Notas

Notes

by By Hamza Andreas Tzortzis18 min readViewed 53 times

1 Narrado por Abu Dawud. He citado los hadices proféticos por sus compiladores. Por ejemplo, "Narrado por Bujari" significa que se encuentra en la colección de hadices compilada por Bujari. Puede buscar los distintos hadices en bases de datos en línea en inglés y en árabe. Tenga en cuenta que las traducciones pueden variar.

1 Narrated by Abu Dawud. I have referenced the Prophetic traditions by their compilers. For example, “Narrated by Bukhari” means that it is in the hadith book compiled by Bukhari. You can search for the various hadiths using online English and Arabic databases. Please note translations may vary.

2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2

2.ª edición.

nd Edition.

Traducido con una introducción y notas de T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

Puedes ver algunos de estos debates en www.hamzatzortzis.com [Consultado el 3 de octubre de 2016].

3 You can watch some of these debates at www.hamzatzortzis.com [Accessed 3rd October 2016].

Las 4 tradiciones proféticas son palabras, dichos, acciones y aprobaciones auténticas y verificadas del Profeta Muhammad ﷺ.

4 Prophetic traditions are authentic and verified words, statements, actions and consent of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. En: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.

6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.

7Ibid, p. 216.

Ibid, pp. 217-218.

8Ibid, pp. 217-218.

Ibid, págs. 217-218.

9Ibid, pp. 217-218.

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.

11 Narrado por Muslim.

11 Narrated by Muslim.

12 El Corán, capítulo 52, versículo 36. A lo largo de este libro he utilizado diversas traducciones del Corán. Las traducciones que más he empleado son la del profesor Abdel Haleem [véase Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 y edición revisada, 2008) The Qur'an: A New Translation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press] y la traducción de Sahih International [disponible en: www.quran.com]. 13 "¿Quién sino un necio renunciaría a la religión de Abraham?" El Corán, capítulo 2, versículo 130.

12 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 36. Throughout this book I have used various Qur’anic translations. The translations I have used most frequently are the translation by Professor Abdel Haleem [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] and the translation by Sahih International [available at: www.quran.com]. 13 “Who but a fool would forsake the religion of Abraham?” The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 130.

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). En: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, editado por: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

15 Ibid.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Traducido por Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. El traductor se refiere a los físicos; sin embargo, en el contexto original se refiere a quienes rechazan la providencia de Dios. 17 El Corán, Capítulo 10, Versículo 99.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. The translator refers to physicists; however, in the original context it refers to those who reject God’s providence. 17 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 99.

18 El Corán, Capítulo 2, Versículo 256.

18 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Disponible en: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. En: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. En: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.

22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity's Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

26 Ibid, p. 1.

27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7 April 1980, pp. 65-66. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Accessed 2

[2 de octubre de 2016].

nd October 2016].

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. Londres: Futura Publications, págs. 117-129.

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.

Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. Nueva York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.

29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.

Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. Londres: The Free Press, p. 227.

30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.

31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.

Citado en William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic's Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

33 Ibid. p. 44.

33 Ibid p. 44.

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011. [en línea] Disponible en: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Trabajo de campo enero 2010 – febrero 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Disponible en: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

36 La historia del ateísmo en China tiene sus propias complejidades y no puede equipararse con el ateísmo occidental. El ateísmo chino no se debe al darwinismo ni a un tipo de nuevo ateísmo al estilo de Dawkins. El ateísmo en China se basa en un conjunto singular de factores culturales, políticos e intelectuales. Debe estudiarse por sí mismo.

36 The history of atheism in China has its own complexities and cannot be equated with Western atheism. Chinese atheism is not due to Darwinism or a Dawkins type of new atheism. Atheism in China is based on a unique set of cultural, political and intellectual factors. It has to be studied on its own.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. En: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.

38 Ibid., p. 55.

38 Ibid, p. 55.

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Disponible en: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Consultado el 2 de octubre de 2016].

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].

40Algunas de las ideas de este capítulo han sido inspiradas y adaptadas de Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Disponible en: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Consultado el 23 de noviembre de 2016].

40Some of ideas in this chapter have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

42 El Corán, Capítulo 12, Versículo 87.

42 The Qur’an, Chapter 12, Verse 87.

43 El Corán, capítulo 99, versículos 6 al 8.

43 The Qur’an, Chapter 99, Verses 6 to 8.

44 El Corán, capítulo 45, versículo 22.

44 The Qur’an, Chapter 45, Verse 22.

45 El Corán, Capítulo 50, Versículo 35.

45 The Qur’an, Chapter 50, Verse 35.

46 El Corán, Capítulo 10, Versículo 26.

46 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 26.

47 El Corán, capítulo 36, versículos 55 a 58.

47 The Qur’an, Chapter 36, Verses 55 to 58.

48 El Corán, capítulo 17, versículo 70.

48 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 70.

49 El Corán, Capítulo 3, Versículo 191.

49 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

50 El Corán, Capítulo 32, Versículo 18.

50 The Qur’an, Chapter, 32, Verse 18.

51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.

52 El Corán, capítulo 57, versículos 20 y 21.

52 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verses 20 to 21.

53 Citado en BBC (s.f.) Radio 4 - In Our Time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Disponible en: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Citado en Pollan, S. M. y Levine, M. (2006). It's All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

54 Cited in Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Disponible en:

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accedido 2

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2

[2 de octubre de 2016].

nd October 2016].

56 El Corán, Capítulo 3, Versículo 191.

56 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

58 El Corán, capítulo 7, versículo 128.

58 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 128.

59 El Corán, capítulo 39, versículo 29.

59 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

61 El Corán, Capítulo 11, Versículo 105.

61 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 105.

62 El Corán, Capítulo 25, Versículo 75.

62 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verse 75.

63 El Corán, capítulo 59, versículo 19.

63 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.

65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.

BonJour, L. (1995). «Toward a Moderate Rationalism.» Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

66 BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

67 Basic assumptions of science (sin fecha) Disponible en: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Consultado el 14 de noviembre de 2016].

67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Disponible en: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Available at: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Accessed 4th October 2016].

O'Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Disponible en: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2016].

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. Nueva York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. Nueva York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.

73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.

74 Sage, James. "Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

74 Sage, James. “Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

Ibid, p. 104.

75 Ibid, p. 104.

76 Ibid.

77 Ibid.

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). ¿Puede la evolución explicar adecuadamente nuestras facultades cognitivas fiables para la verdad? Disponible en: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Consultado el 30 de septiembre de 2019].

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].

79 El Corán, capítulo 41, versículo 53.

79 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.

80 El Corán, capítulo 47, versículo 24.

80 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 24.

El Corán, capítulo 11, versículo 51.

81 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 51.

82 El Corán, Capítulo 3, Versículo 190.

82 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.

84 Tomado y adaptado de Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

84 Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

85 La respuesta a esta objeción se ha inspirado en y adaptado de Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Disponible en: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Consultado el 24 de octubre de 2016].

85 The response to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].

Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.

88 Ibid, p. 30.

89 Ibid. Para ver las respuestas a otras objeciones y más detalles sobre este tema, consúltense: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

89 Ibid. For responses to other objections and more detail on this topic please see: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer's Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, y véase: "The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism," Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

91 BBC Today. (2008). Disponible en: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar' Ta'arud al-'Aql wan-Naql. 2.ª edición. Editado por Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riad, Jami'ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol. 8, p. 482.

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4.ª edición. Editado por Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165. Note: the translation rules keep the citation in its original form since it is a bibliographic reference, and the title of an article in English would normally stay as is.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Disponible en: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

98 Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

99 Ibid, 74.

100 Ibid.

101 Ibid, 79.

102 Ibid, 81.

103 Ibid, 82.

104 Ibid., 83.

104 Ibid, 83.

105 Ibid, 84.

106 Ibid.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. y Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children's Religious Belief. Nueva York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3.ª edición. Riad: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrado por Muslim.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3rd Edition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrated by Muslim.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Traducido por Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.

113 Ibid. Vol 6, p. 73.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar' Ta'arud al-'Aql wan-Naql. Vol. 7, p. 219.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.

115 El Corán, capítulo 16, versículo 69.

115 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 69.

116 El Corán, capítulo 10, versículo 24.

116 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

117 El Corán, capítulo 52, versículos 35 y 36.

117 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

118 El Corán, capítulo 28, versículo 56.

118 The Qur’an, Chapter 28, Verse 56.

119 El Corán, capítulo 14, versículo 10.

119 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 10.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so I kept the title of the book in English, as the original writes it.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

122 Ibid, p. 203

123 Citado en Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

123 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

124 El Corán, capítulo 52, versículos 35 y 36.

124 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

126 Este argumento ha sido inspirado y adaptado de Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence. Disponible en: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Consultado el 23 de noviembre de 2016].

126 This argument has been inspired by and adapted from Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Available at: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

128 Quine: Terms explained. Disponible en: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accedido el 23 de octubre de 2016].

128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Disponible en: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Consultado el 23 de noviembre de 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). Los principios de la naturaleza y de la gracia, fundados en la razón.

130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.

1714. Disponible en: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Consultado el 4

1714. Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Accessed 4

[Octubre 2016]

th October 2016].

Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

132 Ibid.

133 Ibid, p. 105.

Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Disponible en: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Disponible en: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Consultado el 9

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9

[Octubre 2016]

th October 2016].

136 Analogías adaptadas de Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Disponible en: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Consultado el 9 de octubre de 2016].

136 Analogies adapted from Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9th October 2016].

137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. En: Psillos, S y Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, págs. 137-138.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.

Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

139 Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

140 Ibid., p. 147.

140 Ibid p. 147.

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Disponible en: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2016].

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Accessed 10th September 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Disponible en: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Consultado el 2 de octubre de 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Available at: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Traducido por Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

144 Citado en Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Editado por Abdullah Al-Hashidi. El Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol. 2, p. 271.

144 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

145 Este ejemplo ha sido tomado de Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

145 This example has been taken from Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

2nd Edition. Londres: One Reason, págs. 9-10.

nd Edition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

146 Este ejemplo ha sido adaptado de Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Disponible en: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Consultado el 2 de octubre de 2016].

146 This example has been adapted from Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2

[2 de octubre de 2016].

nd October 2016].

148 Citado en Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. Nueva York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.

149Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.

150 Narrado por Bujari.

150 Narrated by Bukhari.

151 Citado en Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

151 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

152 El Corán, capítulo 112, versículos 2 y 3.

152 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 2 and 3.

153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

155 El Corán, capítulo 42, versículo 11.

155 The Qur’an, Chapter 42, Verse 11.

156 El Corán, capítulo 58, versículo 7.

156 The Qur’an, Chapter 58, Verse 7.

Esto es una estimación basada en el número de átomos de hidrógeno que contiene el número estimado de estrellas del universo observable. La cifra es mayor si se incluyen otros átomos.

157 This is an estimate based on the number of hydrogen atoms that are contained in the estimated total number of stars in the observable universe. The number is higher if other atoms are included.

158 El Corán, Capítulo 24, Versículo 45.

158 The Qur’an, Chapter 24, Verse 45.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Traducido del árabe, introducido y anotado por Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

160 El Corán, Capítulo 2, Versículo 20.

160 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 20.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Editado por Dr. Adullah Al-Turki y Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol. 1, págs. 338-9.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Edited by Dr. Adullah Al-Turki and Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.

162 Inspirado y adaptado de Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Disponible en: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Consultado el 13 de noviembre de 2016].

162 Inspired and adapted from Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Available at: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Accessed 13th November 2016].

Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2.ª edición. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, págs. 52-72.

163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

164 El Corán, capítulo 11, versículo 107.

164 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 107.

165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.

Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. Nueva York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.

166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.

167 La respuesta a esta objeción ha sido inspirada en y adaptada de Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Disponible en: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Consultado el 27 de septiembre de 2019].

167 The answer to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].

168 Huemer, H y Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

Este ejemplo está adaptado de Immanuel Kant. Véase Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Traducido por N. Kemp Smith. Nueva York: St Martin's Press, A203.

169 This is example is adapted from Immanuel Kant. See Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Disponible en: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Consultado el 26 de septiembre de 2019].

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

171 Adaptado de Craig, W. y Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. En: Craig, W. L. y Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

171 Adapted from Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking's Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Disponible en: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Consultado el 26 de septiembre de 2019].

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). El argumento cosmológico del Kalam y el problema de la agencia creadora y el propósito divinos. Versión preliminar. Disponible en: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2016].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].

174 Muchos conceptos del argumento presentado en este capítulo han sido adaptados e inspirados por la tradición erudita islámica y por la obra filosófica cristiana contemporánea. Véase Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. El Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Disponible en: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2019].

174 Many concepts of the argument presented in this chapter have been adapted from and inspired by the Islamic scholarly tradition and contemporary Christian philosophical work. See Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Para una discusión en profundidad sobre la necesidad, véase Pruss, R. y Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

175 For an in-depth discussion on necessity please see Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

Esta sección está inspirada y adaptada de Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

Disponible en: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2019].

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Analogía adaptada de Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

177 Analogy adapted from Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

178 El Corán, capítulo 3, versículo 97.

178 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 97.

179 El Corán, capítulo 35, versículo 15.

179 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 15.

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Editado por Saami As-Salaama. 2

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2

nd Edición. Riad: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada'ih al-Batiniyya. Editado por Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

184 Godwin, S. J. (s.f.). Transcripción del debate radiofónico entre Russell y Copleston. Disponible en: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2016].

184 Godwin, S. J. (no date). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Available at: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

Adaptado de Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Disponible en:

185 Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accedido el 20 de octubre de 2019].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Parte de la respuesta a esta objeción ha sido adaptada e inspirada en Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Disponible en: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2019].

186Parts of the answer to this objection has been adapted from and inspired by Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Pruss, R. y Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

187Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.

189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.

190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.

191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.

192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. En: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

194 Los siguientes 5 puntos han sido tomados y adaptados de Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

194 The following 5 points have been taken and adapted from Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

196 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

197 Manzoti, R. y Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. En: Lavazza, A. y Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

197 Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

198 Ibid.

199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. En: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., y Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Disponible en: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2016].

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].

202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.

203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.

204 Ibid, p. 109.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). "Phenomenal Consciousness", en The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. por Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

206 La discusión anterior ha sido tomada y adaptada de la conferencia y del debate de seminario correspondientes que se impartieron durante mi posgrado (Máster en Filosofía). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). "Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) “Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. Nueva York: Oxford University Press. Una versión de este ensayo puede encontrarse en línea en: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Consultado el 21 de noviembre de 2016].

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.

213 Ibid.

214 Ibid.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accedido el 30 de agosto de 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip y Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

217 Ibid, 31.

218 Ibid, 30.

219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.

220 Ibid, p. 21.

221 Ibid, p. 22.

222 Ibid, p. 24.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. En: Lavazza, A. y Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.

224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8

Edición. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. En: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol. 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. En: Velmans, M. y Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.

228 Ibid, p. 26.

229 Ibid, pp. 29-30.

230 Ibid, p. 30.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. En: Psillos, S. y Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, págs. 137-138.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.

234 Seager, W. y Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Disponible en línea en: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.

236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.

237 Ibid, p. 192.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. En: Craig, W. L. y Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

Ibid., p. 150.

239 Ibid p. 150.

240 El Corán, capítulo 2, versículo 255.

240 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 255.

241 El Corán, capítulo 67, versículo 14.

241 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 14.

Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. En: Lavazza, A. y Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

El Corán, capítulo 17, versículo 85.

243 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 85.

244 El Corán, Capítulo 30, Versículo 8.

244 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 8.

245 Analogía adaptada de Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Versión adaptada. Disponible en: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Consultado el 24 de octubre de 2016] 246 El Corán, Capítulo 55, versículos 5 a 7.

245 Analogy adapted from Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016] 246 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 5 to 7.

247 El Corán, Capítulo 3, Versículo 190.

247 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

248 El Corán, capítulo 16, versículo 12.

248 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 12.

Tibawi, A.L. (ed. y trad.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (La Epístola de Jerusalén) "Tratado de teología dogmática de Al-Ghazali". En: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9 Nota: Esta es una referencia bibliográfica; los nombres de personas, obras y lugares se mantienen como aparecen en el original, y la traducción del título de la obra no se incluye porque los datos bibliográficos se conservan tal como figuran.

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. En: Craig, W. L. y Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

252 Ibid.

253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.

254 Collins, R. El argumento teleológico, p. 212.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.

255 Citado en Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

255 Cited in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.

257 Ward, P. D. y Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. Nueva York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

258 Ibid, pp. 221-222.

«¿Sin Júpiter, no hay vida avanzada?» - La evolución podría ser imposible en sistemas estelares sin un planeta gigante. (2012). Disponible en: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Consultado el 2 de octubre de 2016].

259 ‘No Jupiter, no advanced life? ’ - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

Rasio, F.A. y E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

260 Rasio, F.A. and E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

261 Ward, P. D. y Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. Nueva York, NY: Copernicus Books, págs. 238 – 239.

261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

262 Ibid, p. 227.

263 Ibid, p. 223.

Ibid.

264 Ibid.

265 Inspirado y adaptado de Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Disponible en: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Consultado el 24 de octubre de 2016].

265 Inspired by and adapted from Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].

Ibid.

266 Ibid.

267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.

Citado en Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

269 Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

270 Ibid.

Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

272 Adaptado de Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, págs. 262-265.

272 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

273 Estoy agradecido a Abu Hurayra por su contribución al responder a estas objeciones. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

273 I am grateful to Abu Hurayra for his contribution in responding to these objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

Ambos puntos han sido adaptados del tratamiento del profesor William Lane Craig sobre el tema. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. En: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

275 Both points have been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the issue. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

276 El Corán, capítulo 112, versículos 1 al 4.

276 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 1 to 4.

Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.

277 Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.

278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].

279 Adaptado de Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

279 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

280 Ibid.

281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.

282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.

283 Los argumentos presentados en este capítulo, incluidas algunas de las ideas, se han inspirado en y adaptado de Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Disponible en: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Consultado el 24 de octubre de 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

283 The arguments presented in this chapter, including some of the ideas, have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

Ibid.

284 Ibid.

285 El Corán, capítulo 52, versículo 28.

285 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 28.

286 El Corán, Capítulo 7, Versículo 28.

286 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 99.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.

289 El Corán, Capítulo 2, Versículo 163.

289 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 163.

290 El Corán, capítulo 59, versículos 22 a 24.

290 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verses 22 to 24.

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Disponible en: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2016].

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Disponible en: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accedido el 24 de octubre de 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016].

293 Citado en Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. En: Craig, W. L. y Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

293 Cited in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

294 El Corán, capítulo 21, versículo 22.

294 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 22.

295 Al-Mahalli, J. y As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Traducido por Aisha Bewley. Londres: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. y As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3.ª edición. El Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. Puede acceder a una copia en línea en: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

296 Averroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Traducido con notas al pie, índice y bibliografía por Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

297 El Corán, Capítulo 7, Versículo 28.

297 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

Para más información sobre la naturaleza divina del Corán, por favor lea: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur'an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute y Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur'an. London: One Reason.

298For more on the Divine nature of the Qur’an, please read: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute and Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.

299 El Corán, capítulo 29, versículo 46.

299 The Qur’an, Chapter 29, Verse 46.

Narrado por Tirmidhi.

300 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

301 El argumento del problema del mal y del sufrimiento se ha expresado de varias maneras diferentes. Algunos de los argumentos utilizan las palabras bueno, misericordioso, amoroso o bondadoso de forma intercambiable. A pesar del uso variado de las palabras, el argumento sigue siendo el mismo. En lugar de usar la palabra bueno, también se pueden usar términos como misericordioso, amoroso, bondadoso, etc. El problema del mal asume que el concepto tradicional de Dios debe incluir un atributo que implicaría que Dios no quiere que el mal y el sufrimiento existan. Por lo tanto, usar palabras alternativas como misericordioso, amoroso y bondadoso no afecta al argumento. 302 The Problem of Evil, diapositivas de la Universidad de Notre Dame. Disponible en: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2020].

301 The problem of evil and suffering argument has been expressed in a number of different ways. Some of the arguments use the words good, merciful, loving or kind interchangeably. Despite the varying use of words, the argument remains the same. Instead of using the word good, terms such as merciful, loving, kind, etc., can also be used. The problem of evil assumes that the traditional concept of God must include an attribute that would imply God does not want evil and suffering to exist. Hence, using alternative words such as merciful, loving and kind do not affect the argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2020].

Ibid.

303 Ibid.

Ibid.

304 Ibid.

Ibid.

305 Ibid.

Ibid.

306 Ibid.

307 Esta suposición ha sido adaptada del tratamiento del profesor William Lane Craig sobre el problema del mal. Moreland, J. P. y Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. Véase el capítulo 27.

307 This assumption has been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the problem of evil. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist's Handbook, p. 51.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.

309 Esta parte de la historia muestra la misericordia de Dios. Todos los niños entran en el paraíso —que es la bienaventuranza eterna—, sin importar sus creencias y acciones. Por lo tanto, la inspiración de Dios al hombre para matar al muchacho debe entenderse desde la perspectiva de la misericordia y la compasión.

309 This part of the story shows God’s mercy. All children enter paradise—which is eternal bliss—regardless of their beliefs and actions. Therefore, God inspiring the man to kill the boy is to be understood through the lens of mercy and compassion.

310 El Corán, capítulo 18, versículos 65 a 82.

310 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verses 65 to 82.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.

312 Ibid.

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol. 14, p. 266.

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.

Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Editado por Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riad: Jami'ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol. 3, p. 142.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

315 Citado en Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 4.

315 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

316 El Corán, capítulo 51, versículo 56.

316 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

317 El Corán, Capítulo 67, Versículo 2.

317 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 2.

318 El Corán, capítulo 39, versículo 7.

318 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 7.

319 Narrado por Tirmidhi.

319 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

320 El Corán, Capítulo 2, Versículo 214.

320 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 214.

321 El Corán, capítulo 2, versículo 286.

321 The Qur’an Chapter 2, Verse 286.

322 El Corán, Capítulo 5, Versículo 100.

322 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 100.

323 Al-Bayhaqi, Shuʿab al-Iman, transmitido a través de Al-Hasan Al-Basri, quien lo atribuye al Profeta Muhammad ﷺ. Los eruditos han calificado esta tradición profética como hasan; su nivel de autenticidad es bueno.

323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, traced back to Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who ascribes it to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The scholars have graded this Prophetic tradition as hasan; its level of authenticity is good.

324 El Corán, capítulo 57, versículo 20.

324 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verse 20.

325 Narrado por Muslim.

325 Narrated by Muslim.

Narrado por Bujari.

326 Narrated by Bukhari.

327 Narrado por Muslim.

327 Narrated by Muslim.

328 Narrado por Bujari. 329 Quien intente un atentado suicida o participe en el terrorismo y muera como resultado no es considerado mártir. Estos actos malvados están prohibidos en el Islam.

328 Narrated by Bukhari. 329 Anyone that attempts suicide bombing or engages in terrorism and dies as a result is not considered a martyr. These evil acts are forbidden in Islam.

330 Narrado por Muslim.

330 Narrated by Muslim.

Narrado por Ahmad.

331 Narrated by Ahmad.

332 Narrado por Muslim.

332 Narrated by Muslim.

333 Ibid.

Ibid.

334 Ibid.

335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Consultado el 2 de octubre de 2016].

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.

338 Adaptado de DPMosteller. (2011). ¿Ha vuelto irrazonable la ciencia la creencia en Dios?, J. P. Moreland. Disponible en: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Consultado el 2 de octubre de 2016].

338 Adapted from DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. En: Psillos, S. y Curd, M., eds., The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2.ª edición, p. 99. Disponible en: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2016].

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Disponible en: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Consultado el 18 de octubre de 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Disponible en: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2016].

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. En: Lackey, J. y Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p. 10.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.

Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

347 Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

348 Véase Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. y Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; y Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

348 See Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

349 Barker, G. y Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

349 Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

350 Annas, J. y Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

352 Ibid, p. 305.

Ibid, pp. 304-5.

353 Ibid, pp. 304-5.

354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.

355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p. 37.

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.

Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Consultado el 10 de mayo de 2018].

358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Disponible en: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Consultado el 2

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2

[2 de octubre de 2016].

nd October 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, sección 88. Disponible en: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. En: Jennifer Lackey, J y Sosa, E, eds., The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. En: Jennifer Lackey, J y Sosa, E, eds., The Epistemology of Testimony, p. 145.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.

363 Ibid, p. 149.

363 Ibid, p.149.

364 Ibid, p.150.

365 Ibid.

Ibid.

366 Ibid.

367 Ibid, p.151.

368 Ibid, p.156.

Ibid, pp. 156-157.

369 Ibid, pp. 156-157.

370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.

371 Ibid, p. 69.

371 Ibid, p 69.

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, sección 91. Disponible en: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2016].

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

373 Ibid, sección 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2.ª ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 56.

373 Ibid, section 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.

375 Ibid, pp. 64-65.

Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. También disponible en: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].

377 El Corán, capítulo 96, versículo 1.

377 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verse 1.

378 El Magnífico Corán: una historia única de preservación. (2010). Londres: Exhibition Islam, págs. 145-204.

378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.

379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Traducido por Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revisado y editado por Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

382 Citado en Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

382 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. La Muqaddimah. Traducida por Franz Rosenthal. Capítulo 6, Sección 58. Disponible en: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Consultado el 9 de octubre de 2016].

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edición de Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. El Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. En: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur'an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p. 64.

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.

Entrevista personal con la profesora Angelika Neuwrith en alemán. Hay una copia de la grabación disponible previa solicitud.

388 Personal interview with Professor Angelika Neuwrith in German. A copy of the recording is available on request.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Traducido por Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

Citado en Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

390 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.

392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur'ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur'anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.

397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.

Ibid.

398 Ibid.

Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. Nueva York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.

403 Ibid, p. 94.

404 Citado en D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

405 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

406 Ibid, p.15; y véase Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

406 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Disponible en: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Consultado el 5 de octubre de 2016].

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].

Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Consultado el 9 de octubre de 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].

Citado en Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur'an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur'an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur'an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.

413 Ibid., p. 188.

413 Ibid, p. 188.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

415 Ibid.

El Corán, capítulo 108, versículos 1 al 3.

416 The Qur’an, Chapter 108, Verses 1 to 3.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

418 Citado en Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur'an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. La traducción original ha sido modificada; el nombre Allah ha sido sustituido por God.

418 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. En: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

420 El Corán, capítulo 16, versículo 103.

420 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 103.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Atheem. Vol. 4, p. 603.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.

422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.

Ibid.

423 Ibid.

424 Hyltenstam, K. y Abrahamsson, N. (2000). ¿Quién puede llegar a hablar como un nativo en una segunda lengua? ¿Todos, algunos o ninguno? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.

427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.

Draz, M. A. (2001). El Corán: Un desafío eterno. Traducido y editado por Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.

429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.

430 Islamic Awareness. (sin fecha). The text of the Qur'an. Disponible en: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. Available at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.

432 Por ejemplo, estas pueden incluir reproducciones de obras de arte de Picasso. Disponible en: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Consultado el 6 de octubre de 2016].

432 For example these can include reproductions of Picasso’s art. Available at: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Accessed 6th October 2016].

433 Véase Textual Integrity of the Bible. Disponible en: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Consultado el 7 de octubre de 2016].

433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].

434 El Corán, Capítulo 18, Versículo 109.

434 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verse 109.

El nombre Muhammad se menciona cuatro veces y Ahmad (otro de sus nombres) se menciona una vez. Véase http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad y http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Consultado el 24 de octubre de 2016].

435 The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016].

{Muhammad no es el padre de ninguno de vosotros, sino el Mensajero de Dios y el sello de los Profetas. Dios lo sabe todo.} Corán, Sura 33, Aleya 40.

436 “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.” The Qur’an, Chapter 33, Verse 40.

El Corán, capítulo 81, versículo 22.

437 The Qur’an, Chapter 81, Verse 22.

438 El Corán, capítulo 53, versículo 2.

438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2.

439 El Corán, Capítulo 48, Versículo 29.

439 The Qur’an, Chapter 48, Verse 29.

Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.

440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.

441 Ibid, p. 52.

442 Ibid, pp. 53 – 79.

Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.

443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.

444 Narrado por Bujari.

444 Narrated by Bukhari.

Narrado por Muslim.

445 Narrated by Muslim.

446 Narrado por Muslim.

446 Narrated by Muslim.

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volumen 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volume 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Disponible en: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Available at: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World's Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur'an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

451 Narrado por Ibn Abi Shaybah. La cadena de transmisión de esta narración llega hasta un compañero del Profeta Muhammad ﷺ. Los eruditos sostienen que esta narración es sólida debido a su cadena de transmisión y al hecho de que se refiere al conocimiento de lo oculto. Algunos eruditos sostienen que, en general, un compañero del Profeta ﷺ no haría una afirmación sobre la escatología sin una referencia al conocimiento revelado, como las palabras o enseñanzas del propio Profeta ﷺ.

451 Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah. The chain of this narration stops at a companion of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. Scholars maintain that this narration is sound due to its chain of transmission and the fact that it refers to knowledge of the unseen. Some scholars maintain that, in general, a companion of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم would not make a statement concerning eschatology without reference to revealed knowledge, such as the words or teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم himself.

452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.

453 Véase M. M. Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

453 See M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

Narrado por Abu Dawud y At-Tirmidhi.

454 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

455 Narrado por Al-Bujari en Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

455 Narrated by Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

456 Narrado por Tirmidhi.

456 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Narrado por Bujari.

457 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

458 Ibid.

459 Narrado por Muslim.

459 Narrated by Muslim.

Narrado por Tirmidhi.

460 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

461 Ibid.

Narrado por Bujari y Muslim.

462 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

463 Narrado por At-Tirmidhi.

463 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Narrado por Bujari, Muslim, Tirmidhi e Ibn Maya.

464 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah.

Narrado por Muslim.

465 Narrated by Muslim.

466 Narrado por Ibn Hibban.

466 Narrated by Ibn Hibban.

Narrado por Ibn Mayah.

467 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

468 Narrado por Ahmad.

468 Narrated by Ahmad.

Ibid.

469 Ibid.

Narrado por Abu Dawud y Tirmidhi.

470 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

471 Narrado por Bujari, Tarikh al-Kabir.

471 Narrated by Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

Narrado por Tabarani.

472 Narrated by Tabarani.

473 Narrado por Bujari.

473 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

474 Ibid.

Narrado por Ahmad y Tirmidhi.

475 Narrated by Ahmad and Tirmidhi.

476 Narrado por Bujari.

476 Narrated by Bukhari.

Narrado por Bujari, Muslim y Ahmad.

477 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

478 Narrado por Bujari y Muslim.

478 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Narrado por Bujari.

479 Narrated by Bukhari.

Narrado por Muslim.

480 Narrated by Muslim.

481 Narrado por Bujari.

481 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

482 Ibid.

Narrado por Ibn Majah.

483 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

Narrado por Muslim.

484 Narrated by Muslim.

Narrado por Tirmidhi.

485 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Narrado por Muslim.

486 Narrated by Muslim.

Ibid.

487 Ibid.

Ibíd.

488 Ibid.

489 Narrado por Bujari.

489 Narrated by Bukhari.

490 Narrado por Bujari y Muslim.

490 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

491 Narrado por Bujari.

491 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

492 Ibid.

Ibid.

493 Ibid.

494 Narrado por al-Bujari y Muslim.

494 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Narrado por Bujari.

495 Narrated by Bukhari.

Narrado por An-Nasai.

496 Narrated by An-Nasai.

Narrado por Muslim.

497 Narrated by Muslim.

498 Narrado por Ahmad.

498 Narrated by Ahmad.

499 Citado en Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Traducido por Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Ciudad del Cabo: Madinah Press, p. 55.

499 Cited in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.

Narrado por Bujari y Muslim.

500 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

501 Ibid.

502 Narrado por Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani y Abu Nu'aym.

502 Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani and Abu Nu’aym.

503 Narrado por Muslim.

503 Narrated by Muslim.

As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). La noble vida del Profeta ﷺ. Vol. 3. Riad: Darussalam, pp. 1707 y 1712.

504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.

505 Narrado por Tirmidhi.

505 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibíd.

506 Ibid.

Narrado por Tirmidhi.

507 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibid.

508 Ibid.

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Editado por Shuayb Al-Arnaout y Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout, Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. Se puede acceder a una copia en línea en: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Consultado el 1

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1

[1 de octubre de 2016].

st October 2016].

510 Narrado por Bujari.

510 Narrated by Bukhari.

511 Narrado por Bujari, Muslim y Ahmad.

511 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

512 Narrado por Bujari y Muslim.

512 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

513 Narrado por Ibn Maayah y al-Haakim.

513 Narrated by Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim.

514 Narrado por Tirmidhi.

514 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

515 Narrado por Bujari y Muslim.

515 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

516 Narrado por Tirmidhi.

516 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibid.

517 Ibid.

518 El Corán, Capítulo 5, Verso 8.

518 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 8.

519 El Corán, Capítulo 4, Versículo 135.

519 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 135.

520 El Corán, capítulo 90, versículos 12 al 18.

520 The Qur’an, Chapter 90, Verses 12 to 18.

Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.

521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.

Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. Nueva York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.

522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.

523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:

El Centro de Estudios Judaicos, Universidad de Pensilvania, pp. 22-23.

The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 22-23.

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edición de Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol. 3. 3

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3

rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at: Nota: el texto original es una referencia bibliográfica en inglés. La traducción fiel sería: Edición 3.ª. El Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. Una copia en línea puede consultarse en:

rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at:

I can't open links or access files, so I can't translate the content at that address. The message you sent contains only a URL and a partial access note, with no text in English to translate. If you paste the English passage you want translated here, I'll translate it into Spanish following the rules you've set out.

https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Accessed 1

[1 de octubre de 2016].

st October 2016].

Citado en Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

525 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

526 Narrado por Yahya b. Adam en el libro de al-Kharaaj.

526 Narrated by Yahya b. Adam in the book of al-Kharaaj.

Narrado por Al-Tabarani en Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

527 Reported by Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. Una copia en línea puede consultarse en: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

529 El Corán, Capítulo 21, Versículo 107.

529 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 107.

530 El Corán, Capítulo 7, Versículo 156.

530 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

531 Citado en Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

531 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.

534 El Corán, capítulo 2, versículo 256.

534 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.

Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.

536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Editado por Shakir Fiyadh. La Meca: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, págs. 169-170.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.

539 El Corán, capítulo 49, versículo 13.

539 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban lo transmitió en al-Sahih, a través de su isnad, de Fadalah ibn Ubayd, y Baihaqi también lo transmitió.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban reported in al-Sahih, via his isnad, from Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Baihaqi.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi's Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

546 Narrado por Bujari.

546 Narrated by Bukhari.

547 El Corán, capítulo 10, versículo 24.

547 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

548 El Corán, capítulo 96, versículos 1 al 5.

548 The Qur'an, Chapter 96, Verses 1 to 5.

549 El Corán, capítulo 39, versículo 9.

549 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 9.

550 El Corán, Capítulo 88, Versículos 17 a 20.

550 The Qur’an, Chapter 88, Verses 17 to 20.

551 El Corán, Capítulo 3, versículos 190 y 191.

551 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verses 190 and 191.

552 Véase Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.

555 Para más detalles, véase Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

555 For details see Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.

557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What's Next. Disponible en: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2016].

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Available at: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Accessed 10th September 2016].

559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.

Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Editado por Abdullah Qaa'ir y Bakr Abu Zayd. La Meca: Dar Alim al-Fawa'id, p. 109. Puede descargar una copia en línea en: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2016].

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. You can download an online copy at: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

561 El Corán, capítulo 47, versículo 19.

561 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 19.

562 El Corán, capítulo 7, versículo 180.

562 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 180.

563 El Corán, capítulo 4, versículo 48.

563 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 48.

564 El Corán, capítulo 25, versículos 68 y 70.

564 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 68 and 70.

565 El Corán, capítulo 23, versículos 99 y 100.

565 The Qur’an, Chapter 23, Verses 99 and 100.

El Corán, capítulo 3, versículo 117.

566 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 117.

567 El Corán, Capítulo 3, Aleya 182.

567 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 182.

568 Esto se basa en la siguiente tradición auténtica narrada por Ahmad e Ibn Hibban: «Hay cuatro (que alegarán) ante Dios el Día de la Resurrección: el sordo que nunca oyó nada, el demente, el muy anciano y el hombre que murió durante la fatrah (el intervalo entre el tiempo de Jesús (la paz sea con él) y el tiempo de Muhammad ﷺ. El sordo dirá: "¡Oh Señor, llegó el Islam, pero yo nunca oí nada". El demente dirá: "¡Oh Señor, llegó el Islam, pero los niños corrían tras de mí y me tiraban piedras". El muy anciano dirá: "¡Oh Señor, llegó el Islam, pero no comprendí nada". El hombre que murió durante la fatrah dirá: "¡Oh Señor, no me llegó ningún Mensajero Tuyo". Él aceptará sus promesas de obediencia, y luego se les ordenará entrar en el Fuego. Por Aquel en cuya mano está el alma de Muhammad ﷺ, si entran en él, les será fresco y seguro». Hay otros hadices y versículos del Corán que indican que Dios no permitirá que nadie entre en el infierno hasta que a las personas se les haya dado el mensaje correcto del Islam.

568 This is based on the following authentic tradition narrated by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban: “There are four (who will protest) to God on the Day of Resurrection: the deaf man who never heard anything, the insane man, the very old man, and the man who died during the fatrah (the interval between the time of Jesus (upon whom be peace) and the time of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The deaf man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I never heard anything.’ The insane man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but the children ran after me and threw stones at me.’ The very old man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I did not understand anything.’ The man who died during the fatrah will say, ‘O Lord, no Messenger from You came to me.’ He will accept their promises of obedience, then word will be sent to them to enter the Fire. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, if they enter it, it will be cool and safe for them.” There are other hadiths and verses of the Qur’an that indicate that God will not allow anyone to enter hell until people have been given the correct message of Islam.

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Editado por M. Bejou. Damasco, p. 84. Una copia en línea está disponible en: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Consultado el 21 de noviembre de 2016].

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Edited by M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. An online copy is available at: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

Ibíd.

570 Ibid.

571 El Corán, capítulo 3, versículo 113. Este versículo se refiere a la "gente del Libro". Sin embargo, el principio se aplica a todos los grupos de personas.

571 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 113. This verse refers to the ‘people of the book’. However, the principle applies to all groups of people.

572 Ibid.

573 Narrado por Bujari.

573 Narrated by Bukhari.

El Corán, capítulo 7, versículo 55.

574 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 55.

575 El Corán, Capítulo 40, Versículo 65.

575 The Qur’an, Chapter 40, Verse 65.

Corán, capítulo 20, versículo 14.

576 The Qur’an, Chapter, 20, Verse 14.

577 El Corán, Capítulo 2, Versículo 29.

577 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 29.

578 El Corán, capítulo 7, versículo 191.

578 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 191.

579 El Corán, capítulo 35, versículo 3.

579 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 3.

580 El Corán, capítulo 96, versículos 6 y 7.

580 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verses 6 and 7.

El Corán, capítulo 92, versículos 8 al 12.

581 The Qur’an, Chapter 92, Verses 8 to 12.

582 El Corán, capítulo 14, versículo 34.

582 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 34.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.

585 El Corán, Capítulo 7, Verso 156.

585 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

El Corán, capítulo 55, versículos 1 y 2.

586 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 1 and 2.

587 El Corán, capítulo 85, versículo 14.

587 The Qur’an, Chapter 85, Verse 14.

588 Narrado por Abu Dawud.

588 Narrated by Abu Dawud.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.

590 El Corán, capítulo 3, versículo 31.

590 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 31.

591 El Corán, capítulo 51, versículo 56.

591 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

La obediencia al Profeta Muhammad ﷺ es una consecuencia de obedecer a Dios, pues Él nos ordena hacerlo.

592 Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is a consequence of obeying God, as He commands us to do so.

593 El Corán, Capítulo 3, Versículo 132.

593 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 132.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.

Ibid., p. 123.

595 Ibid, p. 123.

596 Mahali, J. y Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 El Corán, Capítulo 11, Versículos 118 y 119.

596 Mahali, J and Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verses 118 and 119.

598 El Corán, capítulo 25, versículos 43 y 44.

598 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 43 and 44.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur'an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

602 El Corán, capítulo 39, versículo 29.

602 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

603 Citado en Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Disponible en: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Consultado el 6 de octubre de 2016].

603 Cited in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].

El contenido y la estructura de este capítulo se han adaptado de Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Disponible en: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Consultado el 24 de octubre de 2016].

604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].

605 El Corán, capítulo 82, versículo 6.

605 The Qur’an, Chapter 82, Verse 6.

606 El Corán, capítulo 20, versículo 44.

606 The Qur’an, Chapter 20, Verse 44.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, p. 65.

608 El Corán, capítulo 16, versículo 125.

608 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 125.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Editado por Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Edited by Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

610 El Corán, capítulo 14, versículos 24 a 27.

610 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verses 24 to 27.

611 El Corán, Capítulo 41, Versículo 34

611 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 34