据《塔巴里史》记载,先知ﷺ在得到违约消息的前三天,吩咐他的妻子阿伊莎رضي الله عنها为出征作准备,做的是出征打仗时特有的那些准备。阿布·伯克尔(愿真主喜悦他)进来,问阿伊莎رضي الله عنها发生了什么事,对所做的准备感到惊讶,他说这并不是打仗的通常时节。阿伊莎回答说她也不知道。第三天早上,阿穆尔·本·萨利姆·胡扎伊带着四十名骑兵前来,向先知ﷺ通报他的族人的困境,并请求穆斯林帮助他们进行报复。麦地那的人这才得知古莱氏违背了盟约。布代勒跟在阿穆尔之后到来,接着是阿布·苏福扬,消息就此被明确证实。
On the authority of At-Tabari, the Messenger of Allâh peace be upon him asked 'Aishah رضي الله عنها, his spouse three days prior to receiving news relating to breaching of covenant, to make preparations peculiar to marching out for war. Abu Bakr, meanwhile, came in and asked 'Aishah رضي الله عنها what the matter was, showing surprise at the preparations being made as it was not, as he said, the usual time for war. She replied that she had no idea. On the morning of the third day 'Amr bin Sâlim Al-Khuza'i arrived in the company of forty horsemen to brief the Prophet peace be upon him on the plight of his people and seeking the Muslims' help for retaliation. People of Madinah then got to know that Quraish had breached the covenant. Budail followed 'Amr, and then Abu Sufyan and the news was unequivocally confirmed.
为了对其军事意图实行彻底的新闻封锁,先知ﷺ于伊斯兰历8年斋月派遣了一支八人小队,由古塔达·本·拉比'率领,前往离麦地那不远的艾丹方向,以转移人们的注意力,掩盖他所真正关注的主要目标。
With view of securing a complete news black-out concerning his military intentions, the Prophet peace be upon him despatched an eight-men platoon under the leadership of Qatadah bin Rab'i in the direction of Edam, a short distance from Madinah, in Ramadan 8 A.H., in order to divert the attention of people and screen off the main target with which he was preoccupied.
在人们普遍惶恐不安之际,圣门最可信赖的弟子之一哈提卜,秘密派遣一名女信使,携带一封信前往麦加,向麦加人透露穆斯林即将发动的进攻。先知ﷺ从天上获知了哈提卜的所作所为,便派遣阿里和米克达德前去追赶那名女子。二人追上了她,经过长时间的搜寻,在她的发辫中找到了那封被仔细藏好的信。先知ﷺ召见哈提卜,问他是什么促使他做出这种行为。他回答说:"安拉的使者ﷺ啊!我与古莱氏没有血缘上的关系,我与他们之间只有一种友好的往来。我的家人在麦加,没有人照料他们,也没有人保护他们。我的处境与那些迁士形成鲜明对比,他们的家人因与古莱氏有血缘关系而得到安全。我觉得,既然我与他们没有亲属关系,为了孩子们的安全,我应当通过对他们施恩来赢得他们的好感。我指安拉发誓,我做这件事并非作为叛教者而背弃伊斯兰,我只是出于刚才所说的那些考虑。"
There was so much dread and fear everywhere that Hatib, one of the most trusted followers of the Prophet peace be upon him secretly despatched a female messenger with a letter to Makkah containing intimation of the intended attack. The Prophet peace be upon him received news from the heaven of Hatib's action and sent 'Ali and Al-Miqdad with instructions to go after her. They overtook the messenger, and after a long search discovered the letter carefully hidden in her locks. The Prophet peace be upon him summoned Hatib and asked him what had induced him to this act. He replied, "O Messenger of Allâh peace be upon him! I have no affinity of blood with Quraish; there is only a kind of friendly relationship between them and myself. My family is at Makkah and there is no one to look after it or to offer protection to it. My position stands in striking contrast to that of the refugees whose families are secure due to their blood ties with Quraish. I felt that since I am not related to them, I should, for the safety of my children, earn their gratitude by doing good to them. I swear by Allâh that I have not done this act as an apostate, forsaking Islam. I was prompted only by the considerations I have just explained.".
"Umar想把他当作伪信者斩首,但先知ﷺ接受了他的托词,并赦免了他,然后对'Umar说:"Hatib是参加过Badr之战的人之一。你怎么知道他是伪信者呢?Allâh或许已经垂顾那些参加过那场战役的人。"随后他转向Hatib,说:"你可以随心所欲地去做,因为我已经宽恕了你。"
一切准备就绪后,先知ﷺ于伊斯兰历8年Ramadan月10日,率领一万名战士前往Makkah。他委任Abu Ruhm Al-Ghifari在他不在时处理Madinah的事务。当他们抵达Al-Juhfa时,Al-'Abbas bin 'Abdul Muttalib及其家人前来与先知ﷺ会合。在Al-Abwa',穆斯林遇见了先知ﷺ的堂兄Abu Sufyan bin Al-Harith和'Abdullah bin Omaiyah,但由于他们曾对信士造成伤害,并以讥讽的言辞攻击信士,二人未受欢迎。'Ali劝Abu Sufyan前去恳求先知ﷺ宽恕,并像Yusuf(先知Joseph)的兄弟们那样,坦白自己的不当行为。
'Umar wanted to cut his head off as a hypocrite, but the Prophet peace be upon him accepted his excuse and granted him pardon, then addressed 'Umar saying: "Hatib is one of those who fought in the battle of Badr. How do you know that he is a hypocrite? Allâh is likely to look favourably on those who participated in that battle. Turning then, to Hatib, he said: "Do as you please, for I have forgiven you." After making full preparation, the Prophet peace be upon him proceeded to Makkah at the head of ten thousand soldiers on the 10th of Ramadan, 8 A.H. He mandated Abu Ruhm Al-Ghifari to dispose the affairs of Madinah during his absence. When they reached Al-Juhfa, Al-'Abbas bin 'Abdul Muttalib and his family came to join the Prophet peace be upon him. At Al-Abwa', the Muslims came across Abu Sufyan bin Al-Harith and 'Abdullah bin Omaiyah, the Prophet's cousins, but, on account of the harm they had inflicted, and their satiric language, on the believers, they were not welcomed. 'Ali addressed Abu Sufyan to go and beseech the Prophet peace be upon him for pardon and confess his ill-behaviour in a manner similar to that of Yusuf's (the Prophet Joseph) brothers:
他们说:"指真主起誓!真主确已把你优选于我们之上,我们确是罪人。"[12:91] 艾布·苏福扬接受了阿里的劝告,先知引用了真主的话:"他说:'今天你们不必受责备,愿真主宽恕你们,他是最仁慈的至慈者。'"[12:92]
"They said: 'By Allâh! Indeed Allâh has preferred you above us, and we certainly have been sinners.'" [12:91] Abu Sufyan observed 'Ali's counsel, to which the Prophet quoted Allâh's Words: "He said: 'No reproach on you this day, may Allâh forgive you, and He is the Most Merciful of those who show mercy!'" [12:92].
阿布·苏富扬吟诵了一些诗句,对先知ﷺ给予了高度的赞美,并表明伊斯兰教是他唯一的宗教。
Abu Sufyan recited some verses paying a generous tribute to the Prophet peace be upon him and professing Islam as his only religion.
穆斯林随后继续禁食行进,直到抵达一个名为“盖迪德”(Al-Qadeed)的地方,那里有水源。他们在那里破斋,然后继续向马尔·扎赫兰(Mar Az-Zahran)进发。古莱氏人对事态的发展毫不知情,但先知ﷺ不愿出其不意地突袭他们。因此,他下令士兵在四周点燃篝火用于烹饪。这样做的用意在于,让古莱氏人有充分的机会正确评估自己所处的处境,而不至于在战场上盲目冲撞,从而危及自己的生命。欧麦尔·本·哈塔卜被委以守卫之责。与此同时,艾布·苏福扬与哈基姆·本·希兹ام以及两名凶恶的多神教徒布代伊勒·本·沃尔卡(Budail bin Warqua')出去侦察。他们尚未走近营地,就遇到了先知的叔叔阿拔斯。阿拔斯把当时的情况告诉了艾布·苏福扬,并劝他皈依伊斯兰,说服他的族人在穆罕默德ﷺ面前投降;否则,他的头颅就会被砍下。
The Muslims then marched on in a state of fasting until they reached a place called Al-Qadeed where water was available. There they broke fast and resumed their movement towards Mar Az-Zahran. The Quraishites were quite unaware of the development of affairs, but the Prophet peace be upon him did not like to take them by surprise. He, therefore, ordered his men to kindle fire on all sides for cooking purposes. The idea behind this was that Quraish should be afforded full opportunity to assess the situation in which they were pitchforked correctly, and should not endanger their lives by leaping blindly in the battlefield. 'Umar bin Al-Khattab was entrusted with the guard duty. In the meanwhile, Abu Sufyan along with Hakim bin Hizam and Budail bin Warqua', two terrible polytheists, went out to reconnoiter. Before they got near the camp, they met 'Abbas, the Prophet's uncle. He apprised Abu Sufyan of the situation and advised him to accept Islam and persuade his people to surrender before Muhammad peace be upon him; otherwise, his head would be struck off.
在当时迫切的形势下,艾布·苏福扬在阿拔斯的陪同下求见先知ﷺ。穆斯林看到艾布·苏福扬,怒不可遏,想要当场杀死他。但两人历经困难,终于见到了安拉的使者ﷺ,使者建议他们次日再来。先知ﷺ对艾布·苏福扬说:"你真是可悲!难道你还不该为安拉的独一和穆罕默德的先知身份作证吗?"此时,这位伊斯兰的头号敌人开始以最恳切的言辞恳求先知ﷺ,这些话语见证了先知的宽厚与温和品性,他请求赦免和宽恕,并全心全意地宣告信奉新的信仰。应阿拔斯的请求,先知ﷺ在他宣布的普遍赦免之中,给予了艾布·苏福扬一项特殊的优待。艾布·苏福扬素来喜欢夸耀,先知ﷺ说:"凡进入艾布·苏福扬家的人便得平安;凡闭门居家的人,其中的人也得平安;凡进入禁寺的人也得平安。"
Under the prevailing compelling circumstances, Abu Sufyan went in the company of 'Abbas seeking the Prophet's peace be upon him audience. The Muslims were furious to see Abu Sufyan and wanted to kill him on the spot. But the two men managed, not without difficulties, to see the Messenger of Allâh peace be upon him who advised that they see him the following day. The Prophet peace be upon him addressed Abu Sufyan saying: "Woe to you! Isn't it time for you to bear witness to the Oneness of Allâh and Prophethood of Muhammad?" Here, the archenemy of Islam began to beseech the Prophet peace be upon him in the most earnest words that testify to the Prophet's generosity and mild temper begging for pardon and forgiveness, and professing wholeheartedly the new faith. On request by 'Abbas, the Prophet peace be upon him, in the context of the general amnesty he proclaimed, gave Abu Sufyan, who had a liking for bragging, a special privilege, saying: "He who takes refuge in Abu Sufyan's house is safe; whosoever confines himself to his house, the inmates thereof shall be in safety, and he who enters the Sacred Mosque is safe.".
伊历8年斋月17日星期二清晨,先知ﷺ离开了马尔·al-扎赫兰。他命令阿拔斯监视阿布·苏富扬,让他站在一处可以俯瞰穆斯林军队向麦加进发的高地峡谷上,以便他亲眼看到安拉的伟大而强大的战士。各个部落先后经过,高举着旗帜,直到最后,由先知ﷺ率领的移民与辅士的全副武装的队伍走过。阿布·苏富扬开始疑惑这些人是谁,阿拔斯告诉他,那是穆罕默德ﷺ和他的同伴们。阿布·苏富扬说,无论多么强大的军队都无法抵挡这些人,他对阿拔斯说:"我指着安拉起誓,你侄子的权势已经强大到无法抵挡。"阿拔斯回答:"这乃是先知身份的力量。"阿布·苏富扬表示同意。
萨德·本·欧巴达持辅士的旗帜。他经过阿布·苏富扬身边时说:"今天将是大战之日,你们在天房中也求不到庇护。今天将是古莱什蒙羞之日。"阿布·苏富扬就此向先知ﷺ申诉,先知ﷺ动了怒,说:"不,今天天房将被尊崇,古莱什将获得荣耀。"他随即下令将萨德从旗手之位上撤下,将旗帜交给他的儿子盖斯;另一种说法是交给祖拜尔。
阿拔斯催促阿布·苏富扬赶快进入麦加,警告古莱什人不要对穆斯林采取任何侵略行为。在麦加,他高声呼喊,警告人们不要敌对,并建议他们到他的家中寻求安全。他的妻子非常愤怒,揪住他的胡须,咒骂他,斥责他的怯懦立场。 在麦加城内,人们嘲笑艾卜·苏福扬,然后四散而去:有人回了家,有人进入圣寺,而一些不守纪律、鲁莽的暴徒,在伊克里玛·本·艾卜·哲海勒、萨夫旺·本·欧麦耶和苏海勒·本·阿慕尔的带领下,心怀杀机,在一个名为坎达麦的地方扎营。先知ﷺ则平静从容地为穆斯林即将迎来的军事突破做最后的部署,这一切都是托安拉的意志。他任命哈立德·本·瓦利德统率军队的右翼,由阿斯兰、苏莱姆、吉法尔、穆宰奈和朱海奈等部落听从他的指挥,从麦加的下方街巷进城。祖拜尔·本·阿瓦姆负责左翼,从上方攻入麦加,并高举使者的旗帜。艾卜·欧拜代统率步兵,经由一条侧谷进入城内。他们都接到了明确而坚决的命令:除非为了自卫,不得杀戮;即便在那种情况下,也要消灭一切进攻性的敌对分子,平息任何反抗。
On the morning of Tuesday, 17th. Ramadan, 8 A.H., the Prophet peace be upon him left Mar Az-Zahran. He ordered Al-'Abbas to detain Abu Sufyan at a commanding gorge that could afford a full view of the Muslim army parading on its way towards Makkah, and hence give him the chance to see the great and powerful soldiers of Allâh. The different tribes successively passed with their banners flown up, until at last the battalion of the Emigrants and Helpers with the Prophet peace be upon him at their head heavily armed marched by. Abu Sufyan began to wonder who those people were, to which Al- 'Abbas told him that they were Muhammad peace be upon him and his Companions. Abu Sufyan said that no army however powerful could resist those people and addressing Al-'Abbas, he said: "I swear by Allâh that the sovereignty of your brother's son has become too powerful to withstand." Al-'Abbas answered, "It is rather the power of Prophethood," to which the former agreed. Sa'd bin 'Ubadah carried the flag of the Helpers. When he passed by Abu Sufyan, he said "Today will witness the great fight, you cannot seek sanctuary at Al-Ka'bah. Today will witness the humiliation of Quraish." Abu Sufyan complained about this to the Prophet peace be upon him who got angry and said "Nay, today Al-Ka'bah will be sanctified, and Quraish honoured," and quickly ordered that Sa'd should be stripped off the flag, and that it should be entrusted to his son Qais, in another version, to Az Zubair. Al-'Abbas urged Abu Sufyan to hasten into Makkah and warn the Quraishites against any aggressive behaviour towards the Muslims. There in Makkah, he shouted at the top of his voice and warned against any hostilities advising them to seek safety in his house. His wife got indignant and tugged at his moustache cursing him and abusing his cowardly stance. The people within Makkah mocked Abu Sufyan and dispersed in different directions, some into their houses, others into the Holy Sanctuary while some undisciplined reckless ruffians led by 'Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl, Safwan bin Omaiyah and Suhail bin 'Amr encamped themselves in a place called Khandamah, with a murderous intent in their minds. The Prophet peace be upon him, on his part, was quite modestly and calmly drawing the final touches for the military breakthrough awaiting the Muslims, by Allâh's Will. He appointed Khalid bin Al-Waleed as a leader of the right flank of the army with Aslam, Sulaim, Ghifar, Muzainah and Juhainah tribes under his command to enter Makkah through its lower avenues. Az-Zubair bin 'Awwam was to lead the left flank and would storm Makkah from the upper side holding up the Messenger's banner. Abu 'Ubaidah took command of the infantry and was to penetrate into the city via a side valley. They were given full and decisive orders not to kill unless in self defence and in that case they would exterminate any aggressive elements and quell any opposition.
穆斯林的各支部队按照事先划定的路线出发,去完成各自应当承担的任务。哈立德·本·瓦利德沿着既定路线深入城中,接连杀死了十二名暴徒,自己也有两人殉难。祖拜尔出发,抵达预定的目的地,在征服清真寺(Al-Fath Mosque)上插起旗帜,并在那里等待先知ﷺ的到来。人们为他搭起帐篷,他在其中感谢至能至大的真主,因为真主以祂广大的恩典赐予他辉煌的胜利。但他并没有久留休息。他与辅士和迁士一同起身,前往象征真主独一与至高无上的天房——克尔白。那里遗憾地充斥着三百六十尊偶像。他一边用弓将它们一一打倒,一边诵读《古兰经》中的经文:
The Muslim battalions marched out each in its already drawn route to fulfill the missions they were supposed to carry out. Khalid bin Al-Waleed worked his way into the heart of the town quite successively killing twelve of the ruffians and sustaining two martyrs. Az-Zubair set out and reached the fixed destination where he planted the banner at Al-Fath (conquest) Mosque and waited there for the arrival of the Prophet peace be upon him. A tent was pitched for him where he offered prayers of thanks to the All-Mighty Allâh, Who, out of His immense grace, had granted him a splendid victory. But he did not repose long. He, in the company of the Helpers and Emigrants, got up and proceeded towards Al-Ka'bah, the Sacred House, which is an emblem of the Oneness and Supremacy of Allâh. It was unfortunately infested with idols that numbered 360. He knocked them down with his bow while reciting the verse of the Noble Qur'ân:
"并且说:'真理已经降临,虚妄已经消逝。虚妄本来是注定要消逝的。'"[17:81] 安拉又说:
"And Say: 'Truth (i.e. Islamic Monotheism or this Qur'ân or Jihâd against polytheists) has come and Batil (falsehood, i.e. Satan or polytheism, etc.) has vanished. Surely! Batil is ever bound to vanish.'" [17:81] And Allâh further said:
"说(哦,穆罕默德ﷺ):'真理(《古兰经》和安拉的启示)已经降临,虚妄(易卜劣厮)既不能创造什么,也不能使什么复活。'"[34:49] 然后他骑在坐骑上,开始了惯常的绕行。那时他并未处于伊赫拉姆(圣洁状态)中。绕行完毕后,他召唤天房的看守人奥斯曼·本·塔勒哈,从他手中取得了钥匙。他入内后看见易卜拉欣和易斯玛仪两位先知(愿他们平安)的画像,正在掷占卜的箭。他斥责古莱什人的这些行为,并下令拆除所有偶像,删除所有画像和雕像。随后他走进圣殿,面向门对面的墙壁,再次俯身叩拜,并绕行其中,宣扬安拉的伟大与独一。不久之后,他回到门口,站在门前升高的台阶上,感恩地注视着下方熙攘的人群,发表了以下这篇著名的演说:
"Say (O Muhammad peace be upon him): "The Truth (the Qur'ân and Allah's Inspiration) has come, and Al-Batil (falsehood - Iblis) can neither create anything nor resurrect (any thing)." [34:49] He then started the usual circumambulation on his ride. He was not in a state of Ihram (ritual consecration) then. On completion, he called for 'Uthman bin Talhah, the janitor of Al-Ka'bah, from whom he took the key. He went in and saw images of Prophets Ibrahim and Ishmael,*(A.S.), throwing divination arrows. He denounced these acts of Quraish and ordered that all idols be dismantled, images and effigies deleted. He then entered the sacred hall to face the wall opposite the door and there again performed devout prostrations, and went around acclaiming Allâh's Greatness and Oneness. Shortly afterwards, he returned to the door-way and standing upon its elevated step, gazed in thankfulness on the thronging multitude below and delivered the following celebrated address:
“除真主外,别无应受崇拜的主宰。祂是独一的,没有任何同伴。祂履行了祂的应许,眷顾祂的仆人,助他取胜,并击溃了所有的联军。你们要牢记:凡是以血统或财产为由的一切特权,都已被我踩在脚下,唯独看管天房(克尔白)与为朝觐者供水的职责除外。你们要牢记:凡被殴打致死者,即便是半故意地以棍棒或鞭子所致,其血债赔偿极为沉重:一百头骆驼,其中四十头须为怀孕的母驼。”
"There is no god but Allâh Alone. He has no associates. He made good His Promise that He held to His slave and helped him and defeated all the Confederates along. Bear in mind that every claim of privilege, whether that of blood, or property, is under my heel, except that of the custody of Al-Ka'bah and supplying of water to the pilgrims. Bear in mind that for anyone who is slain, even though semi-deliberately, with club or whip, for him the blood-money is very severe: a hundred camels, forty of them to be pregnant.
"古莱什人啊!真主已经为你们废除了蒙昧时代的一切傲慢,以及对祖先的一切自负,因为所有人都是亚当的后代,而亚当是用泥土造的。"然后他(ﷺ)为他们诵读了这节经文:
"O people of Quraish! surely Allâh has abolished from you all pride of the pre-Islamic era and all conceit in your ancestry, (because) all men are descended from Adam, and Adam was made out of clay." He then recited to them the verse:
"人类啊!我确已用一个男人和一个女人创造了你们,并使你们成为各民族、各部落,以便你们互相认识。真的,你们中在安拉看来最尊贵的人,是最敬畏安拉的人。真的,安拉是全知的,是彻知的。"[49:13] 他还补充道:
"O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honourable of you near Allâh is that (believer) who has At-Taqwa [i.e. one of the Muttaqûn: i.e. pious and righteous persons who fear Allâh much (abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which He has forbidden), and love Allâh much (perform all kinds of good deeds which He has ordained)]. Verily, Allâh is All-Knowing, All-Aware." [49:13] He further added:
"你们这些古莱氏人啊!你们认为我将要对你们怎样处置?"他们回答说:
"O you people of Quraish! What do you think of the treatment that I am about to accord to you?" They replied:
"哦,尊贵的兄弟,尊贵兄弟之子!我们对你所期望的,只有善。"他听了之后说:
"O noble brother and son of noble brother! We expect nothing but goodness from you." Upon this he said:
"我对你们说的话,与优素福(先知约瑟夫)对他兄弟们所说的相同:他说:“今日你们不必受责备,”[12:92] 你们去吧,你们是获得自由的人。至于天房的看守和为朝觐者供水之事,先知ﷺ下令这些职责仍由奥斯曼·本·塔勒哈掌管,钥匙将永远由他和他的后代保管。"
"I speak to you in the same words as Yusuf (the Prophet Joseph) spoke unto his brothers: He said: "No reproach on you this day," [12:92] go your way, for you are freed ones." As for the door-keeping of Al-Ka'bah and supplying of water to pilgrims, the Prophet peace be upon him ordered that these jobs remain in the hand of 'Uthman bin Talhah and that the key will stay with him and his descendants for ever.
当礼拜时间临近时,比拉勒登上天房,召唤礼拜。阿布·苏富扬·本·哈尔卜、伊塔卜·本·尤赛德和哈里斯·本·希沙姆当时正坐在庭院里。伊塔卜·本·尤赛德就这一新情况(比拉勒登上天房并召唤礼拜)发表评论,说幸好他的父亲尤赛德没有听到这样的话,安拉使他免受此辱。先知ﷺ走近,在天启的帮助下告诉他们,他已经知道了他们所说的话。哈里斯和伊塔卜大为惊讶,当即皈依伊斯兰,作证穆罕默德ﷺ是安拉的使者,并补充道:"我们指安拉发誓,没有人与我们在一起,去告诉你的。"
When time for prayer approached, Bilal ascended Al-Ka'bah and called for prayer. Abu Sufyan bin Harb, 'Itab bin Usaid and Al-Harith bin Hisham were meanwhile sitting in the yard. 'Itab bin Usaid commented on the new situation (Bilal ascending Al-Ka'bah and calling for prayer) saying that Allâh honoured Usaid (his father) having not heard such words. The Prophet peace be upon him approached and assisted by Divine Revelation told them that he had learnt about what they had spoken of. Al-Harith and 'Itab, taken by incredible surprise, immediately professed Islam and bore witness to the Messengership of Muhammad peace be upon him adding that "We swear by Allâh that none had been with us to inform you."