Nasarar ko gazawar tsarin tattalin arziki ya kamata a auna ta da tasirin kai tsaye da yake yi a rayuwar mutanen da suke rayuwa karkashin wannan tsarin tattalin arziki. Ma'aunan ci gaban tattalin arziki, fadada dukiya, da kwanciyar hankali na kudi ya kamata a danganta su da wahalhalun da mutanen al'umma ke ciki. Tasirin tsarin tattalin arziki, a wannan yanayin jari-hujja, ya kamata a auna shi ta matakin tsaro da gamsuwar da yake samarwa ga mutane. Tsaro da gamsuwar kuma ana kara auna su ta fuskar tsaron abinci, tsaron ilimi, tsaron lafiya, da tsaron jiki. Wani ma'auni na kwanciyar hankalin tsarin shi ne akidar da'a, kyawawan dabi'u, da imani da amincewar mutane ga tushen tattalin arzikin.

The success or failure of an economic system should be measured by the direct impact it has on the life of the people who live under that economic system. Measures of economic growth, wealth expansion, and financial stability should be correlated to the plights of people in the society. The impact of the economic system, in this case capitalism, should be measured by the level of security and satisfaction provided to the people. The security and satisfaction are further measured in terms of food security, education security, health security, and physical security. Another measure of the stability of the system is the moral, ethical, and ideological conviction and trust in the economic foundation.

Tsarin duniya guda biyu ne suka mamaye fagen duniya a cikin shekaru ɗari na ƙarshe, wato jari-hujja da gurguzu. Gurguzu ta rushe kafin ƙarshen karni na ashirin gaba ɗaya, don haka ba za a tattauna ta a cikin wannan littafi ba sai dai inda ake buƙatarta don fayyace wani ra'ayi.

Two major systems have dominated the world arena in the last one hundred years, namely, capitalism and socialism. Socialism collapsed before the end of the twentieth century with a complete failure and hence will not be discussed in this book except where it is needed to clarify a concept.

Bayan rushewar gurguzu, jari-hujja ta ci gaba da mamayar duniya baki ɗaya; akwai nau'o'in jari-hujja daban-daban a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Har ma China mai bin gurguzu ta karɓi wani nau'in jari-hujja mai salon gurguzu. Bayan rushewar gurguzun Leninci na Soviet, jari-hujja ta shiga zamanin tattalin arziƙin duniya, wanda aka fi sani a hukumance da duniyantar da tattalin arziƙi (globalization). Duniyantarwa ta faɗaɗa tasiri da ikon jari-hujja zuwa kusan kowane lungu na duniya. Rikicin kuɗi na baya-bayan nan, wanda ya fara a Amurka, ya yaɗu zuwa Turai, Japan, China, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Afirka. Nazarin tasirin jari-hujja ba a iyakance shi ga wata ƙasa ta musamman ba; a maimakon haka, ana ganin tasirinsa a duniya baki ɗaya.

After the collapse of socialism, capitalism proceeded to dominate the entire globe; different flavors of capitalism exist in different parts of the world. Even socialist China has adopted a cocialist brand of capitalism. After the collapse of Soviet Leninist socialism, capitalism had entered the era of global economy, more officially known as globalization. Globalization extended the impact and influence of capitalism to almost every corner of the world. The most recent financial crisis, which started in the United States, rippled through Europe, Japan, China, the Middle East, and Africa. The study of the impact of capitalism is not constrained to a particular nation; rather its impact is observed globally.

Nauyin da ke kan jari-hujja game da halin tattalin arzikin duniya baki ɗaya abu ne da aka sani. Duniyanci (globalization) ya sa jari-hujjar duniya ta zama tsarin tattalin arziƙin duniya a zahiri. Ayyukan Bankin Duniya da Asusun Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), manyan kayan aikin duniyar jari-hujja guda biyu, suna da alhakin kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice game da yanayin tattalin arziki a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

The responsibility of capitalism to the economic situation of the world at large is an acknowledged fact. Globalization has made world capitalism the de facto economic system of the world. The activities of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the two main instruments of the capitalist world, are directly and indirectly responsible for the economic conditions in the developing world.

Alaƙar da ke tsakanin talauci a duniya baki ɗaya da kayan aikin jari-hujja, wato Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), tana bayyana a cikin misalai da labarai da dama. Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan misalai shi ne matsalar shinkafa a Haiti, wadda aka bayyana a wata kasida mai ratsa zuciya, wadda Inter Press Service (IPS) ta wallafa, wata cibiya ta sadarwa da ke mai da hankali kan ci gaba da duniyanci a kudancin duniya62.

The relation between poverty in the world at large and the capitalist instrument, the IMF is reflected in numerous cases and stories. One of such cases stands clear in the recent Haiti rice crisis. The Haiti rice crisis is narrated in a moving article, published by Inter Press Service (IPS), a communication institution with focus on development and globalization in the south62.

Makalar ta ba da labarin wata mace mai 'ya'ya uku wacce ta ce ba ta ƙara iya sayen shinkafa don ciyar da 'ya'yanta uku ba, a wata ƙasa da ta taɓa zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu noman shinkafa a duniya. Uwar 'ya'ya ukun ta bayyana matsalar: ƙaramin gwangwanin shinkafa kaɗai yana kashe cents sittin da biyar, man girki kuwa cents ashirin da biyar, gawayi ma cents ashirin da biyar. Da dala ɗaya da cents ashirin da biyar (matakin talauci mai tsanani da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kafa), ba ma za ka iya yin abincin shinkafa ga yaro ɗaya ba. Haiti, ƙasa mafi talauci a yankin, tana shigo da yawancin abincin da take ci; wannan sakamakon manufofin kasuwa marasa iyaka ne waɗanda suka raunana noman cikin gida. Shugaban Haiti René Préval ya amince da cewa "shinkafa mai rahusa da ake shigowa da ita ta lalata shinkafar da ake nomawa a cikin ƙasa." 62 Shekaru talatin da suka wuce, Haiti na samar da kusan dukkan shinkafar da take ci. Amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, shinkafa mai rahusa daga Amurka ta cika ƙasar bayan wata gwamnatin soji ta fara sassauta tattalin arzikinta tare da goyon bayan Asusun Lamuni na Duniya (IMF).

The article reports on a woman with three children who says that she can no longer afford to purchase rice to feed her three children in a country which once was one of the largest rice producers in the world. The mother of three explains the dilemma: a little can of rice alone costs sixty-five cents, oil is twenty-five cents, and charcoal is twenty-five cents. With dollar twenty-five cents (the absolute poverty line set by the UN), you can’t even make a rice meal for one child. Haiti, the hemisphere’s poorest country, imports most of the food it consumes; this is the result of free-market policies that have undermined national production. The president of Haiti René Préval recognized that “cheap imported rice destroyed nationally grown rice”62. Thirty years ago, Haiti produced nearly all the rice it consumed. But in the late 1980s, cheap imported US rice flooded the country after a military junta began liberalizing the economy with support from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Ƙungiyoyin dakaru ne suka yi wa jigilar shinkafa da aka fara shigo da ita rakiya. Manoman shinkafa sun ɗauki shinkafar Amurka da ake shigo da ita a matsayin barazana ga noman su da kuma rayuwarsu. Kamar yadda ya faru, damuwarsu tana da tushe. A shekarar 1994, wani shiri wanda Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ya dauki nauyinsa ya rage harajin shigo da shinkafa daga kashi 35 zuwa kashi 3, mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin. A cikin shekara guda, yawan shinkafar da ake shigowa da ita ya ninka sau biyu.

The first batches of imported rice were escorted by armed convoys. Rice farmers regarded the imported US rice as a threat to their production and livelihoods. As it turned out, their concerns were justified. In 1994, an IMF-sponsored plan cut tariffs on imported rice from 35% to 3%, the lowest in the region. In one year, the amount of rice imports doubled.

Yayin da gwamnatin Amurka ke tallafawa manoman shinkafarta, takwarorinsu na Haiti an hana su yin hakan bisa sharuddan yarjejeniyarsu da IMF. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, noman shinkafa a Haiti ya ragu zuwa rabi, yayin da shigo da shinkafa daga waje ke mamaye kasuwa. Ga mutane da yawa a Haiti, rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki da yunwa su ne kawai zabin da ya rage musu.

While the US government subsidizes its own rice farmers, its Haitian counterpart was prohibited from doing so under the terms of their agreement with the IMF. Over the last twenty years, rice production in Haiti has been cut in half, while imports now dominate the market. For many people in Haiti, undernutrition and starvation is the only remaining option.

Zuwa ƙarshen karni na ashirin, an kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan ashirin zuwa talatin a faɗin duniya sun rasa ƙasarsu sakamakon tasirin sassaucin cinikayya da noman fitarwa63. Shirin bayar da agajin abinci na Amurka na ƙasashen duniya, wanda aka tabbatar da shi a 1954 a matsayin Dokar Jama'a ta 480, ya mamaye harkar cinikin abinci a cikin shekaru ashirin masu biye. Ana rarraba rarar abinci da Amurka ke sarrafawa ga ƙasashen da ake ɗauka a matsayin abokan cinikayya na gaba. Wannan tsarin fitar da abinci lallai ya raunana manoma na gida ta hanyar sayar da abinci na asali a farashi mai sauƙi64.

By the end of the twentieth century, twenty to thirty million people around the world were estimated to have lost their land under the impact of trade liberalization and export agriculture63. The US international food aid program, formalized in 1954 as Public Law 480, dominated the food trade landscape over the next two decades. US-managed food surpluses were distributed to states regarded as future customers. This food export regime indeed undermined local farmers with low-priced staple foods64.

Manyan kayan aikin da suka yi tasiri a tattalin arzikin yankuna a duniya sune Bankin Duniya da Asusun Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ta hanyar abin da aka sani da Shirye-shiryen Gyaran Tsari (SAPs). An tsara su a matsayin sharuddan bada rance, kuma sun wajabta sauye-sauyen manufofin tattalin arziki da ke tilasta kasashen da ke karbar rance su sassauta manufofinsu na cinikayya da zuba jari. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatoci sun rage harajin kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga waje, sun janye tallafin da ake bai wa kayayyakin cikin gida, musamman abinci, sun mayar da dimbin filayen noma zuwa hakar ma'adinai da binciken man fetur, kuma kasashen sun tsunduma cikin wahalar biyan bashin da ake bin su. Sakamakon karshe shi ne dogaro da abinci da kayayyaki da ake shigo da su daga waje, wanda manyan kamfanonin jari-hujja ke sarrafawa.

The main instruments of influencing the local economies worldwide have been the World Bank and the IMF through what is known as the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). Formulated as loan conditions, SAPs mandated macroeconomic policy changes that obligate recipient nations to liberalize their trade and investment policies. As a result, governments reduced tariffs on imported goods, lifted subsidies on local products, particularly food, moved large acreage land from farming into mining and oil exploration, and plunged the nations into difficulty to repay loans. The end result is dependence on imported foods and supplies by giant capitalist corporations.

Mamayar da jari-hujja ta yi a duniya da tasirinta kan yanayin tattalin arzikin duniya a bayyane yake a yaɗuwar talauci, yunwa, annoba ta lafiya, da abubuwa da yawa.

The dominance of capitalism in the world and its impact on world economic conditions are observed in prevalent poverty, hunger, health epidemics, and much more.

Tattaunawar ka'idoji na asali na tsarin jari-hujja da tattalin arzikinsa na siyasa ta bayyana wasu lahani da kuskure a ginshikin tsarin, musamman ka'idojin karanci, daraja, farashi, da mallakar kai. Aiwatar da tsarin da ke da manyan lahani ana tsammanin zai haifar, a kan lokaci, da jerin rashin daidaito, rikice-rikice, da matsaloli a rayuwar mutanen da ke karkashin irin wannan tsarin. Wannan matsaya tana biyo bayan samfurin kuskure-laifi-gazawa da aka tattauna a sashe na 2. Haka kuma tana samun goyon baya daga abubuwan da aka lura da su da kuma kididdiga da bayanai na zahiri.

The discussion of the basic principles of capitalism and its political economy revealed several defects and flaws at the core of the system, particularly the principles of scarcity, value, price, and private ownership. The implementation of a system with major flaws is expected to produce over time several anomalies, crises, and pitfalls in the life of people living under such system. This conclusion follows from the fault-error-failure model discussed in section.2. It is also supported by observations and real-life statistics and data.

A cikin sassan da za mu biyo baya, za mu duba bayanai na ainihi game da yanayin duniya na yau a ƙarƙashin tsarin tattalin arziƙin jari-hujja. Bayanan sun nuna cewa kurakuran ka'idoji na manyan tsare-tsaren tattalin arziƙi sun haifar da manyan kurakurai waɗanda ke ci gaba da haifar da mummunan sakamako a kan babban ɓangare na al'ummar duniya. Ana ci gaba da yunƙurin ceto da shiga tsakani ta ƙarfi, ta hanyar bayar da kuɗaɗen agaji da gwamnatoci ke saye kamfanoni da cibiyoyin tattalin arziƙi da ke fama da matsala, don dakile tasirin rikicin, da fatan hana faɗuwa gaba ɗaya da rushewar tsarin jari-hujja baki ɗaya.

In the next sections, we will examine actual data from the contemporary world conditions under capitalist economic system. The data shows that the theoretical flaws of the major economic principles have led to serious errors that continue to cause huge catastrophic effects on very large segment of the population in the world. Continuous attempts and forced intervention through bailouts and government buyout of failing economic entities are sought to contain the impact of the crisis, hoping to prevent a complete collapse and failure of the entire system of capitalism.