Istanbul markazi haqida gap ketganda, G'arb davlatlari faqat musulmon bolalarini universitetlar va maktablarda hamda targ'ibot orqali buzish bilan cheklanmadilar. Ular davlatning o'zini ham nishonga olib, hukmronlik tizimini va Shariat hukmlarini o'zgartirish, ularni olib tashlab, o'rniga G'arb qonunlarini joriy etish maqsadini ko'zladilar. Buning uchun ular bir necha usullarni qo'lladilar. 1839 yilda Abdulmajid I xalifalik taxtiga o'tirdi, u vaqtda atigi 16 yoshda edi, Rashid poshsho esa Usmonli davlatining Londondagi elchisi edi. U shoshilib Istanbulga qaytdi va tashqi ishlar vaziri etib tayinlandi. Lavozimiga kirishishi bilanoq, parlament konstitutsiyaviy hukmronlik tizimi uchun targ'ibot olib bora boshladi.

As for the Istanbul Centre, the Western countries were not only satisfied with corrupting the Muslims’ children at universities and schools and through propaganda. They also focused on the State itself with the aim of changing the ruling system and the Shari’ah rules, by removing them and replacing them with Western laws. They pursued several styles to achieve this. In 1839, Abdul-Majid 1st acceded to the position of Khaleefah and he was only 16 years old, while Rashid Pasha was ambassador for the Ottoman State in London. He rushed back to Istanbul and was appointed foreign minister. He had no sooner taken up his post than he started campaigning for the parliamentarian constitutional ruling system.

U ham davlatni fuqarolar huquqlarini tasdiqlaydigan konstitutsiya orqali taraqqiy etgan davlat darajasiga ko'tarish niyatida ekanini e'lon qildi va shuningdek, Usmonli davlatidagi eng yaqqol kamchiliklarni bartaraf etishni e'lon qildi. Rashid posho o'z rejasiga yosh sultonning qo'llab-quvvatlashini osonlik bilan ta'minladi va konstitutsiya hujjati butunlay maxfiylik ostida tayyorlandi.

He also declared that he was determined to raise the Ottoman State to the level of a developed state through a constitution that would endorse the rights of the citizens, and he also declared the abolishment of the most prominent shortcomings within the State. Rashid Pasha managed easily to secure the backing of the young Sultan for his scheme, and the document of the constitution was prepared in total secrecy.

1839-yil 3-noyabrda Bob-i Ali (Oliy Porta)ning barcha yetakchi shaxslari, Istanbul aholisi vakillari, Yevropadagi davlat fuqarolari vakillari va diplomatik korpus a'zolari Marmara dengizi bo'yida joylashgan hukumat binosining janubiy tomonidagi tribunaga taklif etildilar, u yerda Kalxona nomi bilan tanilgan Sharafli Xatt o'qib eshittirildi. Konstitutsiyaviy hujjat ularga o'qib berildi. Unda ko'plab Yevropa qoidalari bo'lib, Islomga ham biroz e'tibor berishga urinish qilingan edi. Bu Usmoniylar davlat tizimiga g'arbiy konstitutsiyaviy qonunlarni joriy etishga qilingan birinchi urinish edi. Biroq, bu hujjat qog'ozdagi siyohdan boshqa narsa bo'lib qolib, amalga oshirilmadi.

On 3rd November 1839, all the leading personalities of the Sublime Porte, representatives of the residents of Istanbul, representatives of the State’s subjects in Europe and members of the diplomatic corps were invited to the stand situated on the southern side of the government house along the Marmara Sea to listen to a recitation of the “Honourable Script” known as “Kalkhanah”. The constitutional document was read to them. It contained a host of European rules with an attempt at giving some consideration to Islam. This was the first attempt at introducing the Western constitutional laws into the State’s system. However, this document remained mere ink on paper and was not implemented.

Biroq 1855-yilda Yevropa davlatlari, ayniqsa Buyuk Britaniya, Usmonli davlatini konstitutsiyaviy islohotlar o‘tkazishga majbur qildi. Bu davlatlarning bosimi ostida Sulton 1-fevralda islohotlar to‘g‘risidagi farmonni e’lon qildi. Bu farmon Humoyun farmoni nomi bilan mashhur bo‘ldi. Sulton ushbu farmonda Kalxana deb nomlangan Sharafli farmonda fuqarolarga berilgan barcha huquqlarni tasdiqladi.

However in 1855 the European states, particularly Britain, pressed the Ottoman State to carry out constitutional reforms. Under pressure from these states, the Sultan issued on 1st February a bill of reforms. This bill became known as the “Hemayun Script” . The Sultan endorsed in this bill all the rights granted to the subjects in the “Honourable Script” known as “Kalkhanah”.

Xristianlar uchun bir qator maxsus huquqlar belgilandi, jumladan: fuqarolik masalalarini fuqarolardan, ruhoniylardan va xalq tomonidan bevosita saylangan boshqa shaxslardan tashkil topgan Maxsus qo‘mitaga topshirish; Islomni qabul qilgan musulmonni Islomga qaytishga majburlamaslik, aksincha, uning Islomni rad etib, nasroniy diniga kirishiga ruxsat berish. Harbiy xizmat ilgari faqat musulmonlar uchun majburiy bo‘lgan bo‘lsa, endi musulmonlar uchun bo‘lgani kabi xristianlar uchun ham majburiy qilindi, shuningdek, chet elliklarga Usmonli davlatida yer egaligi huquqi berildi.

A host of specific rights were designed for the Christians, such as referring the administration of civic matters to a Select Committee made up of civilians, clerics and others directly elected by the people, the non-coercing of the Muslim who embraces Christianity into returning to Islam, rather allowing him to reject Islam and embrace the Christian faith. The military service was to be made compulsory upon the Christians as it is compulsory upon the Muslims, whereas before, it had been exclusively compulsory upon the Muslims, and also allowing foreigners the ownership of lands in the Ottoman State.

Ushbu qonun-loyiha fuqarolar orasida salbiy munosabat uyg'otdi, chunki musulmonlar uni Shariat bilan ziddiyatli deb hisobladilar, nasroniylar esa uning amalga oshirilishidan xavotirda edilar. Shunga qaramay, Yevropa davlatlari uni islohot bahonasida davom ettirdilar. Biroq, davlat islomiy bo'lganligi sababli, xalifalar bu konstitutsiyaviy qonunlarni amalga oshirishga kirisha olmadilar.

This bill prompted a negative reaction from the citizens, for the Muslims deemed it contradictory to Shari’ah, while the Christians were apprehensive about its implementation. Nevertheless, the European states pursued it under the pretext of reform. However, with the State being Islamic, the Khulafa’ could not embark upon implementing these constitutional laws.

Shu vaqtgacha bu holat davom etdi, to hukumat doiralarida Midhat posho nomi mashhur bo‘la boshladi. U g‘arb fikrlari bilan to‘yingan va g‘arb madaniyatiga ortiqcha ko‘nikkan edi. Shu sababli u mamlakat uchun g‘arb qarashlariga mos keladigan konstitutsiya joriy etishga qaror qildi, bunda maqsad g‘arb davlatlarini mamnun etish va davlatni g‘arb davlatlari darajasida rivojlanishiga imkon yaratish edi.

This was the case until the name of Midhat Pasha became prominent within the government circles. He was saturated with Western thoughts and seduced by Western culture. Hence, he decided to establish a constitution for the country that agreed with the Western thoughts in order to please the Western states and to allow the State to proceed on the same level as the Western states.

Midhat Posho Abdulaziz xalifaligi davrida Muhammad Rushdiy Posho hukumatida adliya vaziri edi. U Abdulazizni G‘arb demokratik tizimlari asosida konstitutsiya tuzishga ko‘ndirishga harakat qildi. Shuning uchun u unga xat yozdi va davlatning joriy holatini tuzatish uchun unga konstitutsiya o‘rnatishga chaqirdi. Davlatdagi korrupsiya haqida ma’lumot bergandan so‘ng, u xatida quyidagilarni yozdi:

Midhat Pasha was at the time minister of justice in Muhammad Rushdie Pasha’s government, during the Khilafah of Abdul-Aziz. He endeavoured to persuade Abdul-Aziz to draft a constitution from the Western democratic systems. So he wrote to him and urged him to redress the status quo of the State by establishing a constitution for it. Some of what he wrote in that letter, once he had given an account of the State’s corruption, was the following :

Janobi oliylari yaxshi biladiki, bu kasallikning samarali davosi uning sabablarini ildizi bilan yo'q qilishdir, bu sabablarni esa biz juda yaxshi bilamiz. Agar sabablar bartaraf etilsa, kasallik ham yo'qoladi. Shunday ekan, agar siz qonunlar va tizimlarga rioya qilishni, qonun oldida boy va kambag'al, qari va yosh o'rtasida tenglikni joriy etadigan yangi Hamoyuniy farmonini chiqarsangiz; xayriya muassasalarini ularning haqiqiy egalariga qaytarib, pullarni xayriyachilar ular uchun vasiyat qilgan maqsadlarga sarflasangiz; Davlat hokimiyatini Oliy Bob (hukumat)ga qaytarib, u o'z qarorlarini qabul qilib, so'ng ularni janobi oliylariga taqdim etishi uchun imkon yaratsangiz; Davlatning moliyaviy va mulkiy huquqlarini o'z qo'lingizda jamlamasangiz hamda Xazina Oliy Bobning roziligisiz bir tiyin ham sarflamasa; yuqori va quyi darajadagi davlat xizmatchilarining vazifalari belgilab qo'yilsa, vazirlar esa o'z harakatlarining oqibatlari uchun javobgar bo'lsa va bu qoidalar sizning qarindoshlaringiz va shaxsiy xizmatchilaringizga nisbatan ham qo'llanilsa, bularning barchasi amalga oshirilsa, Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) yordamida ko'zlangan natijaga erishiladi va Davlat janobi oliylari istagan yo'lga tushadi. Xalifaga xatni topshirishdan oldin Midhat posho uni hukumatga taqdim etdi va hukumat unga ma'qul berdi. Shuningdek, ular rais xatni Sulton Abdulaziz huzuriga olib borishga kelishib oldilar. U o'z vaqtida sultonga uchrashib, xatni topshirdi. Xatni o'qigan Abdulaziz qattiq g'azablandi va Midhat poshoni zudlik bilan hukumatdan chetlatish, uni Salonika voliysi etib tayinlab, o'zidan uzoqlashtirish haqida buyruq berdi.

“...your excellency is well aware that the effective cure for this ailment will be to uproot its causes which we know too well. If the causes were removed, the ailment would be removed. Hence, if you were to issue a new “Hamayunian Script” in which you imposed the adherence to the laws and systems, the equality between rich and poor, and elderly and young in the eyes of the law; if you were to return the charitable institutions to their rightful owners and to spend the money on what the donors had pledged them for; if you were to hand the State’s authority back to the Sublime Porte (the government), so that it could adopt its resolutions and then submit them to your excellency; if you did not monopolise the State’s financial and proprietary rights and if the Treasury were not to spend a single piaster without the Sublime Porte’s consent; if the duties of the senior and junior civil servants were outlined and if the ministers were held liable for the consequences of their actions, and if this were to be implemented upon your relatives and private staff; if all of this were implemented, the desired result would be achieved with the help of Allah (swt) and the State would reach the path which your excellency desires.” Prior to submitting the letter to the Khaleefah, Midhat Pasha tabled it to the government and they approved of it. They also agreed that the president should submit the letter to Sultan Abdul-Aziz. He duly met him and handed him the letter. Upon reading the letter, Abdul-Aziz became furious and issued his instructions to immediately dismiss Midhat Pasha from government and alienate him by appointing him Wali over Salonika.

Ushbu konstitutsiya demokratik tizim sifatida qaralgani uchun, u Islomga zid bo'lgan kufr qonunlaridan iborat edi. Shunga ko'ra, qoidalarning o'zi Islomga zid bo'lganligi sababli, ularni amalga oshirish Xilofat tizimining bekor qilinishini va masalan, konstitutsiyasi ushbu konstitutsiyaning manbai bo'lgan Belgiya kabi har qanday boshqa Yevropa davlatiga o'xshash davlatning tashkil etilishini anglatgan bo'lar edi. Shu sababli Bob-i Oliy uni amalga oshirmadi, Abdulhamid, shuningdek, ulamolar va taniqli musulmon arboblari unga qarshi chiqdilar.

Since this constitution was considered a democratic system, it was composed of Kufr laws which contradicted Islam. Accordingly as the rules themselves contradicted Islam, had they been implemented, their implementation would have implied the abolishment of the Khilafah system and the establishment of a state similar to any other European state, such as Belgium for instance, whose constitution served as the source of this constitution. Thus the Sublime Porte did not implement it and Abdul- Hamid, as well as the scholars and prominent Muslim figures opposed it.

Shu tariqa bilan Bob-i Olining konstitutsiyani amalga oshirishdan va buyuk davlatlarning talablariga bo‘ysunishdan qochishni boshladi.

In this way the Sublime Porte started to avoid implementing the constitution and submitting to the demands of the major powers.

Abdulhamid Britaniyaning nayrang va dushmanligini sezdi, shuningdek, uning hukumat amaldorlari bilan aloqa o‘rnatishga urinishlarini ham fosh etganga o‘xshardi. Shu sababli u Midhat posho‘ni Sadrazam lavozimidan chetlatdi va oliy xiyonatni sodir etgani uchun uni surgun qildi, chunki Midhat posho‘ ingliz-lar bilan aloqada bo‘lgan va g‘arb davlatlariga tayanish siyosatining asosida turgan edi. Buyuk davlatlar, ayniqsa Britaniya, Usmonli davlatini diqqat bilan kuzatib borar va Midhat posho‘ tomonidan tuzilgan konstitutsiyani amalga oshirishni talab qilardi. Darhaqiqat, Britaniya Balkan masalasi, Usmonli davlati va uning ichki islohotlarini o‘rganish uchun konferensiya o‘tkazishga intildi.

Abdul-Hamid sensed Britain’s trickery and hostility and it seemed that he had also uncovered her attempts at contacting government officials. As a result of this he dismissed Midhat Pasha from his post as Grand Vizier and banished him for perpetrating the high treason, for Midhat Pasha was in contact with the British and he was behind the policy of relying on the Western states. The major powers, especially Britain were closely folowing the Ottoman State and they pursued the implementation of the constitution drafted by Midhat Pasha. Indeed, Britain endeavoured to hold a conference to investigate the issue of the Balkans, the Ottoman State and its domestic reforms.