 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verse 20.

Narrado por Muslim.

325 Narrated by Muslim.

326 Narrado por Bukhari.

326 Narrated by Bukhari.

327 Narrado por Muslim.

327 Narrated by Muslim.

328 Narrado por Al-Bukhari. 329 Quem quer que tente um atentado suicida ou se envolva em terrorismo e morra em consequência disso não é considerado um mártir. Esses atos perversos são proibidos no Islã.

328 Narrated by Bukhari. 329 Anyone that attempts suicide bombing or engages in terrorism and dies as a result is not considered a martyr. These evil acts are forbidden in Islam.

330 Narrado por Muslim.

330 Narrated by Muslim.

331 Narrado por Ahmad.

331 Narrated by Ahmad.

332 Narrado por Muslim.

332 Narrated by Muslim.

333 Ibid.

334 Ibid.

335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Acessado em 2 de outubro de 2016].

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.

338 Adaptado de DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Disponível em: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Acessado em 2 de outubro de 2016].

338 Adapted from DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Disponível em: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Acesso em 4 de outubro de 2016].

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Disponível em: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Acessado em 18 de outubro de 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Disponível em: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Acesso em 4 de outubro de 2016].

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, p. 3.

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introdução. In: Lackey, J. e Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p. 10.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.

Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

347 Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

348 Veja Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. e Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; e Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

348 See Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Barker, G. e Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

349 Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

Annas, J. e Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. Nova York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

352 Ibid, p. 305.

353 Ibid, pp. 304-5.

354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.

355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.

Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Disponível em: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Acesso em 10 de maio de 2018].

358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Disponível em: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Acessado 2

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2

[2 de outubro de 2016].

nd October 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Disponível em: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Acesso em 4 de outubro de 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J e Sosa, E, ed., The Epistemology of Testimony, p. 145.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.

363 Ibid, p.149.

364 Ibid, p.150.

365 Ibid.

Ibid.

366 Ibid.

367 Ibid, p.151.

368 Ibid, p.156.

369 Ibid, pp. 156-157.

McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.

370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.

371 Ibid, p. 69.

371 Ibid, p 69.

372 Hume, D. (1902). Uma Investigação sobre o Entendimento Humano, seção 91. Disponível em: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Acesso em 4 de outubro de 2016].

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

373 Ibid, seção 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 56.

373 Ibid, section 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.

Ibid, pp. 64-65.

375 Ibid, pp. 64-65.

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Também disponível em: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].

377 O Alcorão, Capítulo 96, Versículo 1.

377 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verse 1.

378 O Magnífico Alcorão: Uma História Única de Preservação. (2010). Londres: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.

378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.

379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2ª Edição. Traduzido por Muhammad Jasan Askari e Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol. 1, pp. 139-149.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Traduzido por Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revisado e editado por Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

382 Citado em Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

382 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Traduzido por Franz Rosenthal. Capítulo 6, Seção 58. Disponível em: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Acesso em 9 de outubro de 2016].

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Editado por Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirute: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol. 2, p. 185.

385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.

Entrevista pessoal com a Professora Angelika Neuwrith em alemão. Uma cópia da gravação está disponível mediante solicitação.

388 Personal interview with Professor Angelika Neuwrith in German. A copy of the recording is available on request.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Traduzido por Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

Citado em Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

390 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.

397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.

Ibid.

398 Ibid.

Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.

403 Ibid, p. 94.

404 Citado em D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

405 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

406 Ibid, p.15; e veja Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

406 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Disponível em: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Acesso em 5 de outubro de 2016].

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Acessado em 9 de outubro de 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].

Citado em Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur'an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.

413 Ibid, p. 188.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

Ibid.

415 Ibid.

416 O Alcorão, Capítulo 108, Versículos 1 a 3.

416 The Qur’an, Chapter 108, Verses 1 to 3.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

418 Citado em Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. A tradução original foi alterada; o nome Allah foi substituído por God.

418 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

420 O Alcorão, Capítulo 16, Versículo 103.

420 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 103.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.

422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.

Ibid.

423 Ibid.

424 Hyltenstam, K. e Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Quem pode se tornar semelhante a um falante nativo em uma segunda língua? Todos, alguns ou nenhum? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.

427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.

Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Traduzido e editado por Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.

430 Islamic Awareness. (sem data). O texto do Alcorão. Disponível em: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Acesso em 1 de outubro de 2016].

430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. Available at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.

432 Por exemplo, estes podem incluir reproduções da arte de Picasso. Disponível em: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Acesso em 6 de outubro de 2016].

432 For example these can include reproductions of Picasso’s art. Available at: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Accessed 6th October 2016].

433 Veja Textual Integrity of the Bible. Disponível em: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Acesso em 7 de outubro de 2016].

433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].

434 O Alcorão, Capítulo 18, Versículo 109.

434 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verse 109.

435 O nome Muhammad é mencionado quatro vezes e Ahmad (outro de seus nomes) é mencionado uma vez. Veja http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad e http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Acessado em 24 de outubro de 2016].

435 The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016].

{Muhammad não é pai de nenhum de vocês, homens; ele é o Mensageiro de Deus e o selo dos Profetas. Deus é Conhecedor de todas as coisas.} Alcorão, Capítulo 33, Versículo 40.

436 “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.” The Qur’an, Chapter 33, Verse 40.

O Alcorão, Capítulo 81, Versículo 22.

437 The Qur’an, Chapter 81, Verse 22.

438 O Alcorão, Capítulo 53, Versículo 2.

438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2.

439 O Alcorão, Capítulo 48, Versículo 29.

439 The Qur’an, Chapter 48, Verse 29.

440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.

441 Ibid, p. 52.

442 Ibid, pp. 53 – 79.

443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.

444 Narrado por Al-Bukhari.

444 Narrated by Bukhari.

445 Narrado por Muslim.

445 Narrated by Muslim.

Narrado por Muslim.

446 Narrated by Muslim.

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volume 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Disponível em: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Acesso em 1 de outubro de 2016].

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Available at: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Accessed 1st October 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World's Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Disponível em: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Acessado em 1º de outubro de 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur'an. Londres: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

451 Narrado por Ibn Abi Shaybah. A cadeia de transmissão desta narração termina em um companheiro do Profeta Muhammad ﷺ. Os estudiosos sustentam que esta narração é autêntica devido à sua cadeia de transmissão e ao fato de que ela se refere ao conhecimento do invisível. Alguns estudiosos sustentam que, de modo geral, um companheiro do Profeta ﷺ não faria uma afirmação sobre escatologia sem referência a conhecimento revelado, como as palavras ou ensinamentos do próprio Profeta ﷺ.

451 Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah. The chain of this narration stops at a companion of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. Scholars maintain that this narration is sound due to its chain of transmission and the fact that it refers to knowledge of the unseen. Some scholars maintain that, in general, a companion of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم would not make a statement concerning eschatology without reference to revealed knowledge, such as the words or teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم himself.

Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.

452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.

453 Veja M. M. Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

453 See M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

Narrado por Abu Dawud e Tirmidhi.

454 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

Narrado por Al-Bukhari em Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

455 Narrated by Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

Narrado por at-Tirmidhi.

456 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

457 Narrado por Al-Bukhari.

457 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

458 Ibid.

459 Narrado por Muslim.

459 Narrated by Muslim.

Narrado por at-Tirmidhi.

460 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibid.

461 Ibid.

Narrado por Bukhari e Muslim.

462 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

463 Narrado por at-Tirmidhi.

463 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

464 Narrado por Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi e Ibn Majah.

464 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah.

465 Narrado por Muslim.

465 Narrated by Muslim.

466 Narrado por Ibn Hibban.

466 Narrated by Ibn Hibban.

467 Narrado por Ibn Majah.

467 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

Narrado por Ahmad.

468 Narrated by Ahmad.

Ibid.

469 Ibid.

Narrado por Abu Dawud e Tirmidhi.

470 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

471 Narrado por Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

471 Narrated by Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

Narrado por Tabarani.

472 Narrated by Tabarani.

473 Narrado por Bukhari.

473 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

474 Ibid.

Narrado por Ahmad e Tirmidhi.

475 Narrated by Ahmad and Tirmidhi.

476 Narrado por Al-Bukhari.

476 Narrated by Bukhari.

Narrado por Bukhari, Muslim e Ahmad.

477 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

Narrado por Bukhari e Muslim.

478 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Narrado por Bukhari.

479 Narrated by Bukhari.

480 Narrado por Muslim.

480 Narrated by Muslim.

481 Narrado por Al-Bukhari.

481 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

482 Ibid.

Narrado por Ibn Majah.

483 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

Narrado por Muslim.

484 Narrated by Muslim.

485 Narrado por at-Tirmidhi.

485 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

486 Narrado por Muslim.

486 Narrated by Muslim.

Ibid.

487 Ibid.

Ibid.

488 Ibid.

Narrado por Al-Bukhari.

489 Narrated by Bukhari.

490 Narrado por Al-Bukhari e Muslim.

490 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

491 Narrado por Al-Bukhari.

491 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

492 Ibid.

Ibid.

493 Ibid.

Narrado por Al-Bukhari e Muslim.

494 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

495 Narrado por Al-Bukhari.

495 Narrated by Bukhari.

Narrado por An-Nasa'i.

496 Narrated by An-Nasai.

Narrado por Muslim.

497 Narrated by Muslim.

498 Narrado por Ahmad.

498 Narrated by Ahmad.

499 Citado em Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Traduzido por Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cidade do Cabo: Madinah Press, p. 55.

499 Cited in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.

Narrado por Bukhari e Muslim.

500 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

501 Ibid.

502 Narrado por Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani e Abu Nu'aym.

502 Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani and Abu Nu’aym.

503 Narrado por Muslim.

503 Narrated by Muslim.

As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.

504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.

505 Narrado por Tirmidhi.

505 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibid.

506 Ibid.

Narrado por Tirmidhi.

507 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibid.

508 Ibid.

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Editado por Shuayb Al-Arnaout e Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirute: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. Uma cópia online pode ser acessada em: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Acessado 1

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1

[1 de outubro de 2016].

st October 2016].

510 Narrado por Al-Bukhari.

510 Narrated by Bukhari.

511 Narrado por Al-Bukhari, Muslim e Ahmad.

511 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

Narrado por Bukhari e Muslim.

512 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Narrado por Ibn Maajah e al-Haakim.

513 Narrated by Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim.

514 Narrado por at-Tirmidhi.

514 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

515 Narrado por Bukhari e Muslim.

515 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Narrado por Tirmidhi.

516 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

517 Ibid.

518 O Alcorão, Capítulo 5, Versículo 8.

518 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 8.

519 O Alcorão, Capítulo 4, Versículo 135.

519 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 135.

520 O Alcorão, Capítulo 90, Versículos 12 a 18.

520 The Qur’an, Chapter 90, Verses 12 to 18.

521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.

Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.

522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.

523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:

O Centro de Estudos Judaicos, Universidade da Pensilvânia, pp. 22-23.

The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 22-23.

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3

3ª Edição. Cairo, Dar al-Ma'aarif, p. 609. Uma cópia online pode ser acessada em:

rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at:

Não consigo acessar links nem abrir arquivos PDF, então não posso traduzir o conteúdo desse endereço. Por favor, cole aqui o texto em inglês que você quer que eu traduza para o português.

https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Accessed 1

[1 de outubro de 2016].

st October 2016].

Citado em Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

525 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

526 Narrado por Yahya b. Adam no livro de al-Kharaaj.

526 Narrated by Yahya b. Adam in the book of al-Kharaaj.

527 Relatado por Al-Tabarani em Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

527 Reported by Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

529 O Alcorão, Capítulo 21, Versículo 107.

529 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 107.

530 O Alcorão, Capítulo 7, Versículo 156.

530 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

531 Citado em Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

531 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.

534 O Alcorão, Capítulo 2, Versículo 256.

534 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.

Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.

536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Editado por Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World's desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.

539 O Alcorão, Capítulo 49, Versículo 13.

539 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban relatou em al-Sahih, por meio de sua cadeia de transmissão, de Fadalah ibn Ubayd, e também Baihaqi.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban reported in al-Sahih, via his isnad, from Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Baihaqi.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. Nova York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

546 Narrado por Bukhari.

546 Narrated by Bukhari.

547 O Alcorão, Capítulo 10, Versículo 24.

547 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

548 O Alcorão, Capítulo 96, Versículos 1 a 5.

548 The Qur'an, Chapter 96, Verses 1 to 5.

549 O Alcorão, Capítulo 39, Versículo 9.

549 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 9.

550 O Alcorão, Capítulo 88, Versículos 17 a 20.

550 The Qur’an, Chapter 88, Verses 17 to 20.

551 O Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículos 190 e 191.

551 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verses 190 and 191.

Veja Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.

555 Para mais detalhes, veja Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

555 For details see Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.

557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What's Next. Disponível em: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Acesso em 10 de setembro de 2016].

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Available at: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Accessed 10th September 2016].

559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.

Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Editado por Abdullah Qaa'ir e Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa'id, p. 109. Você pode baixar uma cópia online em: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Acessado em 1º de outubro de 2016].

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. You can download an online copy at: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

561 O Alcorão, Capítulo 47, Versículo 19.

561 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 19.

562 O Alcorão, Capítulo 7, Versículo 180.

562 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 180.

563 O Alcorão, Capítulo 4, Versículo 48.

563 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 48.

564 O Alcorão, Capítulo 25, Versículos 68 e 70.

564 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 68 and 70.

565 O Alcorão, Capítulo 23, Versículos 99 e 100.

565 The Qur’an, Chapter 23, Verses 99 and 100.

Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículo 117.

566 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 117.

567 O Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículo 182.

567 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 182.

Isto se baseia na seguinte tradição autêntica, narrada por Ahmad e Ibn Hibban: "Há quatro (que apresentarão suas razões) a Deus no Dia da Ressurreição: o surdo que nunca ouviu nada, o louco, o velho muito idoso e o homem que morreu durante a fatrah (o intervalo entre o tempo de Jesus, que a paz esteja sobre ele, e o tempo de Muhammad ﷺ). O surdo dirá: 'Ó Senhor, o Islam chegou, mas eu nunca ouvi nada.' O louco dirá: 'Ó Senhor, o Islam chegou, mas as crianças corriam atrás de mim e me atiravam pedras.' O velho muito idoso dirá: 'Ó Senhor, o Islam chegou, mas eu não compreendia nada.' O homem que morreu durante a fatrah dirá: 'Ó Senhor, nenhum Mensageiro Teu chegou até mim.' Ele aceitará suas promessas de obediência, e então será enviada a ordem para que entrem no Fogo. Por Aquele em cuja mão está a alma de Muhammad ﷺ, se entrarem nele, ele será fresco e seguro para eles." Há outros hadiths e versículos do Alcorão que indicam que Deus não permitirá que ninguém entre no inferno antes que as pessoas tenham recebido a mensagem correta do Islam.

568 This is based on the following authentic tradition narrated by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban: “There are four (who will protest) to God on the Day of Resurrection: the deaf man who never heard anything, the insane man, the very old man, and the man who died during the fatrah (the interval between the time of Jesus (upon whom be peace) and the time of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The deaf man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I never heard anything.’ The insane man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but the children ran after me and threw stones at me.’ The very old man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I did not understand anything.’ The man who died during the fatrah will say, ‘O Lord, no Messenger from You came to me.’ He will accept their promises of obedience, then word will be sent to them to enter the Fire. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, if they enter it, it will be cool and safe for them.” There are other hadiths and verses of the Qur’an that indicate that God will not allow anyone to enter hell until people have been given the correct message of Islam.

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Editado por M. Bejou. Damasco, p. 84. Uma cópia online está disponível em: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Acessado em 21 de novembro de 2016].

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Edited by M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. An online copy is available at: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

Ibid.

570 Ibid.

571 O Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículo 113. Este versículo refere-se à "gente do Livro". No entanto, o princípio aplica-se a todos os grupos de pessoas.

571 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 113. This verse refers to the ‘people of the book’. However, the principle applies to all groups of people.

Ibid.

572 Ibid.

573 Narrado por Bukhari.

573 Narrated by Bukhari.

574 O Alcorão, Capítulo 7, Versículo 55.

574 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 55.

Alcorão, Capítulo 40, Versículo 65.

575 The Qur’an, Chapter 40, Verse 65.

O Alcorão, Capítulo 20, Versículo 14.

576 The Qur’an, Chapter, 20, Verse 14.

577 O Alcorão, Capítulo 2, Versículo 29.

577 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 29.

578 O Alcorão, Capítulo 7, Versículo 191.

578 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 191.

579 O Alcorão, Capítulo 35, Versículo 3.

579 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 3.

580 O Alcorão, Capítulo 96, Versículos 6 e 7.

580 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verses 6 and 7.

O Alcorão, Capítulo 92, Versículos 8 a 12.

581 The Qur’an, Chapter 92, Verses 8 to 12.

582 O Alcorão, Capítulo 14, Versículo 34.

582 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 34.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.

585 O Alcorão, Capítulo 7, Versículo 156.

585 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

586 O Alcorão, Capítulo 55, Versículos 1 e 2.

586 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 1 and 2.

587 O Alcorão, Capítulo 85, Versículo 14.

587 The Qur’an, Chapter 85, Verse 14.

Narrado por Abu Dawud.

588 Narrated by Abu Dawud.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.

590 O Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículo 31.

590 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 31.

591 O Alcorão, Capítulo 51, Versículo 56.

591 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

A obediência ao Profeta Muhammad ﷺ é consequência da obediência a Deus, pois Ele nos ordena que assim façamos.

592 Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is a consequence of obeying God, as He commands us to do so.

593 O Alcorão, Capítulo 3, Versículo 132.

593 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 132.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.

595 Ibid, p. 123.

596 Mahali, J e Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 O Alcorão, Capítulo 11, Versículos 118 e 119.

596 Mahali, J and Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verses 118 and 119.

598 O Alcorão, Capítulo 25, Versículos 43 e 44.

598 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 43 and 44.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

602 O Alcorão, Capítulo 39, Versículo 29.

602 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

603 Citado em Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Disponível em: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Acesso em 6 de outubro de 2016].

603 Cited in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].

604 A estrutura e o conteúdo deste capítulo foram adaptados de Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Disponível em: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Acessado em 24 de outubro de 2016].

604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].

605 O Alcorão, Capítulo 82, Versículo 6.

605 The Qur’an, Chapter 82, Verse 6.

606 O Alcorão, Capítulo 20, Versículo 44.

606 The Qur’an, Chapter 20, Verse 44.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami' al-Ahkaam al-Qur'an, p. 65.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, p. 65.

608 O Alcorão, Capítulo 16, Versículo 125.

608 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 125.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Editado por Khalil Shayhaa. Beirute: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Edited by Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

610 O Alcorão, Capítulo 14, Versículos 24 a 27.

610 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verses 24 to 27.

611 O Alcorão, Capítulo 41, Versículo 34

611 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 34