Tun daga farkonsa, tsarin jari-hujja (capitalism) da manyan ka'idodinsa suke ta fuskantar bincike, suka da hari. Daga cikin hare-haren da suka fi tsanani akwai wadanda suka fito daga masana falsafar gurguzu (socialism) da kwaminisanci (communism) irin su Marx, Engels, da Lenin. Wasu malaman Musulunci kuma sun gabatar da suka daga wata mahanga daban.

Since its inception, capitalism and its main principles have been under scrutiny, criticism, and attack. Among the most serious attacks are those that came from socialist and communist philosophers such as Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Some Islamic thinkers provided criticism from a different perspective.

Amma Marx ne ya ba da ɗaya daga cikin mafi cikakkiyar suka ga ƙa'idodin asali na jari-hujja. Marx, a cikin bayaninsa game da jari-hujja, ya mayar da hankali kan ma'anar "daraja" (value), kuma ya yi tunanin ya gano babban kuma asasin lahani a cikin ka'idar jari-hujja. Marx ya sake bayyana "daraja", sannan ya yi amfani da ma'anarsa ta kansa game da "daraja" wajen kai hari kan manyan ra'ayoyin jari-hujja. Marx ya bayyana daraja a matsayin "adadin aikin da aka zuba a cikin tsarin samar da kayayyaki." Yana ikirarin cewa duk wata fa'ida da kaya ke da ita sakamako ne kai tsaye na aikin da ma'aikaci ya zuba. Wannan ya shafi kayayyakin gona da manoma ke samarwa, da kuma kayayyakin masana'antu da ma'aikata ke samarwa. Marx ya bayyana "ƙarin daraja" (surplus value) a matsayin adadin aikin (ko kuɗin da ya kai shi) da mai jari-hujja ke riƙewa bayan an yi amfani da kayan. Marx ya tabbatar da cewa wannan ƙarin daraja sata ce kai tsaye ta aikin ma'aikata daga hannun masu mallakar hanyoyin samarwa (ƙasa ko masana'anta). Marx ya yi hasashen cewa ƙarin darajar zai haifar da tarin dukiya mai girma a hannun masu mallakar hanyoyin samarwa, a kan kuɗin waɗanda suka yi aiki tuƙuru wajen samar da darajar tun farko. Daga ƙarshe, wannan tsari zai kai ga rikici tsakanin azuzuwan ma'aikata, waɗanda ke samar da darajar, da azuzuwan masu jari-hujja, waɗanda ke riƙe darajar don kansu.

But it was Marx who provided one of the most thorough criticisms of the basic principles of capitalism. Marx, in his account of capitalism, focused on the definition of “value” and thought to have found a major and fundamental defect in the theory of capitalism. Marx redefined the “value” and used his own definition of “value” to attack the core ideas of capitalism. Marx defined value as “the amount of labor invested in the process of producing a product.” He claims that whatever benefit a product has is a direct result of the labor invested by a laborer. This applies to products of lands made by farmers as well as products of industry made by workers. Marx defined the “surplus value” to be the amount of labor (or its monetary equivalent) retained by the capitalist after the consumption of the product. This surplus value, Marx maintains, is a direct theft of the labor of workers by the ones who own the means of production (the land or factory). Marx predicted that the surplus value will result in a massive accumulation of wealth in the hands of the owners of the means of production at the expense of those who exert their labors to produce the value in the first place. Eventually, this process should lead to a clash between the class of laborers who produce the value and the class of capitalists who retain the value to themselves32.

Babban gudummawar Marx ita ce gaskiyar cewa ya karkata sukarsa zuwa ga ginshiƙan asali na jari-hujja, wato ƙima da farashin kayayyaki. Nazarin Marx yana da lahani daga tushe. Babban kuskurensa shi ne ya gina tattaunawarsa da nazarinsa a kan ma'anarsa ta kansa game da ƙima. Ra'ayin "ƙarin ƙima" a lokaci guda shi ne ƙarfi da raunin ka'idar Marx ta adawa da jari-hujja; ta wannan fuskar tana kama da diddigin Achilles. Ya isa a nuna cewa manomi na iya noma da shuka filayen da ke makwabtaka da juna iri ɗaya, da kayan aiki iri ɗaya, amma har yanzu ya sami sakamako daban-daban ga amfanin gonarsa. A fili yake cewa ƙimar kayayyakin, wadda za ta iya bambanta da yawa da inganci, ba za ta iya zama daidai da aikin manomin ba, wanda yake iri ɗaya a duka lokutan. Ana iya kawo misalai da yawa irin wannan don nuna rashin daidaiton da lahanin ra'ayin ƙarin ƙima.

The main contribution of Marx is the fact that he directed his criticism to the core principles of capitalism, namely, the value and the price of goods. Marx’s analysis is inherently flawed. His major error is that he based his discussion and analysis on his own definition of the value. The “surplus value” concept is at once the point of strength and the point of weakness in Marx’s theory of anti-capitalism; in this respect it resembles the Achilles’ heel. It is sufficient to point out that the farmer may cultivate and farm two pieces of adjacent lands with the same type of crops, using the same tools, and still receive two different results for his products. Obviously, the value of the products, which may be different in quantity and quality, cannot be equal to the labor of the farmer which is the same in both cases. Many examples of the like can be cited to show the inaccuracy and flaw of the surplus value concept.

Kwanan nan, Sorin Cucerai ya yi wadannan sharhi game da jari-hujja a cikin makalarsa “The Fear of Capitalism and One of Its Sources”39:

More recently, Sorin Cucerai makes the following comments on capitalism in his article “The Fear of Capitalism and One of Its Sources”39:

Abin mamaki, "'yancin kai da wadatar" tsarin jari-hujja suna yiwuwa ne kawai ta hanyar hana mutane samun abinci da masauki kai tsaye. Domin mu sami wannan 'yancin na jari-hujja, dole ne mu rabu da yanayin halittarmu. Duk wani mutum da yake rayuwa a cikin tsarin jari-hujja halitta ce mai rauni a asali, mai rauni sosai.

Paradoxically, the “freedom and prosperity of capitalism” are possible only by denying people direct access to food and shelter. In order to have this capitalist freedom, we must be alienated from our own nature. Any individual that lives in the capitalist order is a fundamentally precarious being, of a radical frailty.

Babban suka da malamai suka yi wa tsarin jari-hujja ta mayar da hankali ne kan matakin shigar gwamnati cikin harkokin tattalin arzikin al'umma. Tsarin jari-hujja mafi tsarki yana kira da a sami ƙarancin shigar gwamnati, inda ake samun daidaito ta hanyar tsarin farashi; wannan shi ake kira jari-hujja ta laissez-faire (ma'ana "a bar shi ya kasance"). Jari-hujja ta laissez-faire takan fuskanci suka mai tsanani a lokacin rikicin kuɗi da tattalin arziki, koma-bayan tattalin arziki, da kuma mummunan koma-bayan tattalin arziki. Mujallar yanar gizo ta Forbes.com ta buga wata kasida a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2009, mai taken "Jari-hujja ta Laissez-Faire Ta Gaza", wadda Nouriel Roubini ya rubuta, inda yake cewa, "Yanzu akwai karuwar haɗarin cewa wannan rikici zai juya zuwa wani mummunan yanayi mai dogon lokaci, mai siffar L, irin na Japan na tabarbarewar tattalin arziki (haɗuwar tsayawar tattalin arziki, koma-baya da faɗuwar farashi mai kisa)." Manyan masana tunanin Musulunci, Taqiuddin al-Nabhani da Mohammad Baqir Al-Sadr, sun yi manyan suka masu muhimmanci ga ginshiƙan asali na jari-hujja. Al-Nabhani ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da sukarsa ga jari-hujja a littafinsa The Economic System in Islam. Al-Sadr kuma ya yi bayani mai zurfi game da kurakuran jari-hujja a littafinsa Our Economy—Iqtisaduna. Al-Nabhani ya mayar da hankali kan ginshiƙai uku na jari-hujja (ƙarancin abubuwa dangi, daraja, da tsarin farashi). Babban abin da Al-Sadr ya fi mayar da hankali a kai kuwa shi ne mallakar dukiya ta sirri da mallaka.

The main criticism that came from scholars within the framework of capitalism focused on the level of government intervention in the economics affairs of a society. The purest form of capitalism calls for the least government involvement where equilibrium is achieved through the price mechanism; this is the laissez-faire capitalism (translated to “leave it to be”). Laissez-faire capitalism comes under severe attack and criticism during financial and economic crisis, recessions, and depressions. The Forbes.com online magazine published an article on Feb 19, 2009, under the title “Laissez-Faire capitalism Has Failed” authored by Nouriel Roubini, where he writes, “There is now a rising risk that this crisis will turn into an uglier, multiyear, L-shaped, Japanese-style stag-deflation (a deadly combination of stagnation, recession and deflation.” Serious and significant criticisms of the fundamental principles of capitalism were made by prominent Islamic thinkers, namely, Taqiuddin al-Nabhani and Mohammad Baqir Al-Sadr. Al-Nabhani detailed his critique of capitalism in his book The Economic System in Islam41. Al-Sadr provided a detailed account of the errors of capitalism in his book Our Economy—Iqtisaduna42. Al-Nabhani focused on the three principles of capitalism (relative scarcity, value, and price mechanism). Al-Sadr’s main focus was on the private property and ownership.

A cikin sassan da ke biyo baya, za mu bincika wasu manyan kura-kurai da ke cikin tsarin jari-hujja, sannan mu nuna yadda wadannan kura-kurai suka haifar da halaye marasa kyau a tsawon shekarun aiwatar da jari-hujja. Wadannan kura-kurai sun kasance a boye suna jiran lokaci, suna kuma haifar da manyan matsaloli lokaci-lokaci. Gwamnati ta yi amfani da shiga tsakani don dakile tasirin wadannan kura-kurai da matsaloli, kuma ta yi kokarin hana tsarin gaba daya rushewa. A cikin jawabin da ya yi wa kwamitin majalisa a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2008, shugaban Babban Bankin Tarayya (Fed), Bernanke, ya ce: "idan an bar Bear Stearns ya fadi, tasirin fadowar ba zai takaita ga tsarin kudi kadai ba, sai dai zai shafi tattalin arzikin gaba daya ta hanyar tasiri a kan darajar kadarori da samuwar bashi"47.

In the following sections, we will investigate some of the major flaws within capitalism and then show how these flaws have led to the creation of erroneous behavior over the years of capitalism application. These flaws have remained as dormant faults and have caused serious errors time and time again. Government intervention had been utilized to contain the impact of these flaws and errors and have attempted to prevent a complete failure of the systems. In a statement made to a congressional committee on April 3, 2008, the Fed Reserve chief Bernanke said that “if Bear Stearns had been allowed to fail, the adverse impact of a default would not have been confined to the financial system but would have been felt broadly in the real economy through its effects on asset values and credit availability”47.

Manyan lahani da kurakurai da ke cikin tsarin jari-hujja suna makale ne a cikin manyan ka'idojinsa, waɗanda Adam Smith da David Ricardo suka samar (34, 35). Waɗannan ka'idoji su ne "ƙarancin dangi," "darajar kaya," da "tsarin farashi." Za mu tattauna kowace ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ka'idoji da lahani da ke cikinsu a sassan da ke biyo baya.

The main flaws and defects within capitalism are embedded within its main principles, which were developed by Adam Smith and David Ricardo (34, 35). These principles are the “relative scarcity,” the “value of a product,” and the “price mechanism.” We will discuss each one of these principles and the flaws within them in the following sections.