1 Überliefert von Abu Dawud. Ich habe die prophetischen Überlieferungen nach ihren Sammlern angegeben. Zum Beispiel bedeutet „Überliefert von Bukhari“, dass sie in dem Hadith-Werk steht, das Bukhari zusammengestellt hat. Man kann die verschiedenen Hadithe in englischen und arabischen Online-Datenbanken suchen. Bitte beachten Sie, dass Übersetzungen unterschiedlich ausfallen können.

1 Narrated by Abu Dawud. I have referenced the Prophetic traditions by their compilers. For example, “Narrated by Bukhari” means that it is in the hadith book compiled by Bukhari. You can search for the various hadiths using online English and Arabic databases. Please note translations may vary.

2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2

2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2

2. Auflage

nd Edition.

Übersetzt mit einer Einleitung und Anmerkungen von T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, S. 8.

Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

3 Einige dieser Debatten können Sie unter www.hamzatzortzis.com ansehen [abgerufen am 3. Oktober 2016].

3 You can watch some of these debates at www.hamzatzortzis.com [Accessed 3rd October 2016].

4 Prophetische Überlieferungen sind authentische und verifizierte Worte, Aussagen, Handlungen und Zustimmungen des Propheten Muhammad ﷺ.

4 Prophetic traditions are authentic and verified words, statements, actions and consent of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining „Atheism“. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 11–21.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.

6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, S. 28.

6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.

7Ebenda, S. 216.

7Ibid, p. 216.

8Ebd., S. 217-218.

8Ibid, pp. 217-218.

9Ebd., S. 217-218.

9Ibid, pp. 217-218.

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, S. 14.

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.

11 Überliefert von Muslim.

11 Narrated by Muslim.

12 Der Koran, Sure 52, Vers 36. Im gesamten Buch habe ich verschiedene Koranübersetzungen verwendet. Am häufigsten habe ich die Übersetzung von Professor Abdel Haleem [siehe Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Neuauflage 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] und die Übersetzung von Sahih International [verfügbar unter: www.quran.com] benutzt. 13 „Wer außer einem Narren würde die Religion Abrahams verlassen?“ Der Koran, Sure 2, Vers 130.

12 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 36. Throughout this book I have used various Qur’anic translations. The translations I have used most frequently are the translation by Professor Abdel Haleem [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] and the translation by Sahih International [available at: www.quran.com]. 13 “Who but a fool would forsake the religion of Abraham?” The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 130.

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

15 Ebd.

15 Ibid.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Übersetzt von Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, S. 22. Der Übersetzer verweist auf Physiker; im ursprünglichen Zusammenhang sind jedoch jene gemeint, die Gottes Vorsehung ablehnen. 17 Der Koran, Sure 10, Vers 99.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. The translator refers to physicists; however, in the original context it refers to those who reject God’s providence. 17 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 99.

18 Der Koran, Sure 2, Vers 256.

18 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Verfügbar unter: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, Hrsg., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1. Auflage. New York: Cambridge University Press, S. 11.

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, S. 29.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.

22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, S. 224-223.

22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, S. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, Nr. 4. 25 Ebd., S. 23.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

26 Ebd., S. 1.

26 Ibid, p. 1.

27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7. April 1980, S. 65-66. Verfügbar unter: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Zugriff am 2

27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7 April 1980, pp. 65-66. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Accessed 2

[2. Oktober 2016].

nd October 2016].

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, S. 117–129.

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.

29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, S. 13.

29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.

Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, S. 227.

30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.

31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, S. 20.

31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.

Zitiert in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, S. 41.

32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

33 Ebd., S. 44.

33 Ibid p. 44.

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011. [online] Verfügbar unter: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, S. 203. Verfügbar unter: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

36 Die Geschichte des Atheismus in China hat ihre eigenen Besonderheiten und kann nicht mit dem westlichen Atheismus gleichgesetzt werden. Der chinesische Atheismus beruht nicht auf dem Darwinismus oder einer Art neuem Atheismus im Sinne Dawkins. Der Atheismus in China gründet sich auf einen eigenen Komplex kultureller, politischer und intellektueller Faktoren. Er muss für sich allein untersucht werden.

36 The history of atheism in China has its own complexities and cannot be equated with Western atheism. Chinese atheism is not due to Darwinism or a Dawkins type of new atheism. Atheism in China is based on a unique set of cultural, political and intellectual factors. It has to be studied on its own.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, S. 61.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.

38 Ebd., S. 55.

38 Ibid, p. 55.

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, S. 16. Verfügbar unter: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Zugriff am 2. Oktober 216].

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].

40 Einige Gedanken in diesem Kapitel sind von Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god inspiriert und daran angepasst. Verfügbar unter: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Zugriff am 23. November 2016].

40Some of ideas in this chapter have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

42 Der Koran, Sure 12, Vers 87.

42 The Qur’an, Chapter 12, Verse 87.

43 Der Koran, Sure 99, Verse 6 bis 8.

43 The Qur’an, Chapter 99, Verses 6 to 8.

44 Der Koran, Sure 45, Vers 22.

44 The Qur’an, Chapter 45, Verse 22.

45 Der Koran, Sure 50, Vers 35.

45 The Qur’an, Chapter 50, Verse 35.

46 Der Koran, Kapitel 10, Vers 26.

46 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 26.

47 Der Koran, Sure 36, Verse 55 bis 58.

47 The Qur’an, Chapter 36, Verses 55 to 58.

48 Der Koran, Sure 17, Vers 70.

48 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 70.

49 Der Koran, Sure 3, Vers 191.

49 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

50 Der Koran, Sure 32, Vers 18.

50 The Qur’an, Chapter, 32, Verse 18.

51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, S. 275.

51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.

52 Der Koran, Kapitel 57, Verse 20 bis 21.

52 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verses 20 to 21.

53 Zitiert nach BBC (o. J.) Radio 4 – In Our Time – Greatest Philosopher – Ludwig Wittgenstein. Verfügbar unter: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].

54 Zitiert in Pollan, S. M. und Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, S. 4.

54 Cited in Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2

[2. Oktober 2016].

nd October 2016].

56 Der Koran, Sure 3, Vers 191.

56 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

58 Der Koran, Sure 7, Vers 128.

58 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 128.

59 Der Koran, Sure 39, Vers 29.

59 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, S. 55.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

61 Der Koran, Sure 11, Vers 105.

61 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 105.

62 Der Koran, Sure 25, Vers 75.

62 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verse 75.

63 Der Koran, Sure 59, Vers 19.

63 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, S. 155.

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.

BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 100-102.

65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.

BonJour, L. (1995). „Toward a Moderate Rationalism.“ Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

66 BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Verfügbar unter: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Zugriff am 14. November 2016].

67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Verfügbar unter: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Zugriff am 4. Oktober 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Available at: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Accessed 4th October 2016].

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, S. 60.

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Verfügbar unter: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Zugriff am 4. Oktober 2016].

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, S. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, S. 305.

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.

73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, S. 66.

73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.

74 Sage, James. „Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.“ Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

74 Sage, James. “Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

75 Ebd., S. 104.

75 Ibid, p. 104.

Ebd.

76 Ibid.

77 Ebd.

77 Ibid.

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Verfügbar unter: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Zugriff am 30. September 2019].

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].

79 Der Koran, Sure 41, Vers 53.

79 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.

80 Der Koran, Sure 47, Vers 24.

80 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 24.

81 Der Koran, Sure 11, Vers 51.

81 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 51.

82 Der Koran, Sure 3, Vers 190.

82 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, S. 87.

83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.

84 Entnommen und adaptiert aus Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

84 Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

85 Die Antwort auf diesen Einwand wurde von Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 – objections to functionalism inspiriert und daran angepasst. Verfügbar unter: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Zugriff am 24. Oktober 2016].

85 The response to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].

Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, S. 32-33.

86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.

87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.

88 Ebd., S. 30.

88 Ibid, p. 30.

89 Ebd. Für Erwiderungen auf andere Einwände und weitere Einzelheiten zu diesem Thema siehe: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, S. 417–424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, S. 450–456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), S. 701–708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, S. 26–31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

89 Ibid. For responses to other objections and more detail on this topic please see: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer's Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, S. 49, und siehe: „The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism“, Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, S. 175–83.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

91 BBC Today. (2008). Verfügbar unter: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar' Ta'arud al-'Aql wan-Naql. 2. Auflage. Herausgegeben von Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riad, Jami'ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Band 8, S. 482.

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4. Auflage. Herausgegeben von Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, S. 640.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, S. 151-165.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, S. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children „Intuitive Theists“? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), S. 295-301.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

98 Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

99 Ebd., 74.

99 Ibid, 74.

Ebd.

100 Ibid.

101 Ebd., 79.

101 Ibid, 79.

102 Ebd., 81.

102 Ibid, 81.

103 Ebd., 82.

103 Ibid, 82.

104 Ebd., 83.

104 Ibid, 83.

105 Ebd., 84.

105 Ibid, 84.

106 Ebd.

106 Ibid.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. und Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, S. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children's Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, S. 35-36.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3. Auflage. Riad: Dar al-Salam, S. 316. 110 Überliefert von Muslim.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3rd Edition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrated by Muslim.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Übersetzt von Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, S. 10.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu' al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama' Malik Fahad. Bd. 16, S. 324.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.

113 Ebd., Bd. 6, S. 73.

113 Ibid. Vol 6, p. 73.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar' Ta'arud al-'Aql wan-Naql. Bd. 7, S. 219.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.

115 Der Koran, Sure 16, Vers 69.

115 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 69.

116 Der Koran, Sure 10, Vers 24.

116 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

117 Der Koran, Sure 52, Verse 35 und 36.

117 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

118 Der Qur'an, Sure 28, Vers 56.

118 The Qur’an, Chapter 28, Verse 56.

119 Der Koran, Sure 14, Vers 10.

119 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 10.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Übersetzung und Anmerkungen von Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, S. 85–86.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, S. ix.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

122 Ebd., S. 203

122 Ibid, p. 203

123 Zitiert in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, S. 31.

123 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

124 Der Koran, Sure 52, Verse 35 und 36.

124 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, S. 1713.

125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

126 Dieses Argument wurde inspiriert von und angepasst nach Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence. Verfügbar unter: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Zugriff am 23. November 2016].

126 This argument has been inspired by and adapted from Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Available at: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf und H. Putnam (Hrsg.), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, S. 151.

127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

128 Quine: Terms explained. Verfügbar unter: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Zugriff am 23. Oktober 2016].

128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Verfügbar unter: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Zugriff am 23. November 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). Die Prinzipien der Natur und der Gnade, auf der Grundlage der Vernunft.

130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.

1714. Verfügbar unter: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Zugriff am 4

1714. Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Accessed 4

[Oktober 2016]

th October 2016].

131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, S. 170.

131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

132 Ebd.

132 Ibid.

133 Ebd., S. 105.

133 Ibid, p. 105.

134 Albert, D. (2012). „A Universe From Nothing,“ von Lawrence M. Krauss. Verfügbar unter: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Verfügbar unter: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Zugriff am 9

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9

[Oktober 2016]

th October 2016].

136 Analogien, adaptiert aus Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Verfügbar unter: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Zugriff am 9. Oktober 2016].

136 Analogies adapted from Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9th October 2016].

137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, S. 174.

137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, S. 137-138.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.

Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, S. xiii.

139 Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

140 Ebd., S. 147.

140 Ibid p. 147.

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis – Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Verfügbar unter: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Zugriff am 10. September 2016].

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Accessed 10th September 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Verfügbar unter: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Zugriff am 2. Oktober 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Available at: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Übersetzt von Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, S. 33.

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

144 Zitiert in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Herausgegeben von Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Kairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Bd. 2, S. 271.

144 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

145 Dieses Beispiel wurde aus Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants entnommen.

145 This example has been taken from Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

2

2

2. Auflage. London: One Reason, S. 9–10.

nd Edition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

146 Dieses Beispiel wurde adaptiert aus: Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Verfügbar unter: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Zugriff am 2. Oktober 2016].

146 This example has been adapted from Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Verfügbar unter: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Zugriff am 2

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2

[2. Oktober 2016].

nd October 2016].

148 Zitiert in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, S. 165.

149Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.

150 Überliefert von Al-Bukhari.

150 Narrated by Bukhari.

151 Zitiert nach Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Bd. 2, S. 270.

151 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

152 Der Koran, Sure 112, Verse 2 und 3.

152 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 2 and 3.

153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, S. 183.

153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

155 Der Koran, Sure 42, Vers 11.

155 The Qur’an, Chapter 42, Verse 11.

156 Der Koran, Sure 58, Vers 7.

156 The Qur’an, Chapter 58, Verse 7.

Dies ist eine Schätzung, die auf der Anzahl der Wasserstoffatome beruht, die in der geschätzten Gesamtzahl der Sterne im beobachtbaren Universum enthalten sind. Die Zahl ist höher, wenn andere Atome mitgezählt werden.

157 This is an estimate based on the number of hydrogen atoms that are contained in the estimated total number of stars in the observable universe. The number is higher if other atoms are included.

158 Der Koran, Sure 24, Vers 45.

158 The Qur’an, Chapter 24, Verse 45.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, S. 50.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

160 Der Qur'an, Kapitel 2, Vers 20.

160 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 20.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Herausgegeben von Dr. Adullah Al-Turki und Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Bd. 1, S. 338-9.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Edited by Dr. Adullah Al-Turki and Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.

162 Inspiriert von und angepasst an Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Verfügbar unter: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Zugriff am 13. November 2016].

162 Inspired and adapted from Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Available at: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Accessed 13th November 2016].

Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, S. 52–72.

163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

164 Der Koran, Sure 11, Vers 107.

164 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 107.

165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, S. 107.

165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.

166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin's Press, S. 127.

166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.

167 Die Antwort auf diesen Einwand wurde von Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime inspiriert und daran angepasst. Verfügbar unter: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Zugriff am 27. September 2019].

167 The answer to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].

168 Huemer, H und Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

Beispiel 169: Dieses Beispiel ist von Immanuel Kant übernommen. Siehe Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Übersetzt von N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin's Press, A203.

169 This is example is adapted from Immanuel Kant. See Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Verfügbar unter: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Zugriff am 26. September 2019].

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

171 Angepasst aus Craig, W. und Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. und Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, S. 196.

171 Adapted from Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Verfügbar unter: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Zugriff am 22. Oktober 2016].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].

174 Viele Begriffe der in diesem Kapitel dargelegten Argumentation sind aus der islamischen Gelehrtentradition und der zeitgenössischen christlichen philosophischen Arbeit übernommen und von ihnen inspiriert. Siehe Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Kairo: Dal al Mar'rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1. Auflage, Riad: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Verfügbar unter: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Zugriff am 20. Oktober 2019].

174 Many concepts of the argument presented in this chapter have been adapted from and inspired by the Islamic scholarly tradition and contemporary Christian philosophical work. See Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

175 Für eine ausführliche Diskussion der Notwendigkeit siehe Pruss, R. und Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 11–32.

175 For an in-depth discussion on necessity please see Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

Dieser Abschnitt ist inspiriert von und angepasst an Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God – Part 4 – William Lane Craig.

176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

Verfügbar unter: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Zugriff am 20. Oktober 2019].

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Accessed 20th October 2019].

177 Analogie, adaptiert aus Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2. Auflage. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

177 Analogy adapted from Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

178 Der Koran, Sure 3, Vers 97.

178 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 97.

179 Der Koran, Sure 35, Vers 15.

179 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 15.

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Adheem. Herausgegeben von Saami As-Salaama. 2

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2

nd Edition. Riad: Dar Tayiba. Bd. 6, S. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, S. 197–200.

nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada'ih al-Batiniyya. Herausgegeben von Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, S. 82.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, S. 109.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

184 Godwin, S. J. (o. J.). Transkript der Radiodebatte zwischen Russell und Copleston. Verfügbar unter: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Zugriff am 4. Oktober 2016].

184 Godwin, S. J. (no date). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Available at: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

Ich kann diesen Text leider nicht übersetzen, weil er nur aus einer Quellenangabe besteht, ohne den eigentlichen Textabschnitt. Bitte senden Sie mir den englischen Text, den Sie übersetzt haben möchten, dann übertrage ich ihn ins Deutsche.

185 Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Zugriff am 20. Oktober 2019].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Teile der Antwort auf diesen Einwand sind an Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20) angelehnt und davon inspiriert. Verfügbar unter: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Zugriff am 20. Oktober 2019].

186Parts of the answer to this objection has been adapted from and inspired by Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Pruss, R. und Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

187Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.

188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.

189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, S. 18-19.

189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.

190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, S. 51.

190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.

191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, S. 23–24.

191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.

192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 5.

192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

194 Die folgenden 5 Punkte wurden aus Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, S. 11–13 übernommen und angepasst.

194 The following 5 points have been taken and adapted from Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Verfügbar unter: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

196 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, S. 202.

196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

197 Manzoti, R. und Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. und Robinson, H. (Hrsg.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, S. 82.

197 Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

198 Ebd.

198 Ibid.

199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, S. 105.

199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (Hrsg.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 280.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). „Physicalism“, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (Hrsg.). Verfügbar unter: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Zugriff am 4. Oktober 2016].

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].

202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, S. 291–295.

202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.

203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, S. 108.

203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.

204 Ebd., S. 109.

204 Ibid, p. 109.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). „Phenomenal Consciousness“, in: The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. Hrsg. von Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

206 Die obige Diskussion wurde aus der entsprechenden Vorlesung und dem Seminar übernommen und angepasst, die im Rahmen meines Masterstudiums in Philosophie stattfanden. Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, S. 49-51.

207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). „Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.“ Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) „Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.“ Diametros, 11, S. 10-39.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) “Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Eine Fassung dieses Aufsatzes ist online verfügbar unter: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Zugriff am 21. November 2016].

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, S. 111.

211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, S. 43-39.

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.

213 Ebd.

213 Ibid.

214 Ebd.

214 Ibid.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip und Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), S. 30.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

217 Ebd., 31.

217 Ibid, 31.

218 Ebd., 30.

218 Ibid, 30.

219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, S. 180–181.

219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.

220 Ebd., S. 21.

220 Ibid, p. 21.

221 Ebd., S. 22.

221 Ibid, p. 22.

222 Ebd., S. 24.

222 Ibid, p. 24.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (Hrsg.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, S. 57.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.

224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8

224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8

7. Auflage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 416.

th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (Hrsg.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bd. 1, S. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. und Schneider, S. (Hrsg.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, S. 381.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, S. 39.

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.

228 Ebd., S. 26.

228 Ibid, p. 26.

229 Ebd., S. 29–30.

229 Ibid, pp. 29-30.

230 Ebd., S. 30.

230 Ibid, p. 30.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, S. 137-138.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, S. 241.

232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, S. 24.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.

234 Seager, W. und Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). „Panpsychism“, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (Hrsg.). Online verfügbar unter: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, S. 138.

235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.

236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, S. 35.

236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.

237 Ebd., S. 192.

237 Ibid, p. 192.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, S. 148-9.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

239 Ebd., S. 150.

239 Ibid p. 150.

240 Der Koran, Sure 2, Vers 255.

240 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 255.

241 Der Koran, Sure 67, Vers 14.

241 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 14.

242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, S. 202-203.

242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

243 Der Koran, Kapitel 17, Vers 85.

243 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 85.

244 Der Qur'an, Kapitel 30, Vers 8.

244 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 8.

245 Analogie, angepasst aus Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Angepasste Fassung. Verfügbar unter: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Zugriff am 24. Oktober 2016] 246 Der Qur'an, Kapitel 55, Verse 5 bis 7.

245 Analogy adapted from Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016] 246 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 5 to 7.

247 Der Koran, Kapitel 3, Vers 190.

247 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

248 Der Koran, Sure 16, Vers 12.

248 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 12.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) „Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology“. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Übersetzt von Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, S. 9

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, S. 212.

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

252 Ebd.

252 Ibid.

253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, S. 205.

253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, S. 212.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.

255 Zitiert nach Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, S. 150.

255 Cited in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, S. 4.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.

257 Ward, P. D. und Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, S. 16.

257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

258 Ebd., S. 221-222.

258 Ibid, pp. 221-222.

259 „Kein Jupiter, kein fortgeschrittenes Leben?“ – Evolution könnte in Sternsystemen ohne einen Riesenplaneten unmöglich sein. (2012). Verfügbar unter: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Zugriff am 2. Oktober 2016].

259 ‘No Jupiter, no advanced life? ’ - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

Rasio, F.A. und E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, S. 954-956.

260 Rasio, F.A. and E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

261 Ward, P. D. und Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, S. 238 – 239.

261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

262 Ebd., S. 227.

262 Ibid, p. 227.

263 Ebd., S. 223.

263 Ibid, p. 223.

Ebd.

264 Ibid.

265 Inspiriert von und angepasst an Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Verfügbar unter: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Zugriff am 24. Oktober 2016].

265 Inspired by and adapted from Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].

266 Ebd.

266 Ibid.

267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, S. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, S. 169.

267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.

269 Zitiert in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, S. 119.

269 Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

270 Ebd.

270 Ibid.

Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

272 Adaptiert aus Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, S. 262-265.

272 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

273 Ich bin Abu Hurayra dankbar für seinen Beitrag zur Beantwortung dieser Einwände. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, S. 158.

273 I am grateful to Abu Hurayra for his contribution in responding to these objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

275 Beide Punkte sind der Darstellung von Professor William Lane Craig zu diesem Thema entnommen und angepasst. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (Hrsg.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, S. 4.

275 Both points have been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the issue. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

276 Der Koran, Sure 112, Verse 1 bis 4.

276 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 1 to 4.

Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, S. 111.

277 Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.

278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].

278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].

279 Adaptiert von Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, S. 276.

279 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

Ebd.

280 Ibid.

281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, S. 34.

281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.

282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, S. 2–4.

282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.

283 Die in diesem Kapitel dargelegten Argumente, einschließlich einiger Gedanken, sind von Craig, W. L. inspiriert und daran angelehnt. Can We Be Good Without God? Verfügbar unter: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Zugriff am 24. Oktober 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, S. 172–183.

283 The arguments presented in this chapter, including some of the ideas, have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

Ebd.

284 Ibid.

285 Der Koran, Sure 52, Vers 28.

285 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 28.

286 Der Koran, Kapitel 7, Vers 28.

286 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, S. 15.

287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, S. 99.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.

289 Der Koran, Sure 2, Vers 163.

289 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 163.

290 Der Koran, Sure 59, Verse 22 bis 24.

290 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verses 22 to 24.

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, S. 99. Verfügbar unter: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Zugriff am 4. Oktober 2016].

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Verfügbar unter: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Zugriff am 24. Oktober 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016].

293 Zitiert in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (Hrsg.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, S. 400.

293 Cited in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

294 Der Koran, Sure 21, Vers 22.

294 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 22.

295 Al-Mahalli, J. und As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Übersetzt von Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, S. 690; Mahali, J. und As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3. Auflage. Kairo: Dar al-Hadith, S. 422. Eine Kopie ist online abrufbar unter: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

296 Averroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Übersetzt mit Fußnoten, Index und Bibliographie von Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, S. 40.

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

297 Der Koran, Sure 7, Vers 28.

297 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

298 Für mehr über die göttliche Natur des Qur'an lesen Sie bitte: Khan, N. A. und Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur'an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute und Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur'an. London: One Reason.

298For more on the Divine nature of the Qur’an, please read: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute and Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.

299 Der Koran, Sure 29, Vers 46.

299 The Qur’an, Chapter 29, Verse 46.

Überliefert von Tirmidhi.

300 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

301 Das Problem des Bösen und des Leidens als Argument wurde auf verschiedene Weisen formuliert. Manche Argumente verwenden die Wörter gut, barmherzig, liebevoll oder gütig austauschbar. Trotz des unterschiedlichen Wortgebrauchs bleibt das Argument dasselbe. Anstelle des Wortes gut können auch Begriffe wie barmherzig, liebevoll, gütig usw. verwendet werden. Das Problem des Bösen setzt voraus, dass der traditionelle Gottesbegriff ein Attribut enthalten muss, das bedeutet, dass Gott nicht will, dass Böses und Leid existieren. Daher beeinflussen alternative Wörter wie barmherzig, liebevoll und gütig das Argument nicht. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Dame slides. Verfügbar unter: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of%20Evil%20Slides.pdf [abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2020].

301 The problem of evil and suffering argument has been expressed in a number of different ways. Some of the arguments use the words good, merciful, loving or kind interchangeably. Despite the varying use of words, the argument remains the same. Instead of using the word good, terms such as merciful, loving, kind, etc., can also be used. The problem of evil assumes that the traditional concept of God must include an attribute that would imply God does not want evil and suffering to exist. Hence, using alternative words such as merciful, loving and kind do not affect the argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2020].

Ebd.

303 Ibid.

Ebd.

304 Ibid.

305 Ebd.

305 Ibid.

Ebd.

306 Ibid.

307 Diese Annahme wurde aus der Darstellung von Professor William Lane Craig zum Problem des Bösen übernommen. Moreland, J. P. und Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. Siehe Kapitel 27.

307 This assumption has been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the problem of evil. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist's Handbook, S. 51.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.

309 Dieser Teil der Geschichte zeigt Gottes Barmherzigkeit. Alle Kinder gelangen ins Paradies – die ewige Glückseligkeit – unabhängig von ihren Überzeugungen und Handlungen. Daher ist Gottes Eingebung an den Mann, den Knaben zu töten, im Licht von Barmherzigkeit und Mitgefühl zu verstehen.

309 This part of the story shows God’s mercy. All children enter paradise—which is eternal bliss—regardless of their beliefs and actions. Therefore, God inspiring the man to kill the boy is to be understood through the lens of mercy and compassion.

310 Der Koran, Sure 18, Verse 65 bis 82.

310 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verses 65 to 82.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Band 5, S. 181.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.

Ebd.

312 Ibid.

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu' al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Bd. 14, S. 266.

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Herausgegeben von Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riad: Jami'ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Bd. 3, S. 142.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

315 Zitiert in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, S. 4.

315 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

316 Der Koran, Sure 51, Vers 56.

316 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

317 Der Koran, Sure 67, Vers 2.

317 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 2.

318 Der Koran, Sure 39, Vers 7.

318 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 7.

Überliefert von At-Tirmidhi.

319 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

320 Der Koran, Sure 2, Vers 214.

320 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 214.

321 Der Koran, Sure 2, Vers 286.

321 The Qur’an Chapter 2, Verse 286.

322 Der Koran, Sure 5, Vers 100.

322 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 100.

323 Al-Bayhaqis Shuʿab al-Iman, überliefert über Al-Hasan Al-Basri, der es dem Propheten Muhammad ﷺ zuschreibt. Die Gelehrten haben diese prophetische Überlieferung als ḥasan bewertet; ihr Grad der Authentizität ist gut.

323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, traced back to Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who ascribes it to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The scholars have graded this Prophetic tradition as hasan; its level of authenticity is good.

324 Der Koran, Sure 57, Vers 20.

324 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verse 20.

325 Überliefert von Muslim.

325 Narrated by Muslim.

326 Überliefert von Bukhari.

326 Narrated by Bukhari.

Überliefert von Muslim.

327 Narrated by Muslim.

328 Überliefert von Bukhari. 329 Wer einen Selbstmordanschlag verübt oder sich an Terrorismus beteiligt und dabei stirbt, gilt nicht als Märtyrer. Solche verwerflichen Taten sind im Islam verboten.

328 Narrated by Bukhari. 329 Anyone that attempts suicide bombing or engages in terrorism and dies as a result is not considered a martyr. These evil acts are forbidden in Islam.

Überliefert von Muslim.

330 Narrated by Muslim.

331 Überliefert von Ahmad.

331 Narrated by Ahmad.

332 Überliefert von Muslim.

332 Narrated by Muslim.

333 Ebd.

333 Ibid.

334 Ebd.

334 Ibid.

335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 98.

335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Zugriff am 2. Oktober 2016].

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 8.

337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.

338 Adaptiert von DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Verfügbar unter: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Zugriff am 2. Oktober 2016].

338 Adapted from DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, S. 137-138.

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, S. 99. Verfügbar unter: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Zugriff am 4. Oktober 2016].

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis – Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Verfügbar unter: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Abgerufen am 18. Oktober 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, S. 19–20.

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Verfügbar unter: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Zugriff am 4. Oktober 2016].

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, S. 3.

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (Hrsg.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, S. 10.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.

Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 82.

347 Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

348 Siehe Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; und Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

348 See Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

349 Barker, G. und Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, S. 17.

349 Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

350 Annas, J. und Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, S. 123.

350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

352 Ebd., S. 305.

352 Ibid, p. 305.

353 Ebd., S. 304-5.

353 Ibid, pp. 304-5.

354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, S. 182.

354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.

355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 77.

355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, S. 37.

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.

357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

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358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Verfügbar unter: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Zugriff am 2

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2

[2. Oktober 2016].

nd October 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Abschnitt 88. Verfügbar unter: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Zugriff am 4. Oktober 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 244.

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, S. 145.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.

363 Ebd., S. 149.

363 Ibid, p.149.

364 Ebd., S. 150.

364 Ibid, p.150.

Ebd.

365 Ibid.

Ebd.

366 Ibid.

367 Ebd., S. 151.

367 Ibid, p.151.

368 Ebd., S. 156.

368 Ibid, p.156.

369 Ebd., S. 156-157.

369 Ibid, pp. 156-157.

370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, S. 66.

370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.

371 Ebd., S. 69.

371 Ibid, p 69.

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Verfügbar unter: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Zugriff am 4. Oktober 2016].

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

373 Ebd., Abschnitt 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2. Aufl. Abingdon: Routledge, S. 56.

373 Ibid, section 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.

375 Ebd., S. 64-65.

375 Ibid, pp. 64-65.

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].

0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].

377 Der Koran, Kapitel 96, Vers 1.

377 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verse 1.

378 The Magnificent Qur'an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, S. 145-204.

378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.

379 Al-Suyūṭī. J. (2005). Al-Itqān fī ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān. Madīna: Mujamma Malik Fahad, S. 1875.

379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2. Auflage. Übersetzt von Muhammad Jasan Askari und Muhamad Shamim. Karatschi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Band 1, S. 139–149.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Übersetzt von Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Überarbeitet und herausgegeben von Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, S. 260.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

382 Zitiert in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, S. 2.

382 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Herausgegeben von Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Kairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, S. 89.

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Bd. 2, S. 185.

385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur'an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, S. 64.

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.

388 Persönliches Interview mit Professorin Angelika Neuwrith auf Deutsch. Eine Kopie der Aufnahme ist auf Anfrage erhältlich.

388 Personal interview with Professor Angelika Neuwrith in German. A copy of the recording is available on request.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

390 Zitiert in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Bd. 1, S. 26.

390 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, S. lv.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur'an. London: I. B. Tauris, S. 90.

392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, S. 37.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur'ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur'anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, S. 160.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. x.

395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, S. 262.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.

397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, S. 1881.

397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.

Ebd.

398 Ibid.

Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, S. 8.

399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, S. 28.

400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, S. 31–33.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 93.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.

403 Ebd., S. 94.

403 Ibid, p. 94.

404 Zitiert in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 94.

404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, S. 47.

405 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

406 Ebd., S. 15; und siehe Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ebd., S. 44.

406 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Verfügbar unter: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Zugriff am 5. Oktober 2016].

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Verfügbar unter: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Zugriff am 9. Oktober 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].

410 Zitiert in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, S. 184.

410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur'an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur'an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur'an: Themes & Styles, S. 185.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.

413 Ebd., S. 188.

413 Ibid, p. 188.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

Ebd.

415 Ibid.

416 Der Koran, Sure 108, Verse 1 bis 3.

416 The Qur’an, Chapter 108, Verses 1 to 3.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, S. 254.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

418 Zitiert in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur'an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, S. 269. Die ursprüngliche Übersetzung wurde verändert; der Name Allah wurde durch Gott ersetzt.

418 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, S. 110.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

420 Der Koran, Sure 16, Vers 103.

420 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 103.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Band 4, S. 603.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.

422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, S. 45–57.

422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.

Ebd.

423 Ibid.

424 Hyltenstam, K. und Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, S. 150–166.

424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, S. 14.

425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, S. 108.

426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.

427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, S. 261.

427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.

Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Übersetzt und herausgegeben von Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, S. 83.

428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. 2. überarbeitete Auflage. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, S. 53–79.

429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.

430 Islamic Awareness. (ohne Datum). The text of the Qur'an. Verfügbar unter: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. Available at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 1-18.

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.

432 Zum Beispiel können hierzu Reproduktionen von Picassos Kunstwerken gehören. Verfügbar unter: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Zugriff am 6. Oktober 2016].

432 For example these can include reproductions of Picasso’s art. Available at: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Accessed 6th October 2016].

433 Siehe Textual Integrity of the Bible. Verfügbar unter: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Zugriff am 7. Oktober 2016].

433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].

434 Der Koran, Kapitel 18, Vers 109.

434 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verse 109.

435 Der Name Muhammad wird viermal erwähnt, und Ahmad (ein weiterer seiner Namen) einmal. Siehe http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad und http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Abgerufen am 24. Oktober 2016].

435 The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016].

„Muhammad ist nicht der Vater eines einzelnen unter euch Männern; er ist der Gesandte Gottes und das Siegel der Propheten ﷺ. Gott weiß alles.“ Der Koran, Sure 33, Vers 40.

436 “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.” The Qur’an, Chapter 33, Verse 40.

437 Der Koran, Sure 81, Vers 22.

437 The Qur’an, Chapter 81, Verse 22.

438 Der Koran, Sure 53, Vers 2.

438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2.

439 Der Koran, Kapitel 48, Vers 29.

439 The Qur’an, Chapter 48, Verse 29.

440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, S. 34.

440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.

441 Ebd., S. 52.

441 Ibid, p. 52.

442 Ebd., S. 53 – 79.

442 Ibid, pp. 53 – 79.

443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 52.

443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.

444 Überliefert von Bukhari.

444 Narrated by Bukhari.

445 Überliefert von Muslim.

445 Narrated by Muslim.

446 Überliefert von Muslim.

446 Narrated by Muslim.

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Band 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, S. 270.

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volume 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Verfügbar unter: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Available at: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Accessed 1st October 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World's Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur'an. London: One Reason, S. 69-70.

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

451 Überliefert von Ibn Abi Shaybah. Die Überlieferungskette dieses Berichts endet bei einem Gefährten des Propheten Muhammad ﷺ. Gelehrte vertreten die Auffassung, dass dieser Bericht aufgrund seiner Überlieferungskette authentisch ist und weil er sich auf das Wissen um das Verborgene bezieht. Einige Gelehrte vertreten die Auffassung, dass ein Gefährte des Propheten ﷺ im Allgemeinen keine Aussage über die Eschatologie treffen würde, ohne sich auf offenbartes Wissen zu stützen, etwa auf die Worte oder Lehren des Propheten ﷺ selbst.

451 Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah. The chain of this narration stops at a companion of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. Scholars maintain that this narration is sound due to its chain of transmission and the fact that it refers to knowledge of the unseen. Some scholars maintain that, in general, a companion of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم would not make a statement concerning eschatology without reference to revealed knowledge, such as the words or teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم himself.

452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, S. 329-330.

452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.

453 Siehe M. M. Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

453 See M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

Überliefert von Abu Dawud und Tirmidhi.

454 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

455 Überliefert von Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

455 Narrated by Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

456 Überliefert von Tirmidhi.

456 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Überliefert von Bukhari.

457 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ebd.

458 Ibid.

Überliefert von Muslim.

459 Narrated by Muslim.

460 Überliefert von at-Tirmidhi.

460 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

461 Ebd.

461 Ibid.

Überliefert von Al-Bukhari und Muslim.

462 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

463 Überliefert von at-Tirmidhi.

463 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Überliefert von Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi und Ibn Madscha.

464 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah.

Überliefert von Muslim.

465 Narrated by Muslim.

466 Überliefert von Ibn Hibban.

466 Narrated by Ibn Hibban.

Überliefert von Ibn Majah.

467 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

Überliefert von Ahmad.

468 Narrated by Ahmad.

Ebd.

469 Ibid.

Überliefert von Abu Dawud und Tirmidhi.

470 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

471 Überliefert von Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

471 Narrated by Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

Überliefert von At-Tabarani.

472 Narrated by Tabarani.

473 Überliefert von al-Bukhari.

473 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ebd.

474 Ibid.

Überliefert von Ahmad und At-Tirmidhi.

475 Narrated by Ahmad and Tirmidhi.

476 Überliefert von Al-Bukhari.

476 Narrated by Bukhari.

Überliefert von Bukhari, Muslim und Ahmad.

477 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

478 Überliefert von Al-Bukhari und Muslim.

478 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

479 Überliefert von Bukhari.

479 Narrated by Bukhari.

480 Überliefert von Muslim.

480 Narrated by Muslim.

481 Überliefert von Bukhari.

481 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ebd.

482 Ibid.

Überliefert von Ibn Majah.

483 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

Überliefert von Muslim.

484 Narrated by Muslim.

Überliefert von At-Tirmidhi.

485 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

486 Überliefert von Muslim.

486 Narrated by Muslim.

Ebd.

487 Ibid.

Ebd.

488 Ibid.

489 Überliefert von Bukhari.

489 Narrated by Bukhari.

Überliefert von Bukhari und Muslim.

490 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

491 Überliefert von Bukhari.

491 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ebd.

492 Ibid.

Ebd.

493 Ibid.

Überliefert von Al-Bukhari und Muslim.

494 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

495 Überliefert von Bukhari.

495 Narrated by Bukhari.

496 Überliefert von An-Nasai.

496 Narrated by An-Nasai.

Überliefert von Muslim.

497 Narrated by Muslim.

498 Überliefert von Ahmad.

498 Narrated by Ahmad.

499 Zitiert in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Übersetzt von Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Kapstadt: Madinah Press, S. 55.

499 Cited in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.

Überliefert von Al-Bukhari und Muslim.

500 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

501 Ebd.

501 Ibid.

502 Überliefert von Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani und Abu Nu’aym.

502 Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani and Abu Nu’aym.

503 Überliefert von Muslim.

503 Narrated by Muslim.

504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.

504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.

505 Überliefert von at-Tirmidhi.

505 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ebd.

506 Ibid.

507 Überliefert von at-Tirmidhi.

507 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

508 Ebd.

508 Ibid.

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Herausgegeben von Shuayb Al-Arnaout und Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout, Bd. 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, S. 50-51. Eine Online-Kopie ist abrufbar unter: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Zugriff 1

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1

[1. Oktober 2016].

st October 2016].

510 Überliefert von Bukhari.

510 Narrated by Bukhari.

511 Überliefert von Bukhari, Muslim und Ahmad.

511 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

512 Überliefert von Bukhari und Muslim.

512 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

513 Überliefert von Ibn Maajah und al-Haakim.

513 Narrated by Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim.

514 Überliefert von at-Tirmidhi.

514 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

515 Überliefert von Bukhari und Muslim.

515 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

516 Überliefert von at-Tirmidhī.

516 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ebd.

517 Ibid.

518 Der Koran, Sure 5, Vers 8.

518 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 8.

519 Der Koran, Kapitel 4, Vers 135.

519 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 135.

520 Der Koran, Sure 90, Verse 12 bis 18.

520 The Qur’an, Chapter 90, Verses 12 to 18.

521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Kairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Bd. 1, S. 501–504.

521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.

Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, S. 245.

522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.

523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:

523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:

Das Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, S. 22-23.

The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 22-23.

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Herausgegeben von Muhammad Ibrahim. Band 3. 3

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3

3. Auflage. Kairo, Dar al-Ma'aarif, S. 609. Eine Online-Kopie ist abrufbar unter:

rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at:

I can't open links or access files, so I can't see the content at that URL. The message you sent is a URL and a fragment of text, and I can only translate text you paste directly into the chat. Please copy the text you want translated (from the PDF or the page) and send it here, and I'll translate it into German.

https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Accessed 1

[1. Oktober 2016].

st October 2016].

525 Zitiert in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, S. 17.

525 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

526 Überliefert von Yahya b. Adam im Buch al-Kharaaj.

526 Narrated by Yahya b. Adam in the book of al-Kharaaj.

527 Überliefert von At-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

527 Reported by Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Bd. 3. 1. Auflage. Herausgegeben von Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, S. 29. Eine Online-Kopie ist abrufbar unter: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

529 Der Koran, Sure 21, Vers 107.

529 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 107.

530 Der Qur'an, Sure 7, Vers 156.

530 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

531 Zitiert in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, S. 17.

531 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, S. 235.

532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., S. 56.

533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.

534 Der Koran, Sure 2, Vers 256.

534 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, S. 89-90.

535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.

Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, S. 332.

536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Herausgegeben von Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, S. 169-170.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, S. 15.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.

539 Der Koran, Sure 49, Vers 13.

539 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.

540 Hafiz Ibn Hibban berichtete in al-Sahih über seine Überlieferungskette von Fadalah ibn Ubayd, und Baihaqi (überlieferte es ebenfalls).

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban reported in al-Sahih, via his isnad, from Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Baihaqi.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, S. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, S. 205.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, S. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

546 Überliefert von Bukhari.

546 Narrated by Bukhari.

547 Der Koran, Sure 10, Vers 24.

547 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

548 Der Koran, Sure 96, Verse 1 bis 5.

548 The Qur'an, Chapter 96, Verses 1 to 5.

549 Der Koran, Sure 39, Vers 9.

549 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 9.

550 Der Koran, Sure 88, Verse 17 bis 20.

550 The Qur’an, Chapter 88, Verses 17 to 20.

551 Der Koran, Sure 3, Verse 190 und 191.

551 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verses 190 and 191.

552 Siehe Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, S. 27.

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.

555 Einzelheiten finden sich bei Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

555 For details see Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, S. 1.

556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.

557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, S. 112.

557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What's Next. Verfügbar unter: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Zugriff am 10. September 2016].

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Available at: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Accessed 10th September 2016].

559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, S. 353.

559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Herausgegeben von Abdullah Qaa'ir und Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa'id, S. 109. Eine Online-Kopie können Sie unter folgender Adresse herunterladen: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Zugriff am 1. Oktober 2016].

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. You can download an online copy at: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

561 Der Koran, Kapitel 47, Vers 19.

561 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 19.

562 Der Koran, Sure 7, Vers 180.

562 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 180.

563 Der Koran, Sure 4, Vers 48.

563 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 48.

564 Der Koran, Sure 25, Verse 68 und 70.

564 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 68 and 70.

565 Der Koran, Sure 23, Verse 99 und 100.

565 The Qur’an, Chapter 23, Verses 99 and 100.

566 Der Koran, Sure 3, Vers 117.

566 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 117.

567 Der Koran, Sure 3, Vers 182.

567 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 182.

Dies beruht auf der authentischen Überlieferung, die Ahmad und Ibn Hibban berichten: „Es gibt vier, die am Tag der Auferstehung vor Gott Einspruch erheben werden: den Tauben, der nie etwas gehört hat, den Geisteskranken, den sehr alten Mann und den Mann, der während der Fatrah starb (der Zeitspanne zwischen der Zeit Jesu, über dem Frieden sei, und der Zeit Muhammads ﷺ). Der Taube wird sagen: ‚O Herr, der Islam kam, aber ich habe nichts gehört.‘ Der Geisteskranke wird sagen: ‚O Herr, der Islam kam, aber die Kinder liefen hinter mir her und warfen Steine auf mich.‘ Der sehr alte Mann wird sagen: ‚O Herr, der Islam kam, aber ich habe nichts verstanden.‘ Der Mann, der während der Fatrah starb, wird sagen: ‚O Herr, kein Gesandter von Dir kam zu mir.‘ Er wird ihre Versprechen des Gehorsams annehmen, dann wird ihnen befohlen werden, ins Feuer einzutreten. Bei Dem, in Dessen Hand die Seele Muhammads ist, wenn sie hineingehen, wird es für sie kühl und sicher sein.“ Es gibt weitere Hadithe und Koranverse, die darauf hinweisen, dass Gott niemandem erlaubt, in die Hölle einzugehen, bevor die Menschen die richtige Botschaft des Islam erhalten haben.

568 This is based on the following authentic tradition narrated by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban: “There are four (who will protest) to God on the Day of Resurrection: the deaf man who never heard anything, the insane man, the very old man, and the man who died during the fatrah (the interval between the time of Jesus (upon whom be peace) and the time of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The deaf man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I never heard anything.’ The insane man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but the children ran after me and threw stones at me.’ The very old man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I did not understand anything.’ The man who died during the fatrah will say, ‘O Lord, no Messenger from You came to me.’ He will accept their promises of obedience, then word will be sent to them to enter the Fire. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, if they enter it, it will be cool and safe for them.” There are other hadiths and verses of the Qur’an that indicate that God will not allow anyone to enter hell until people have been given the correct message of Islam.

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Herausgegeben von M. Bejou. Damaskus, S. 84. Eine Online-Kopie ist verfügbar unter: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Zugriff am 21. November 2016].

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Edited by M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. An online copy is available at: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

570 Ebd.

570 Ibid.

571 Der Koran, Sure 3, Vers 113. Dieser Vers bezieht sich auf die „Leute der Schrift“. Der Grundsatz gilt jedoch für alle Gruppen von Menschen.

571 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 113. This verse refers to the ‘people of the book’. However, the principle applies to all groups of people.

Ebd.

572 Ibid.

573 Überliefert von Bukhari.

573 Narrated by Bukhari.

574 Der Koran, Kapitel 7, Vers 55.

574 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 55.

575 Der Koran, Sure 40, Vers 65.

575 The Qur’an, Chapter 40, Verse 65.

Der Koran, Sure 20, Vers 14.

576 The Qur’an, Chapter, 20, Verse 14.

577 Der Koran, Kapitel 2, Vers 29.

577 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 29.

578 Der Koran, Kapitel 7, Vers 191.

578 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 191.

579 Der Koran, Sure 35, Vers 3.

579 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 3.

580 Der Koran, Kapitel 96, Verse 6 und 7.

580 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verses 6 and 7.

581 Der Koran, Sure 92, Verse 8 bis 12.

581 The Qur’an, Chapter 92, Verses 8 to 12.

582 Der Koran, Kapitel 14, Vers 34.

582 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 34.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, S. 58-59.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, S. 25.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.

585 Der Koran, Sure 7, Vers 156.

585 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

586 Der Koran, Sure 55, Verse 1 und 2.

586 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 1 and 2.

Der Koran, Sure 85, Vers 14.

587 The Qur’an, Chapter 85, Verse 14.

Überliefert von Abu Dawud.

588 Narrated by Abu Dawud.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, S. 23.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.

590 Der Koran, Sure 3, Vers 31.

590 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 31.

591 Der Koran, Sure 51, Vers 56.

591 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

592 Der Gehorsam gegenüber dem Propheten Muhammad ﷺ folgt aus dem Gehorsam gegenüber Gott, da Er uns dazu auffordert.

592 Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is a consequence of obeying God, as He commands us to do so.

593 Der Koran, Kapitel 3, Vers 132.

593 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 132.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, S. 120–121.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.

595 Ebd., S. 123.

595 Ibid, p. 123.

596 Mahali, J. und Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, S. 302. 597 Der Koran, Sure 11, Verse 118 und 119.

596 Mahali, J and Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verses 118 and 119.

598 Der Koran, Sure 25, Verse 43 und 44.

598 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 43 and 44.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

602 Der Koran, Sure 39, Vers 29.

602 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

603 Zitiert in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Verfügbar unter: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Zugriff am 6. Oktober 2016].

603 Cited in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].

604 Die Struktur und der Inhalt dieses Kapitels wurden angepasst von Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Verfügbar unter: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Zugriff am 24. Oktober 2016].

604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].

605 Der Koran, Kapitel 82, Vers 6.

605 The Qur’an, Chapter 82, Verse 6.

606 Der Koran, Sure 20, Vers 44.

606 The Qur’an, Chapter 20, Verse 44.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami' al-Ahkaam al-Qur'an, S. 65.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, p. 65.

608 Der Koran, Kapitel 16, Vers 125.

608 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 125.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Herausgegeben von Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, S. 588.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Edited by Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

610 Der Koran, Sure 14, Verse 24 bis 27.

610 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verses 24 to 27.

611 Der Koran, Sure 41, Vers 34

611 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 34