Yevropa davlatlarining Islom davlatiga qarshi fitnalari
The Conspiracies Of The European Countries Against The Islamic State
Kofirlar musulmonlar yerlarini bo'lish masalasida o'zaro ixtiloflarga qaramay, Islomni yo'q qilish g'oyasida to'liq birdam edilar. Bu maqsadda ular bir necha usullarni qo'lladilar. Dastlab ular Yevropa mamlakatlarida millatchilik va mustaqillik tuyg'ularini uyg'otdilar. Ular xalqni Islom Davlatiga qarshi qo'zg'olonga undadilar va ularni qurol hamda pul bilan ta'minladilar, xuddi Serbiya va Gretsiyada bo'lganidek. Shu tarzda Yevropa davlatlari Islom Davlatini orqadan pichoqlashga urindilar. Frantsiya 1798 yil iyul oyida Misrga bostirib kirib, uni egalladi, so'ngra Falastinga yurish qilib, uni ham egalladi. Frantsiya Islom Davlatiga o'lim zarbasini berish uchun Al-Shomning qolgan qismini egallashni xohladi, lekin mag'lub bo'ldi va keyinchalik Misrni tark etishga majbur bo'lib, egallagan yerlarini Islom Davlatiga qaytarib berdi.
Despite the differences amongst the Kuffar over the division of the Muslims lands, they were in full agreement of the idea to destroy Islam. They pursued several methods for this purpose. Initially, they aroused the feelings of nationalism and independence in the European countries. They incited people against the Islamic State and they supplied them with weapons and money in order to revolt against it, as was the case in Serbia and Greece. In this way, the European countries tried to stab the Islamic State in the back. France invaded Egypt and occupied it in July 1798, then marched onto Palestine and occupied it. France wanted to occupy the rest of Al-Sham in order to deal the Islamic State the fatal blow, but was however defeated, later being forced to leave Egypt and surrender the lands she had occupied back to the Islamic State.
Vahhobiylarning paydo bo‘lishi va Saudiya hukmronligi
The Birth Of The Wahhabis And The Saudi Rule
Britaniya o'z agenti Abdulaziz ibn Muhammad ibn Su'ud orqali Islom Davlatini ichidan zarbaga uchratishga urinib ko'rgan edi. Shu paytga kelib vahhobiylar Islom Davlati ichida Muhammad ibn Su'ud, keyinroq uning o'g'li Abdulaziz boshchiligidagi bir tuzilmani shakllantirishga muvaffaq bo'lishgan edi. Britaniya ularni qurol va pul bilan ta'minladi, ular esa mazhabiy asosda Xilofat hokimiyati ostida bo'lgan islomiy yerlarni egallashga kirishdilar.
Britain had attempted through her agent Abdul-Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud to strike the Islamic State from within. The Wahhabis by then had managed to establish an entity within the Islamic State, led by Muhammad ibn Saud and later by his son Abdul-Aziz. Britain supplied them with weapons and money and they moved on a sectarian basis to seize the Islamic lands which were under the authority of the Khilafah.
Ular Xalifaga qarshi qurol ko'tarib, Islom qurolli kuchlariga (Amir ul-Mumineenning qo'shiniga) qarshi jang qildilar; ular hamma vaqt Britaniya tomonidan turtkilanib va ta'minlanib turdilar. Vahhobiylar Xalifa boshqargan yerlarni egallab, bu yerlarni o'zlarining mazhabi (fikr maktabi) bo'yicha boshqarishni va ulardan farq qiluvchi boshqa barcha islom mazhablarini kuch bilan bostirishni xohladilar. Shu sababli ular 1788 yilda Kuvaytga hujum qilib, uni egallab oldilar, so'ng Bag'dodni qamal qilguncha shimolga yurish qildilar. Ular Karbalo va Al-Husayn (Allohning roziligi unga bo'lsin) qabrini egallab, uni vayron qilmoqchi va ziyorat qilishni taqiqlamoqchi edilar. Keyin, 1803 yilda ular Makkaga hujum boshlab, uni egallab oldilar. 1804 yil bahorida Madina ularning nazoratiga o'tdi. Ular Allohning Elchisi ﷺ qabrini soya qilib turgan ulkan gumbazlarni vayron qilib, ulardagi barcha qimmatbaho toshlar va bezaklarni olib ketdilar. Butun Hijozni egallab bo'lgach, ular Ash-Shom tomon yurdilar. 1810 yilda Homsga yaqinlashib, Damashqqa ikkinchi marta hujum qildilar, shuningdek Al-Najafga ham hujum qildilar. Damashq jasorat va sharaf bilan o'zini himoya qildi. Biroq Damashqni qamal qilib turgan paytda vahhobiylar bir vaqtning o'zida shimolga siljib, Halabgacha bo'lgan Suriya yerlarining ko'pchiligida o'z hokimiyatlarini o'rnatdilar. Bu vahhobiylar yurishi Britaniya tomonidan qo'zg'atilgani ma'lum haqiqat edi, chunki Al Sa'ud Britaniyaning agentlari edi. Ular islomiy bo'lgan va asoschisi mujtahid bo'lgan vahhobiy mazhabidan foydalanib, Islom davlatiga qarshi kurashish va boshqa mazhablar bilan to'qnashuv maqsadida siyosiy faoliyatda foydalandilar, toki Usmonli davlati ichida mazhabiy urushlarni qo'zg'ash uchun.
They took up arms against the Khaleefah and fought the Islamic armed forces (the army of the Amir ul-Mumineen), all the time goaded and supplied by the British. The Wahhabis wanted to seize the lands ruled by the Khaleefah in order to rule these lands according to their Mathhab (school of thought), and suppress all the other Islamic Mathahib that differed from theirs by force. Hence, they raided Kuwait and occupied it in 1788, then marched northwards until they besieged Baghdad. They wanted to seize Karbalaa and the tomb of Al-Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) to destroy it and ban the visiting of it. Then in 1803, they launched an attack on Makkah and occupied it. In the spring of 1804, Madinah fell under their control. They destroyed the huge domes which used to shade the grave of the Messenger of Allah (saw) and stripped them of all the gems and precious ornaments. Having completed their seizure of the whole of Al-Hijaz, they marched on towards Al-Sham. Nearing Hims in 1810 they attacked Damascus for a second time and they also attacked Al-Najaf. Damascus defended itself bravely and gloriously. However while besieging Damascus, the Wahhabis moved at the same time to the north and spread their authority over most of the Syrian lands as far as Aleppo. It was a well known fact that this Wahhabi campaign was instigated by the British, for Al Saud were British agents. They exploited the Wahhabi Mathhab, which was Islamic and whose founder was a Mujtahid, in political activities with the aim of fighting the Islamic State and clashing with the other Mathahib, in order to incite sectarian wars within the Ottoman state.
Islom davlatiga qarshi Britaniya fitnasi
The British Conspiracy Against The Islamic State
Al Saud ning inglizlarga bo‘lgan vositachiligi va sadoqati Xilofat davlatiga hamda Germaniya, Fransiya va Rossiya kabi yirik davlatlarga yaxshi ma’lum edi. Shuningdek, ular inglizlar tomonidan boshqarilayotgani ham ma’lum edi.
The brokerage and loyalty of Al Saud to the British was a well known matter to the Khilafah state and to the major powers such as Germany, France and Russia. It was also known that they were steered by the British.
Britaniyaliklarning o‘zlari Saudiya davlatini qo‘llab-quvvatlaganini hech qachon yashirmagan. Bundan tashqari, Hindiston orqali ularga yetib kelgan ulkan qurol-yarog‘ va jihozlar hamda urush harakatlarini moliyalashtirish va qurolli kuchlarni jihozlash uchun ajratilgan mablag‘lar faqat Britaniyaning qurollari va pullari edi. Shu sababli, boshqa Yevropa davlatlari, ayniqsa Fransiya, Vahhobiylar harakatiga qarshi chiqdi, chunki bu harakat Britaniyaning kampaniyasi deb hisoblanardi. Xilofat davlati Vahhobiylarni bartaraf etishga urinib ko‘rdi, ammo natija bermadi, uning Madina va Bag‘dodagi noiblari ularni jilovlay olmadilar. Natijada u Misrdagi noibi Muhammad Aliga ularga qarshi kurashish uchun qo‘shin yuborishni buyurdi. U avvaliga ikkilandi. Darhaqiqat, u Fransiya agenti edi va Misrda davlat to‘ntarishini amalga oshirib, hokimiyatni egallashiga yordam bergan ham Fransiya edi, so‘ngra u Xilofatni uni tan olishga majbur qilgan edi. Shunday qilib, Fransiyaning roziligi va undovi asosida Muhammad Ali 1811 yilda Sulton talablariga javob berdi va Vahhobiylar bilan kurashish uchun o‘g‘li Tosunni yubordi.
The British themselves never used to conceal the fact that they supported the Saudis as a state. Furthermore, the huge arsenals and equipment which reached them via India and the finance to cover the war effort and to equip the armed forces were but British weapons and money. Therefore, the other European countries, especially France, were opposed to the Wahhabi campaign for it was considered a British campaign. The Khilafah State had tried to strike the Wahhabis but to no avail, and her Walis in Madinah and Baghdad were unable to curb them. As a result she instructed her Wali in Egypt Muhammad Ali, to dispatch a task force to deal with them. He hesitated at first. Indeed he was a French agent, and it was France who had helped him stage the coup in Egypt and seize power, then forced the Khilafah to recognise him. So on the basis of Frances agreement and incitement, Muhammad Ali responded to the Sultans demands in 1811 and dispatched his son Tosson to fight the Wahhabis.
Misr armiyasi bilan vahhobiylar o'rtasida bir necha jang bo'lib o'tdi va Misr armiyasi 1812 yilda Madinani egallashga muvaffaq bo'ldi. So'ngra 1816 yilda Muhammad Ali o'g'li Ibrohimni Qohiradan yubordi; u vahhobiylarni tor-mor qildi, ular esa o'z poytaxtlari Ad-Diriyaga chekinib, o'sha yerda o'zlarini mustahkamladilar. Shundan keyin Ibrohim 1818 yil aprel oyida ularni qamal qildi. Qamal butun yoz davomida davom etib, 1818 yil 9 sentyabrgacha cho'zildi.
Frantsiyaning "Islomiy davlat"ga zarba berish urinishi
France's Attempt At Hitting The Islamic State
Frantsiya keyin o'z agenti Muhammad Ali orqali Islom Davlatiga orqadan zarba berishga urindi. Muhammad Ali Misrning vali edi. Frantsiya uni xalqaro miqyosda va siyosiy jihatdan ochiq qo'llab-quvvatladi, u esa Xalifadan ajralib chiqdi va unga qarshi urush e'lon qildi. U 1831 yilda Al-Shomni egallash maqsadida unga yurish qildi. U Falastin, Livan va Suriyani egalladi hamda Anatoliyaga kirib borishni boshladi. Biroq Xalifa unga qarshi kurashish uchun kuchli qo'shin yubordi. Britaniya, Rossiya va ikki nemis davlati Muhammad Aliga qarshi chiqdi. 1840 yil iyulida Britaniya, Rossiya va ikki nemis davlati "To'rtlik ittifoqi" deb nom olgan ittifoq tuzdi. Unga ko'ra, bu davlatlar Usmoniy Davlatining birligini himoya qilishni o'z zimmalariga oldilar va agar zarur bo'lsa, kuch bilan bo'lsa ham, Muhammad Alini Suriyani topshirishga majbur qilishga kelishdilar. Yevropa davlatlarining bu pozitsiyasi xalqaro vaziyatni Xalifa foydasiga burib yubordi. Bu Muhammad Aliga qarshi turishga va uni Suriya, Falastin hamda Livandan haydab chiqarishga yordam berdi. Shundan so'ng Muhammad Ali Misrga qaytdi va Xalifaning hokimiyati ostida vali bo'lishga rozi bo'ldi.
France then attempted to strike the Islamic State from the back through her agent Muhammad Ali, the Wali of Egypt. France openly supported him internationally and politically, and he broke away from the Khaleefah and declared war against it. He marched towards Al-Sham in 1831 with the aim of conquering it. He occupied Palestine, Lebanon and Syria and started to infiltrate Anatolia. However, the Khaleefah dispatched a strong army to fight him. Britain, Russia and two of the German states turned against Muhammad Ali. In July 1840, Britain, Russia and two German states held what became known as the "Quadrilateral Alliance", according to which these states would undertake to defend the unity of the Ottoman State and to oblige Muhammad Ali, by force if necessary, to surrender Syria. This stand taken by the European countries turned the international situation in favour of the Khaleefah. It helped to resist Muhammad Ali and drive him out of Syria, Palestine and Lebanon. Muhammad Ali returned to Egypt whereupon he accepted to be a Wali under the authority of the Khaleefah.