3.5 Al-Qur'an dalam Cetakan
3.5 The Qur'an In Print
Sejak abad keenam belas, ketika mesin cetak dengan huruf lepas pertama kali digunakan di Eropa dan kemudian di seluruh bagian dunia, pola penulisan dan pencetakan Al-Qur'an semakin distandarisasi.
From the sixteenth century, when the printing press with movable type was first used in Europe and later in all parts of the world, the pattern of writing and of printing the Qur'an was further standardised.
Sebelum itu sudah ada salinan Al-Qur'an yang dicetak, dalam bentuk yang disebut cetak blok, dan beberapa contoh dari awal abad kesepuluh, baik berupa balok kayu cetakannya maupun lembaran hasil cetakan, masih sampai kepada kita.
There were already printed copies of the Qur'an before this, in the so-called block-print form, and some specimens from as early as the tenth century, both of the actual wooden blocks and the printed sheets, have come down to us.
[Grohmann, op. cit., hlm. 38; Pameran di British Library, London.] Al-Qur'an pertama yang masih ada dan dicetak dengan huruf cetak bergerak (movable type) dicetak di Hamburg (Jerman) pada tahun 1694. Teksnya diberi harakat secara lengkap. [Al-Coranus, lex islamitica Muhammedis, Officina Schultzio-Schilleriania. Hamburg, 1694; Pameran No. 22.] Kemungkinan besar, Al-Qur'an pertama yang dicetak oleh kaum Muslim adalah yang disebut "edisi Mulay Usman" tahun 1787, diterbitkan di St. Petersburg, Rusia, disusul oleh edisi-edisi lain di Kazan (1828), Persia (1833), dan Istanbul (1877). [Blachere, R.: Introduction au Coran, Paris, 1947, hlm. 133.] Pada tahun 1858, orientalis Jerman Fluegel menghasilkan, bersama sebuah konkordansi yang berguna, yang disebut "edisi Fluegel" dari Al-Qur'an, dicetak dalam bahasa Arab, yang sejak itu telah digunakan oleh generasi-generasi orientalis. [Fluegel, Gustav: Corani texn Arabicus. Leipzig, 1834.] Namun, edisi Fluegel memiliki cacat yang sangat mendasar: sistem penomoran ayatnya tidak sesuai dengan kebiasaan umum di dunia Muslim. [See e.g. 74: 31, where he makes four verses out of one.]
[Grohmann, op. cit.. p.38; Exhibition in the British Library, London.] The first extant Qur'an for which movable type was used was printed in Hamburg (Germany) in 1694. The text is fully vocalised. [Al-Coranus, lex islamitica Muhammedis, Officina Schultzio-Schilleriania. Hamburg, 1694; Exhibition No. 22.] Probably the first Qur'an printed by Muslims is the so-called 'Mulay Usman edition' of 1787, published in St. Petersburg, Russia, followed by others in Kazan (1828), Persia (1833) and Istanbul (1877). [Blachere, R.: Introduction au Coran, Paris, 1947, p. 133.] In 1858, the German orientalist Fluegel produced together with a useful concordance the so-called 'Fluegel edition' of the Qur'an, printed in Arabic, which has since been used by generations of orientalists. [Fluegel, Gustav: Corani texn Arabicus. Leipzig, 1834.] The Fluegel edition has however a very basic defect: its system of verse numbering is not in accordance with general usage in the Muslim world. [See e.g. 74: 31, where he makes four verses out of one.]
Edisi Mesir
The Egyptian Edition
Mushaf Al-Qur'an yang dicetak dalam bentuk yang kini banyak digunakan di dunia Muslim dan sedang berkembang menjadi "versi standar" adalah edisi yang disebut "Mesir", yang juga dikenal sebagai edisi Raja Fu'ad, karena diperkenalkan di Mesir pada masa Raja Fu'ad. Edisi ini didasarkan pada qira'ah Hafs, sebagaimana diriwayatkan dari 'Asim, dan pertama kali dicetak di Kairo pada tahun 1925/1344H. Sejak itu, telah dicetak banyak salinan.
The Qur'anic text in printed form now used widely in the Muslim world and developing into a 'standard version', is the socalled 'Egyptian' edition, also known as the King Fu'ad edition, since it was introduced in Egypt under King Fu'ad. This edition is based on the reading of Hafs, as reported by 'Asim, and was first printed in Cairo in 1925/1344H. Numerous copies have since been printed.
Salinan Sa'd Nursi
The Sa'd Nursi Copy
Terakhir, Al-Qur'an yang dicetak oleh para pengikut Sa'id Nursi dari Turki patut disebutkan sebagai contoh perpaduan antara teks tulisan tangan yang indah dan berhias dengan teknologi cetak offset modern. Teks tersebut ditulis tangan oleh kaligrafer Turki, Hamid al-'Amidi. Mushaf ini pertama kali dicetak di Istanbul pada tahun 1947, namun sejak tahun 1976 telah diproduksi dalam jumlah besar dan berbagai ukuran di percetakan yang dikelola oleh para pengikut Sa'id Nursi di Berlin Barat (Jerman).
Finally, the Qur'an printed by the followers of Sa'id Nursi from Turkey should be mentioned as an example of combining a hand-written beautifully illuminated text with modern offset printing technology. The text was hand written by the Turkish calligrapher Hamid al-'Amidi. It was first printed in Istanbul in 1947, but since 1976 has been produced in large numbers and various sizes at the printing press run by the followers of Sa'id Nursi in West Berlin (Germany).