Yaƙin Duniya na Farko ya lalata ƙasashen Turai, waɗanda jari-hujja ke mulki. Yakin ya kashe fararen hula miliyan bakwai da sojoji miliyan goma, sannan sama da mutum miliyan ashirin da ɗaya suka jikkata80. Ba tare da shiga cikin cikakkun bayanai ba, a ƙarshen yaƙin ya bayyana a fili yadda Birtaniya da Faransa suka ƙara ƙarfafa mulkin mallakarsu a kan babban yanki na duniya (Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya). Mulkin mallaka da tsarin daular ƙasashe sune mafi bayyanannun sakamakon yaƙin; ba nisa ba ne da gaskiya a ce tsarin daular ƙasashe babban dalili ne na yaƙin tun farko. Masana akidar kwaminisanci suna ɗaukar tsarin daular ƙasashe a matsayin mataki mafi girma na jari-hujja32. Wasu kuma suna ganin tsarin daular ƙasashe a matsayin hanyar da jari-hujja ke amfani da ita wajen tabbatar da samun kayan masarufi, ma'aikata masu arha, da kasuwanni (41, 42). Tsoffin mulkin mallaka na ƙasashen Turai suna ci gaba da shan wahala har yau daga zalunci mai tsanani, mulkin kama-karya, talauci, da koma baya.
The First World War ravaged through European states, which were dominated by capitalism. The war consumed seven million civilian and ten million military lives, with more than twenty-one million wounded80. Without going into details, it was evident at the end of the war how Britain and France spread their colonialist grip over a vast area of the world (Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia). Imperialism and colonialism were the most visible outcomes of the war; it is not far-fetched from the truth to claim that imperialism was a major factor of the war to begin with. Imperialism is thought of as the highest stage of capitalism according to communist theoreticians32. Others perceive imperialism as a method utilized by capitalism to secure sources of raw material, cheap labor, and markets (41, 42). The old colonies of European states continue to suffer until today from deep oppression, dictatorships, poverty, and backwardness.
Yakin Duniya ta Biyu ta hallaka fiye da mutane miliyan sittin; miliyan arba'in daga cikinsu fararen hula ne. Mutane da yawa daga cikin fararen hula sun mutu saboda cututtuka, yunwa, kisan kiyashi, harin bama-bamai, da kisan kare dangi da aka yi da gangan, kamar wanda aka aikata wa miliyoyin Yahudawa a Jamus da Turai. Yakin Duniya ta Biyu ya haifar da sansanoni biyu masu adawa da juna, WARSAW (ƙawancen Tarayyar Soviet da ƙasashen Gabashin Turai) da NATO (Ƙungiyar Yarjejeniyar Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa), da kuma yakin cacar-baka wanda ya cinye daruruwan biliyoyin daloli cikin shekaru hamsin. Yakin kuma ya kawo duniyanci (globalization), wanda ke ci gaba da ƙara gibi tsakanin talakawa da attajirai, da kuma zurfafa rashin daidaito tsakanin mutanen duniya.
The Second World War consumed more than sixty million lives; Forty million were civilians81. Many civilians died because of disease, starvation, massacres, bombing, and deliberate genocide such as the one committed against millions of Jews in Germany and Europe. The Second World War gave birth to the two competing camps, WARSAW (alliance of Soviet Union and Eastern European states) and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), and to a cold war that consumed hundreds of billions of dollars during five decades. The war also introduced globalization, which continues to increase the gap between the poor and the rich, and deepen the inequality between the people of the world.
Manyan kayan aikin duniyanci guda biyu, waɗanda aka haifa a cikin mahaifar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, su ne Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) da Bankin Duniya (WB). Waɗannan kayan aiki guda biyu sun karya kashin bayan tattalin arzikin ƙasashe kamar Mexico, Turkiyya, Indonesiya, da Koriya. Ƙarƙashin manufofin IMF da WB, ƙasashe masu tasowa (ƙasashen duniya ta uku) a Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka da Caribbean sun ci gaba da taka rawa iri ɗaya tsawon shekaru hamsin da suka wuce: samar da kayan danye, kasuwar masu amfani, da ma'aikata masu arha ga ƙasashen masana'antu masu samun riba.
The main two instruments of globalization, which were born in the womb of the Second World War, are the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. These two instruments have broken the backbone of the economies of countries like Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia, and Korea. Under the policies of the IMF and the WB, the developing countries (third world countries) in Asia, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean continued to play the same role for the last fifty years: supply the raw material, the consuming market, and the cheap labor to the profit-generating industrial nations.
Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu sun haifar da wata matsala mai ɗorewa a Falasɗinu ta hanyar kafa ƙasar Isra'ila. Wannan matsala ta yi barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na yankin da na duniya baki ɗaya tsawon shekaru da dama. Ta lakume rayukan dubban mutane kuma tana ci gaba da yin hakan har zuwa yau. Ta nuna wa duniya wani irin zalunci da ba a taɓa gani ba, inda tankuna, bindigogin injina da jiragen yaƙi ke fuskantar ƙananan yara masu kawai duwatsu a hannunsu. Ƙasashen Larabawa da na Yahudawa duka sun zama mai ciyar da yaƙe-yaƙen mulkin mallaka waɗanda Turai, sannan Amurka, suka goyi baya suka kuma ci gaba da su. Sayar da makamai ga dukkan yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya ta ci gaba musamman saboda yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila.
The first and second world wars produced a long-lasting problem in Palestine by creating the state of Israel. This problem has threatened the stability and security of the region as well as of the world for many decades. It has consumed hundreds of thousands of lives and continues to do so until today. It has shown the world an unprecedented form of brutality, when the tanks, machine guns, jet fighters face young children equipped only with stones. Arab as well as Jewish nations have become a fuel for imperial wars supported and sustained by Europe and then by the United States. Arms sales for the entire region of the Middle East have been sustained mainly due to the Arab-Israeli war.
Tsarin duniya a karkashin mulkin manyan ƙasashen Yamma da Amurka ke jagoranta bai iya hana mamayar Afghanistan a shekarar 1979 da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi ba. Bayan wannan mamaya, mujahideen (mayaƙan juyin juya halin Afghanistan) sun yi yaƙin wakilci a madadin Amurka na kusan shekaru goma; a wannan lokaci, Amurka ta sauƙaƙa samar da makamai, bayanan sirri, horo, da goyon bayan ƙasashen duniya ga mujahideen. Yaƙin shekaru goma ya ci rayukan Afghanistan sama da miliyan 1.5, da rayukan Soviet sama da 25,000. Yaƙin Afghanistan ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru fiye da arba'in na yakin cacar-baka tsakanin akidun jari-hujja da gurguzanci.
The world order under the dominance of the Western superpowers led by the USA could not prevent the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 by the Soviet Union. In the aftermath of the invasion, the mujahideen (Afghan revolutionary fighters) fought a proxy war on behalf of the USA for almost ten years; during this period, the United States facilitated arm supplies, intelligence, training, and international support for the mujahideen. The ten years war consumed more than 1.5 million of Afghan lives and more than 25,000 of the Soviet lives. The Afghan war culminated more than forty years of cold war between the ideologies of capitalism and socialism.
Tsarin duniya a karƙashin mamayar manyan ƙasashen Yammacin duniya ya ɗauki nauyin yaƙin shekara takwas tsakanin Iraƙi da Iran (1980-1988), ba don komai ba sai don ci gaba da riƙe iko a kan filayen man fetur na Tekun Larabawa/Farisa, da kuma tabbatar da zirga-zirgar man fetur cikin 'yanci zuwa ƙasashen masana'antu; wannan manufa tana cikin cikakken jituwa da muradun jari-hujja kamar yadda Koyarwar Carter ta bayyana: "Sojojin Soviet a Afghanistan sun zama babbar barazana ga zirga-zirgar man Gabas ta Tsakiya cikin 'yanci"83. Yaƙin ya lashe rayuka sama da rabin miliyan, da kuma mutane da yawa da suka jikkata.
The world order under the dominance of the Western superpowers financed an eight-year war between Iraq and Iran (1980-1988) for no reason other than to sustain control over the oil fields in the Arabian/ Persian Gulf and the free movement of oil to the industrial world; this objective is in complete harmony with capitalist motives as proclaimed by the Carter doctrine: “Soviet troops in Afghanistan posed a grave threat to the free movement of Middle East oil”83. The war consumed more than half million lives and many more wounded.
Yaƙin Gulf na Biyu wani mataki ne kuma a cikin ƙudurin manyan ƙasashe, musamman Amurka da Birtaniya, na mallakar yankin da ke da arzikin mai. A karon farko a tarihin zamani, Margaret Thatcher (tsohuwar Firayim Ministan Birtaniya) da George H. Bush (tsohon Shugaban Amurka) sun yi kira ga babi na VII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, wanda ke ba da damar amfani da ƙarfi a kan Iraƙi don tilasta mata fita daga Kuwait84. Sakataren harkokin wajen lokacin, James Baker, ya yi magana a fili fiye da kima lokacin da ya bayyana dalilan yakin Gulf85:
The Second Gulf War was yet another episode in the determination of the superpowers, especially the United States and Britain, to control the oil rich region. For the first time in contemporary history, Margaret Thatcher (former prime minister of Britain) and George H. Bush (former president of the USA) invoked chapter VII of the UN Charter, which allows the use of force against Iraq to force it out of Kuwait84. The then secretary of state James Baker was too frank when he explained the reasons for the gulf war85:
Jigon tattalin arziki na duniyar masana'antu yana bi ta daga arzikin man fetur na Tekun Fasha, kuma ba za mu bar wani azzalumi irin wannan ya zauna a kan wannan jigon tattalin arziki ba. Idan za a rage wannan zuwa matsayin talakawan Amurkawa, bari in ce hakan na nufin ayyukan yi. Idan kuma za a takaita shi da kalma guda, ita ce: ayyukan yi.
The economic lifeline of the industrial world runs from the Persian Gulf oil reserves and we cannot permit a dictator such as this to sit astride that economic lifeline; to bring it down to the level of the average American citizen, let me say that means jobs. If you want to sum it up in one word, it’s jobs.
Baya ga dubban waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu da waɗanda suka jikkata, takunkumin da aka sanya wa Iraƙi bayan ƙarshen yaƙin ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar sama da yara miliyan biyu.
Besides the tens of thousands of casualties (dead and wounded), the sanctions imposed upon Iraq after the end of the war consumed more than two million children’s lives.
Ƙasashen Afirka sun sha wahala mai tsanani kuma sun rasa miliyoyin rayuka a yaƙe-yaƙen wakilci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da wani daga cikin manyan ƙasashen jari-hujja a Turai da Amurka ke goyon bayansu. Miliyoyin mutane na ci gaba da mutuwa a rikice-rikicen da suka tabbatar da cewa suna amfanar manyan kamfanoni na duniya ne kawai, waɗanda ke haƙar zinariya, mai da lu'u-lu'u a Afirka.
African nations suffered great pains and lost millions of lives in proxy wars between factions supported by one or another of the super capitalist nations in Europe and the United States. Millions of people continue to die in conflicts that have proven to serve only the interests of multinational corporations digging for gold, oil, and diamonds in Africa.
Kudin lu'u-lu'u ne aka biya don yakin Unita wanda a cikin shekarun 1990 ya ɗaga yakin basasar Angola zuwa sabon matakin zalunci. Sama da Angolawa dubu ɗari biyar ne suka mutu. Ma'adinan ƙasa sun naƙasa kimanin mutum dubu casa'in. Fada ya raba Angolawa miliyan huɗu da muhallansu, kuma kimanin miliyan ɗaya har yanzu suna dogara ga agajin abinci daga ƙasashen waje. Blaine Harden86 ya fi kwatanta yakin lu'u-lu'u a Afirka a cikin rubutunsa na jaridar New York Times na 2000 mai taken "Africa's Diamond Wars," inda ya ce,
Diamond money paid for Unita offensives that in the 1990s elevated Angola’s civil war to a new plateau of savagery. More than half a million Angolans were killed. Land mines maimed about ninety thousand. Fighting displaced four million Angolans, and about one million continue to depend on foreign food aid. Blaine Harden86 best describes the diamond wars in Africa in his New York Times 2000 publication “Africa’s Diamond Wars,” where he says,
Matsalolin Afirka ta zamani, ta fuskoki da dama, gadon tarihinta ne na mulkin mallaka. Mulkin mallaka ya rushe duk wata al'adar siyasa da ka iya wanzuwa kafin zuwan Turawa. Ya kirkiro al'ummomi masu girma, galibi kirkirarru ne kawai. Domin ganin gina al'ummomin nan ta biya, masu mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da karfi wajen kwashe komai, tun daga hauren giwa zuwa roba har ma da mutane.
The miseries of modern Africa are, in many ways, a legacy of its colonial history. Colonialism demolished whatever political culture may have predated the arrival of Europeans. It invented huge, largely fictive nations. To make their nation-building pay, colonialists used force to haul off everything from ivory to rubber to human beings.
A Congo, gwamnatin mulkin mallakar Belgium ta shahara da kwaɗayi da zalunci.
In Congo, the Belgian colonial state was famously greedy and cruel.
Wakilansa sun sanya ƙayyadaddun adadin samar da roba da hauren giwa da ba za a iya cimma ba.
Its agents set impossible quotas for production of rubber and ivory,
kashe-kashe ko yanke hannayen mazauna ƙauyuka waɗanda suka kasa cika sharuɗɗan da aka gindaya musu.
killing or chopping off the hands of villagers who failed to meet them.
A Saliyo, tun a shekarun 1940, masu fasa-kwaurin lu'u-lu'u sun karkatar da kowane bangare na rayuwar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta kasar.
In Sierra Leone, since the 1940’s, predators who smuggle diamonds have warped every aspect of the nation’s economic and political life.
Angola, Congo da Saliyo sun da lu'u-lu'u mai yawa wanda ya tada sha'awar kwadayi.
Angola, Congo and Sierra Leone had plenty of diamonds to excite greed,
yaƙi da man fetur da kuma sayen alfarma.
fuel war and to buy favors.
Labaran miliyoyin rayuka da aka rasa a yaƙe-yaƙen da aka ƙaddamar domin mamaye jari suna maimaituwa a Vietnam inda rayuka miliyan 5.5 suka ɓace, da kuma Koriya inda mutane miliyan 3.5 suka mutu. Irin waɗannan labarai sun fito daga Colombia, Venezuela, Mexico, Guatemala, Grenada, Cuba, Chile, Argentina, kuma jerin suna ci gaba. An kiyasta cewa a cikin karni na ashirin kawai, sama da mutane miliyan dari biyu ne suka mutu a ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da yaƙi.
The stories of millions of lives lost in wars launched for the conquest of capital are repeated in Vietnam where 5.5 million lives vanished and Korea where 3.5 million people died. Similar stories come from Columbia, Venezuela, Mexico, Guatemala, Grenada, Cuba, Chile, Argentina, and the list goes on. It is estimated that during the twentieth century alone, more than two hundred million people died in war-related activities.
