Shekaru biyu da suka wuce duniya ta shaida ci gaba mai ban mamaki a fannin kimiyya da fasaha, kamar ci gaban layin dogo, jirgin sama, fasahar nukiliya, Intanet, IVF da abincin da aka sauya wa halitta. Irin wadannan ci gaba sun faru a daidai lokacin da yammacin duniya ke bunkasa, har suka kai matakin da ba a taba samun irinsa ba a tarihi. Wannan mallakar fasahohi da kirkire-kirkiren kimiyya ta hannun kasashen yammacin duniya ta haifar da imani cewa dabi'un 'yanci su ne sharadin samun ci gaba.

For the last two centuries the world has witnessed unprecedented leaps in science and technology, the development of railways, aeroplanes, nuclear technology, the Internet, IVF and genetically modified food. Such developments have taken place in parallel to the development of the West, reaching levels unparalleled in history. This monopolisation of technological and scientific inventions has led to the belief that liberal values are a pre-requisite for development.

Yawancin masana tunani, masana kimiyya da masana falsafa suna ikirarin cewa Musulunci ba shi da wani matsayi a duniyar yau. Wannan ra'ayi yana kan tushen zato cewa babu wata ƙasa ta Musulmi da ta samar da wani abu ta fuskar binciken kimiyya ko ƙirƙirar fasaha. Yammacin duniya yana ikirarin cewa ci gaba a fannin kimiyya da fasaha ya faru ne a lokacin da Yamma ta kuɓuta daga ikon Coci ta kuma raba addini da rayuwa. A gare su, Coci ta hana ci gaban kimiyya da hankali, domin addini a asali an gina shi ne a kan imani da tsafi. Sai bayan an cire addini daga fagen jama'a ne Yamma ta iya ƙaddamar da juyin juya halin masana'antu, sannan ta bunƙasa. A yau kuma, ga masu ra'ayin 'yanci, su ne suka ƙirƙiri kimiyya kamar yadda muka sani. Suna ikirarin cewa su ne suka aza harsashinta, kuma su suka ƙirƙiri rassanta masu yawa.

Most thinkers, scientists and philosophers claim Islam has no place in the world today. This view is built upon the premise that none of the Muslim countries have produced anything in terms of scientific research or technological invention. The West claims that progress in science and technology occurred when the West rid itself of the authority of the Church and separated religion from life. For them the church stifled the development of science and reason as religion is inherently built upon faith and superstition. Only with its removal from the public sphere did the West manage to launch an industrial revolution and then flourish. Today for liberals it is they who invented science as we know it. They claim they laid its foundations and have created its numerous branches.

Irin wannan labari yana barin wasu sauye-sauyen tarihi da ba na Yammacin duniya ba, kuma yana nuna yadda Yammacin duniya ke ci gaba da kallon tarihinta a matsayin tarihin duniya baki ɗaya. Haka kuma irin wannan labari yana kauce wa ambaton abubuwan da Yammacin duniya ya karɓa daga wayewar da ta gabace ta, musamman wayewar Musulunci.

Such a narrative omits a number of historical developments that are not Western and shows how the West continues to view its history as the history of the world. Such a narrative also conveniently omits what the West took from previous civilisations and especially the Islamic civilisation.

Tarihi, dukkan wayewa sun kasance suna da wani nau'i na ci gaban fasaha da kimiyya. Kasashen Yamma sun rubuta gudunmawar da Romawa suka bayar a wannan fanni, yayin da duniyar Musulunci a karni na 8 zuwa na 10 ta fassara ayyukan Helenawa da ke yankin.

Historically all civilisations have been characterised with some form of technological and scientific development. The West has documented the contributions the Romans made to the discipline whilst the Islamic world in the 8th – 10th century translated the works of the Greeks in the area.

Kimiyya a ainihinta nazari ne, bincike da gwaji game da sassan duniya da ake iya gani da kuma lura da su.

Science in essence is the study, research, and experimentation into the observable parts of the universe.

Ci gaban motoci ya samo asali ne musamman daga ci gaban injin konewa.

The development of automobiles was due primarily to the development of the combustion engine.

Wannan shi ne inda konewar man fetur a cikin injin ke aiki a kan piston, wanda hakan ke sa sassan da ke da ƙarfi su motsa, har ƙarshe motar ta ci gaba da tafiya. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda Daular Birtaniya, wacce da farko ta yi amfani da tururi, sannan gawayi, don tuƙa piston, daga bisani kuma don samar da motsi mai juyawa (motsi).

This is where the burning of fuel in an engine acts on the pistons causing the movement of the solid parts, eventually moving the automobile. This was possible due to the British Empire who originally used steam and then coal to drive pistons and then eventually to generate rotary (motion)

don a injin. Irin waɗannan ci gaban sun dogara ne akan aikin Al-Jazari a karni na 12, inda ya ƙirƙiro sandar juyawa (crankshaft), kuma ya samar da motsi na juyawa ta hanyar amfani da sanduna da silinda.

to move machines. Such developments where based upon Al-Jazari’s work in the 12th century where he invented the crankshaft, and created rotary motion through the use of rods and cylinders.

Ya ne farkon wanda ya saka shi a cikin wata injin.

He was the first to incorporate it into a machine.

Parashuti na'ura ce da ake amfani da ita wajen rage gudun abu yayin da yake motsi ta cikin iska, ta hanyar haifar da juriya (drag). Parashutan zamani an samo su ne daga zane-zane da gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a baya. A karni na 9, Ibn Firnas ya kirkiri wani nau'i na farko na parashuti. Ya yi tsalle daga hasumiyar masallaci (minaret) na masallacin Mezquita da ke Córdoba, yana amfani da wata babbar riga mai kama da fuka-fuki don rage faduwarsa, sai ya sauka da ƙananan raunuka. Daga baya, an yi parashutai masu sauƙi da tsari, daga lilin da aka shimfiɗa a kan firam na katako. Sannan aka ƙirƙiro siliki da aka naɗe a matsayin kayan yin parashuti, saboda ƙarfin siliki da sauƙin nauyinsa. Wadannan misalai, tare da wasu da yawa, sun nuna cewa babu wata wayewa da za ta iya ɗaukar kimiyya a matsayin mallakarta ta asali, illa dai kowace ta bayar da gudunmawa a wannan fanni na duniya baki ɗaya. Gaskiyar cewa atoms da molecules suna bin dokokin duniya waɗanda za a iya sarrafawa ba za ta canja ba ko mutum Musulmi ne, Kirista ko mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Wannan abu ne na duniya baki ɗaya, kuma imanin mutum ba ya shafar sa. Don haka ainihin muhawara ita ce wace wayewa ce ta bayar da gudunmawa mai girma ga kimiyya, da kuma abin da ainihin ya motsa su su yi fice a wannan fanni.

A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Current day parachutes were developed from the designs and experiments of the past. In the 9th century, Ibn Firnas invented a primitive version of the parachute. He jumped from the minaret of the Mezquita mosque in Córdoba using a huge wing-like cloak to break his fall and landed with minor injuries. Subsequent Parachutes were made more compact and from stretched linen over a wooden frame. Then folded silk, was developed as the material for parachutes taking advantage of silk’s strength and light weight. Such examples amongst others show that no civilisation can lay claim to science belonging inherently to them but rather they made a contribution to this universal area. The fact atoms and molecules are subjected to the rules of the universe which can be manipulated will not change if one is a Muslim, Christian or a liberal. This is something that is universal and not affected by one’s belief. The real debate is therefore which civilisation made significant contributions to science and what exactly drove them to excel in the field.

Zamanin zinariya na Musulunci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin lokacin daga karni na takwas zuwa karni na goma sha uku.

The Islamic golden age is considered to be the period from the 8th century to the 13th century.

A wannan lokacin, injiniyoyi, malamai da 'yan kasuwa a cikin duniyar Musulunci sun ba da gudummawa ga fasaha, noma, tattalin arziki, masana'antu, shari'a, adabi, kewayawa, falsafa, kimiyya da fasaha, duka ta hanyar adana al'adun da suka gabata da kuma gina bisansu, da kuma ƙara musu sabbin abubuwa. Howard Turner, wani ƙwararre a tarihin zamanin tsakiya wanda aka ambata a littafinsa 'Science in Medieval Islam,' ya ce: 'Masu fasaha da masana kimiyya na Musulmi, sarakuna da ma'aikata tare sun ƙirƙiri wata al'ada ta musamman wadda ta yi tasiri kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice ga al'ummomi a kowace nahiya.' Akwai wasu abubuwa na musamman a cikin Musulunci waɗanda suka zama ƙarfin motsawa da ya sa Musulmi suka yi fice a wannan fanni.

During this period, engineers, scholars and traders in the Islamic world contributed to the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, and technology, both by preserving and building upon earlier traditions and by adding to them. Howard Turner, an expert on medieval history mentioned in his book ‘Science in Medieval Islam,’: ‘Muslim artists and scientists, princes and labourers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent.’ There were a number of specific elements within Islam that were the driving engine which motivated Muslims to excel in this field.

Bautar ibadar Allah وتعالى سبحانه na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da wasu ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire da dama. Lokutan sallolin yau da kullum guda biyar, alkiblar Ƙibla, da farkon da ƙarshen watan Ramadan, duk suna buƙatar karatu daidai na matsayin taurari da wata. Saboda wannan ne Musulmi suka fara ƙirƙirar kayan aikin lura da kewayawa. Shi ya sa yawancin taurarin kewayawa a yau suna da sunayen Larabci kamar Acamar, Baham, Baten Kaitos, Caph, Dabih, Furud, Izar, Lesath, Mirak, Nashira, Tarf da Vega.

The worship of Allah وتعالى سبحانه was one such factor that led to a number of inventions. The times of the five daily prayers, the direction for Qibla and the beginning and ending of Ramadan required accurate readings of the positions of the stars and the moon. It was due to this that Muslims began to invent observational and navigational instruments. This is why most navigational stars today have Arabic names such as Acamar, Baham, Baten Kaitos, Caph, Dabih, Furud, Izar, Lesath, Mirak, Nashira, Tarf and Vega.

Musulmai sun bayar da gudummawa da dama ga ilimin taurari (Astronomy) da kuma daga bisani ga ci gaban agogon taurari na inji (astronomical clock). An ƙirƙiri kalanda mai haɗa wata da rana (lunisolar) irin na inji, mai akwati da jerin ƙafafun gear (gear train da gear-wheels), a karni na 10 ta hannun Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī. Bisa irin waɗannan tsare-tsare ne Taqi al-din ya ƙirƙiri agogon inji a karni na 15. Buƙatar tantance alƙibla ta kai ga ci gaban kamfas (compass), wanda kansa ya dogara ne da sakamakon bincike da masana taurari Musulmai suka tattara. Musulmai kuma sun ƙirƙiri compass rose, wanda ke nuna alkiblar manyan shugabanci, wato arewa, kudu, gabas da yamma, a kan taswira da kuma nautical chart.

Muslims made a number of contributions to Astronomy and eventually to the development of the astronomical clock. A Mechanical lunisolar calendar with a gear train and gear-wheels was invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the 10th century. Based on such designs Taqi al-din invented the mechanical clock in the 15th century. The need to ascertain the Qibla led to the development of the compass, which itself was based upon the findings Muslims astronomers had collated. Muslims developed the compass rose which displayed the orientation of the cardinal directions, north, south, east and west on a map and nautical chart.

Allah ta'ala subhanahu ya ce a cikin Alkur'ani mai girma:

Allah وتعالى سبحانه says in the Holy Qur’an:

وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ النُّجُومَ لِتَهْتَدُواْ بِهَا فِي ظُلُمَاتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ “.

وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ النُّجُومَ لِتَهْتَدُواْ بِهَا فِي ظُلُمَاتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ “.

Kuma shi ne Ya sanya muku taurari domin ku sami shiriya da su a cikin duhun ƙasa da teku. [TMQ 6:97] Wannan ya ƙarfafa Musulmi su fara neman kayan aikin lura da kewayawa masu inganci. Irin waɗannan kayan aiki ne aka yi amfani da su wajen binciko duniya, kuma yawancin masana ilimin ƙasa Musulmi sun tattara sakamakon hakan cikin littattafan jagora. Ayar Alkur'ani ce ta motsa su, inda Allah سبحانه وتعالى ya ce: وَجَعَلْنَا فِي الْأَرْضِ رَوَاسِيَ أَن تَمِيدَ بِهِمْ وَجَعَلْنَا فِيهَا فِجَاجًا سُبُلًا لَعَلَّهُمْ يَهْتَدُونَ .

And it is He who ordained the stars for you that you may be guided thereby in the darkness of the land and the sea.” [TMQ 6:97] This motivated Muslims to begin to find better observational and navigational instruments. Such instruments were used to explore the world, which many Muslim geographers collated into manuals. They were driven by the ayah in the Qur’an where Allah وتعالى سبحانه says: وَجَعَلْنَا فِي الْأَرْضِ رَوَاسِيَ أَن تَمِيدَ بِهِمْ وَجَعَلْنَا فِيهَا فِجَاجًا سُبُلًا لَعَلَّهُمْ يَهْتَدُونَ .

“Kuma Muka sanya a cikin ƙasa duwatsu masu tsayi, domin kada ta girgiza da su, kuma Muka sanya a cikinta hanyoyi masu faɗi, domin su sami shiryuwa.” [TMQ 21:31] Musulmi na farko sun fahimci cewa Musulunci yana kallon dukkan al'amuran duniya, waɗanda suka haɗa da ilimomi, fasaha da masana'antu, a matsayin nazarin gaskiyar halitta kawai, da kuma nazarin yadda za a iya amfani da abu don inganta yanayi da matsayin rayuwar ɗan Adam. Yayin da ƙasashe da dama suka shiga ƙarƙashin wayewar Musulunci, birane sun bunƙasa, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba iri-iri. Hamadar Larabawa tana da ƙarancin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, lamarin da ya sa yankin yawancinsa ba zai iya zama ba. Injiniyoyin Musulmi sun shawo kan wannan ta hanyar gina magudanan ruwa daga koguna Furat da Dijla. An bushe fadamar da ke kewaye da Baghdad, wanda ya ’yantar da birnin daga cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Injiniyoyin Musulmi sun inganta keken ruwa (waterwheel) sannan suka gina dogayen magudanan ruwa a karkashin kasa da ake kira qanats. Wannan ya kai ga samar da ingantattun tsarin ruwa na gida, da magudanan shara, wuraren wanka na jama'a, maɓuɓɓugan sha, bututun samar da ruwan sha, da kuma bandakuna da wuraren wanka masu yawa na masu zaman kansu da na jama'a.

“And we have placed in the earth firm hills lest it quake with them and we have placed therein ravines as roads that happily they may find their way.” [TMQ 21:31] Early Muslims understood that Islam views all the material matters which include the sciences, technology and industry, as merely the study of the reality and a study of how matter can be manipulated to improve the condition and living standards of humanity. As many lands came under the fold of the Islamic civilisation, urbanisation led to a number of developments. The Arabian Desert had scant water springs making most of the region uninhabitable. This was overcome by Muslim engineers developing canals from the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The swamps around Baghdad were drained, freeing the city of Malaria. Muslim engineers perfected the waterwheel and constructed elaborate underground water channels called qanats. This led to the development of advanced domestic water systems with sewers, public baths, drinking fountains, piped drinking water supplies and widespread private and public toilet and bathing facilities.

Masana, masu bincike, injiniyoyi da ƙwararru na Musulunci sun ba da gagarumar gudummawa ga kimiyya da sauran fannoni da yawa. Yawancin waɗannan gudummawa daga baya yammacin duniya ta yi amfani da su, ta kuma ƙara musu nata gudummawar a wannan fanni. Yanayin kimiyya a matsayin ilimin duniya baki ɗaya yana nufin cewa babu wata wayewa guda da za ta iya ɗaukar kanta a matsayin wadda ta ƙirƙiri kimiyya, sai dai yawancin wayewa sun rubuta gudummawarsu a tsawon tarihi, wanda ya zama bayanan baya ga waɗanda suka zo daga baya lokacin da suka gudanar da gwaje-gwaje. Kafin bayyanar Musulunci a Gabas ta Tsakiya, al'ummar wurin ba su ba da wata gudummawa ga kimiyya ba. Sai dai bayan da waɗannan mutanen suka karɓi Musulunci, sun ba da gudummawa wadda tsararraki masu zuwa suka yi amfani da ita wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin abubuwa, waɗanda har yau suke tare da mu.

Muslims thinkers, scientists, engineers and experts made significant contributions to science as well as many other disciplines. Many of these contributions were later used by the West who made further contributions to the field. The nature of science as a universal subject means no single civilisation can lay claim to inventing it but rather most civilisations have documented their contributions throughout history which acted as previous information when experimentation was carried out by latter civilisations. Prior to the emergence of Islam in the Middle East the host population made no contribution to science. When the very same people accepted Islam they made contributions which later generations utilised to invent new items which today still remain with us.

Musulunci, maimakon ya zama cikas ga kimiyya, shi ne ya ƙarfafa gudummawar Musulmi ga kimiyya.

Islam rather than being an obstacle to science, was the catalyst that drove Muslim’s contribution to science.