Tattalin arzikin "damisa" wani suna ne da aka ƙirƙira domin bayyana Koriya ta Kudu, Singapore, Hong Kong da Taiwan, waɗanda suka sami ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri da bunƙasar masana'antu a shekarun 1960 da 1970. Waɗannan ƙasashe huɗu suna da halaye iri-iri da sauran tattalin arzikin Asiya, kamar na China da Japan, kuma sun ƙirƙiri abin da ake ganin a matsayin tsarin ci gaban tattalin arziki na musamman na "Asiya", wato tattalin arziki mai dogaro da fitar da kaya zuwa waje. Waɗannan ƙasashe da yankuna sun mayar da hankali wajen samar da kayayyaki don fitarwa zuwa Yammacin duniya masu ci gaban masana'antu, yayin da gwamnatocinsu suka hana amfani da kayayyaki a cikin gida ta hanyar manufofinsu.

The ‘tiger’ economy was a term coined to describe South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan who underwent rapid growth and industrialisation in the 1960’s and 1970’s. The four Tigers share a range of characteristics with other Asian economies, such as China and Japan, and pioneered what has come to be seen as a particularly “Asian” approach to economic development, that of an export driven economy. These countries and territories focused on developing goods for export to the industrialised West and domestic consumption was discouraged through government policies.

Idan aka duba sosai ga ci gaban irin waɗannan ƙasashe, za a ga cewa ci gabansu galibi gwamnati ce ke tafiyar da shi, tare da manyan tallafin kuɗi daga gwamnati da manufofin kare kasuwannin cikin gida domin cimma ci gaba.

A closer look at the development of such nations shows their development was a largely centrally driven affair with huge government subsidies and protectionist policies to achieve development.

Lokacin da Singapore ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1965, ta fuskanci karancin albarkatun kasa da kuma karamar kasuwar cikin gida. Domin magance hakan, Gwamnatin Singapore ta kafa Hukumar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki a shekarar 1968, inda aka tsara dabarun tattalin arziki na kasa don bunkasa bangaren masana'antu na Singapore. Gwamnatin Singapore ta rage rashin aikin yi tare da daga matsayin rayuwar jama'a ta hanyar aiwatar da babban shirin gidajen jama'a, tare da daukar manufar tattalin arziki mai goyon bayan kasuwanci, mai karfafa zuba jari daga waje, kuma mai fitar da kaya zuwa kasashen waje, tare da zuba jari da gwamnati ke jagoranta a manyan kamfanonin gwamnati masu muhimmanci. Shiga tsakani na gwamnati ya taka rawa kai tsaye wajen jagorantar tattalin arzikin Singapore zuwa masana'antun lantarki masu inganci, sinadarai da kuma masana'antar ayyuka. Gwamnatin Singapore ta jagoranci tattalin arziki ta hanyar kamfanoni masu alaka da Temasek (TLCs). Wadannan kamfanoni suna aiki ne a matsayin asusun arzikin kasa. An kafa TLCs musamman a masana'antu, suna aiki a matsayin hukumomin kasuwanci, kuma suna lissafin kashi 60% na GDP.

Upon independence in 1965, Singapore was faced with a lack of physical resources and a small domestic market. In response, the Singapore Government set up the Economic Development Board in 1968 where national economic strategies were formulated to promote Singapore’s manufacturing sector. The Singaporean administration curbed unemployment and raised the standard of living through the implementation of a large-scale public housing programme, alongside the adoption of a pro-business, pro-foreign investment, export-oriented economic policy combined with state-directed investments in strategic government-owned corporations. State intervention played a direct role in steering the Singapore economy towards high end electronics, chemicals and service industry. The Singapore government directed the economy through Temasek-linked companies (TLCs). These are companies which act as sovereign wealth funds. TLCs were established particularly in manufacturing, operating as commercial entities and accounted for 60% of GDP.

Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Taiwan ya fara ne bayan Yakin Duniya na Biyu, lokacin da gwamnatin Kuomintang (shugabannin farko na Taiwan) ta kafa tsare-tsare da manufofi da dama na bunkasa tattalin arzikin ƙananan tsibiran. An ƙaddamar da sabuwar manufar kuɗi, kuma baya ga haka tallafi mai yawa daga Amurka ya taimaka wajen saurin bunkasar tattalin arziki. Gwamnati ta shiga tsakani kai tsaye a tattalin arziki ta hanyar manufar maye gurbin shigo da kaya, inda ake karɓar abin da fannin noma ya samu don ba da tallafi ga fannin masana'antu; ana musayar kayayyakin noma da ake fitarwa waje don samun kudin waje domin shigo da injinan masana'antu, ta haka aka bunkasa fannin masana'antu. Gwamnati ta ɗaga harajin shigo da kaya, ta sarrafa musayar kuɗin waje, kuma ta takaita shigo da kaya domin kare masana'antun cikin gida. Zuwa shekarun 1960, masana'antar shigo da kaya ta Taiwan ta fuskanci matsalar cika kasuwar cikin gida, sakamakon haka manufar tattalin arzikin Taiwan ta sauya zuwa neman fadada fitar da kaya waje. Ta hanyar manyan ayyukan gine-gine guda 10 na Firimiya Chiang Ching-kuo da kafa yankin sarrafa kayan fitarwa na farko a Asiya, an aza harsashin bunkasar masana'antu masu nauyi a Taiwan.

Taiwanese development began after World War 2 when the Kuomintang regime (first leaders of Taiwan) established several economic plans and policies to develop the small islands economy. A new currency policy was initiated and in addition huge aid from the US aided the rapid development of the economy. The government directly intervened in the economy with an import substitution policy, taking what was obtained by the agriculture sector to give support to the industrial sector, trading agricultural product exports for foreign currency to import industrial machinery, thus developing the industrial sector. The government raised tariffs, controlled foreign exchange and restricted imports in order to protect domestic industry. By the 1960s, Taiwan's import exchange industry was faced with the problem of saturating the domestic market and consequently, the economic policy of Taiwan changed to pursue export expansion. Through the premier Chiang Ching-kuo's 10 major construction projects and the establishment of Asia’s first export processing zone the basis was laid for heavy industrial development in Taiwan.

Koriya ta Kudu ta bi irin wannan dabarar ta sa hannun gwamnatin tsakiya. A shekarar 1961 aka fara shirin shekaru 5 na farko, daga cikin shirye-shirye da dama, wanda gwamnatin tsakiya ta ƙaddamar, saboda ita kaɗai, ba kasuwa mai 'yanci ba, tana da ƙarfi da albarkatun da za su iya jagorantar irin wannan babban sauyi cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Tattalin arziƙin ya kasance ƙarƙashin wasu manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da aka sani da chaebol, kuma ana tallafa masa da adadi mai yawa na kamfanonin gwamnati a fannoni kamar ƙarfe, ƙarfen karfe, sabis na jama'a, sadarwa, takin zamani, sinadarai, da sauran masana'antu masu nauyi. Gwamnati ta jagoranci masana'antu masu zaman kansu ta hanyar jerin manufofi na fitar da kayayyaki da samarwa, tana amfani da ikon bayar da lamuni, hanyoyin matsa lamba da lallashi marasa tsari, da manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi na al'ada.

South Korea pursued a similar strategy of central government intervention. In 1961 the first of many 5 year plans were initiated by central government, as only it rather than the free market had the capacity or resources to direct such drastic change in a short time. The economy was dominated by a group of large private conglomerates, known as chaebol, and was also supported by a significant number of public corporations in areas such as iron, steel, utilities, communications, fertilisers, chemicals, and other heavy industries. The government guided private industry through a series of export and production targets utilising the control of credit, informal means of pressure and persuasion, and traditional monetary and fiscal policies.

Ta 1965, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ƙara faɗaɗa ikonta a kan harkokin kasuwanci ta hanyar mayar da bankuna ƙarƙashin mallakar gwamnati da kuma haɗa ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar noma da bankin noma. Iko kai tsaye da gwamnati ke da shi a kan dukkan lamuni na cibiyoyi ya ƙara ƙarfafa ikonta a kan ƴan kasuwa. Hukumar Tsara Tattalin Arziki da aka kafa a 1961, wadda mataimakin firaminista ke jagoranta, tana rarraba albarkatu, tana jagorantar kwararar lamuni, kuma tana tsara dukkan tsare-tsaren tattalin arzikin Koriya ta Kudu.

Central government by 1965 extended its control over business by nationalising banks and merging the agricultural cooperative movement with the agricultural bank. The government’s direct control over all institutional credit further extended its command over the business community. The Economic Planning Board created in 1961, headed by a deputy prime minister allocated resources, directed the flow of credit, and formulated all of South Korea's economic plans.

Damar tattalin arzikin Asiya (Asian Tigers) ta bunƙasa ne tare da babban rawar da gwamnati ta taka, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa kuma ana ganin shi ne ginshiƙin ci gabansu. Taiwan, Singapore da Hong Kong sun bi irin wannan tsari, kuma wannan a fili yake nuna cewa ba a bi tsarin jari-hujja na gargajiya ba domin bunƙasa, sai dai tsoma bakin gwamnati ne ya kai Damar tattalin arzikin Asiya ga matsayin da suke a yau. Tattalin arzikin damisa a ainihinsa tattalin arziki ne mai dogaro da masu sayayya, inda fitar da kaya waje ke zama injin tuƙi.

The Asian tigers developed with large aspects of government intervention, which played an important role and is seen as the backbone to their progress. Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong followed similar strategies and this clearly shows orthodox capitalism was not followed in order to develop but rather government intervention has steered the Asian tigers into the positions they are in today. The tiger economies are fundamentally consumer economies where exports are the driving engine.