Notes

1 Rapporté par Abu Dawud. J'ai référencé les traditions prophétiques par leurs compilateurs. Par exemple, « Rapporté par Bukhari » signifie qu'il se trouve dans le livre de hadith compilé par Bukhari. Vous pouvez rechercher les différents hadiths en utilisant des bases de données en ligne en anglais et en arabe. Veuillez noter que les traductions peuvent varier.

1 Narrated by Abu Dawud. I have referenced the Prophetic traditions by their compilers. For example, “Narrated by Bukhari” means that it is in the hadith book compiled by Bukhari. You can search for the various hadiths using online English and Arabic databases. Please note translations may vary.

2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2

ème édition.

nd Edition.

Traduit avec une introduction et des notes par T. J. Winter. Cambridge : Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

3 Vous pouvez regarder certains de ces débats sur www.hamzatzortzis.com [Consulté le 3 octobre 2016].

3 You can watch some of these debates at www.hamzatzortzis.com [Accessed 3rd October 2016].

4 Les traditions prophétiques sont des paroles, des déclarations, des actions et des consentements authentiques et vérifiés du Prophète Muhammad ﷺ.

4 Prophetic traditions are authentic and verified words, statements, actions and consent of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Définir l'« Athéisme ». In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

Oxford : Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.

6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.

7Ibid., p. 216.

7Ibid, p. 216.

8Ibid., pp. 217-218.

8Ibid, pp. 217-218.

9Ibid., pp. 217-218.

9Ibid, pp. 217-218.

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.

11 Rapporté par Muslim.

11 Narrated by Muslim.

12 Le Coran, Chapitre 52, Verset 36. Tout au long de ce livre, j'ai utilisé diverses traductions du Coran. Les traductions que j'ai utilisées le plus fréquemment sont la traduction du professeur Abdel Haleem [Voir Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Édition rééditée, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] et la traduction de Sahih International [disponible sur : www.quran.com]. 13 « Qui, sinon un insensé, abandonnerait la religion d'Abraham ? » Le Coran, Chapitre 2, Verset 130.

12 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 36. Throughout this book I have used various Qur’anic translations. The translations I have used most frequently are the translation by Professor Abdel Haleem [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] and the translation by Sahih International [available at: www.quran.com]. 13 “Who but a fool would forsake the religion of Abraham?” The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 130.

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Édité par : Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Disponible sur : http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

15 Ibid.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Traduit par Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. Le traducteur fait référence aux physiciens ; cependant, dans le contexte original, cela fait référence à ceux qui rejettent la providence de Dieu. 17 Le Coran, Chapitre 10, Verset 99.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. The translator refers to physicists; however, in the original context it refers to those who reject God’s providence. 17 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 99.

18 Le Coran, Chapitre 2, Verset 256.

18 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Disponible sur : www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1ère Édition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.

22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

26 Ibid, p. 1.

27 Moderniser l'argument en faveur de Dieu. Time Magazine, 7 avril 1980, pp. 65-66. Disponible sur : http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Consulté le 2

27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7 April 1980, pp. 65-66. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Accessed 2

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28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.

29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.

30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.

31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.

32 Cité dans William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

33 Ibid p. 44.

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[en ligne] Disponible sur : http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

35 Rapport sur la biotechnologie. Travail de terrain janvier 2010 – février 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Disponible sur : http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

36 L'histoire de l'athéisme en Chine possède ses propres complexités et ne peut être assimilée à l'athéisme occidental. L'athéisme chinois n'est pas dû au darwinisme ou à un nouvel athéisme de type Dawkins. L'athéisme en Chine repose sur un ensemble unique de facteurs culturels, politiques et intellectuels. Il doit être étudié de manière autonome.

36 The history of atheism in China has its own complexities and cannot be equated with Western atheism. Chinese atheism is not due to Darwinism or a Dawkins type of new atheism. Atheism in China is based on a unique set of cultural, political and intellectual factors. It has to be studied on its own.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.

38 Ibid, p. 55.

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Disponible sur : http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Consulté le 2 octobre 216].

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].

40Certaines idées de ce chapitre ont été inspirées et adaptées de Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Disponible sur : http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Consulté le 23 novembre 2016].

40Some of ideas in this chapter have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

41 Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapitre 1. Disponible sur : https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Consulté le 2 octobre 2016].

41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

42 Le Coran, Chapitre 12, Verset 87.

42 The Qur’an, Chapter 12, Verse 87.

43 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 99, Versets 6 à 8.

43 The Qur’an, Chapter 99, Verses 6 to 8.

44 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 45, Verset 22.

44 The Qur’an, Chapter 45, Verse 22.

45 Le Coran, Chapitre 50, Verset 35.

45 The Qur’an, Chapter 50, Verse 35.

46 Le Coran, Chapitre 10, Verset 26.

46 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 26.

47 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 36, Versets 55 à 58.

47 The Qur’an, Chapter 36, Verses 55 to 58.

48 Le Coran, Chapitre 17, Verset 70.

48 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 70.

49 Le Coran, Chapitre 3, Verset 191.

49 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

50 Le Coran, Chapitre 32, Verset 18.

50 The Qur’an, Chapter, 32, Verse 18.

51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.

52 Le Coran, Chapitre 57, Versets 20 à 21.

52 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verses 20 to 21.

53 Cité dans BBC (s.d.) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Disponible sur : http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgenstein.shtml [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].

54 Cité dans Pollan, S. M. et Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

54 Cited in Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Disponible sur :

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Consulté le 2

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2

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nd October 2016].

56 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 3, Verset 191.

56 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

58 Le Coran, Chapitre 7, Verset 128.

58 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 128.

59 Le Coran, Chapitre 39, Verset 29.

59 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2ème édition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

61 Le Coran, Chapitre 11, Verset 105.

61 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 105.

62 Le Coran, Chapitre 25, Verset 75.

62 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verse 75.

63 Le Coran, Chapitre 59, Verset 19.

63 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.

65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.

66 BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

67 Hypothèses fondamentales de la science (sans date) Disponible sur : http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Consulté le 14 novembre 2016].

67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Disponible sur : https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Available at: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Accessed 4th October 2016].

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Disponible sur : https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016].

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.

73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.

74 Sage, James. “Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

75 Ibid, p. 104.

76 Ibid.

77 Ibid.

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Disponible sur : http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Consulté le 30 septembre 2019].

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].

79 Le Coran, Chapitre 41, Verset 53.

79 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.

80 Le Coran, Chapitre 47, Verset 24.

80 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 24.

81 Le Coran, Chapitre 11, Verset 51.

81 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 51.

82 Le Coran, Chapitre 3, Verset 190.

82 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.

84 Tiré et adapté de Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

84 Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

85 La réponse à cette objection a été inspirée et adaptée de Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Disponible sur : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Consulté le 24 octobre 2016].

85 The response to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].

86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

87 Searle, J. (1990). L'esprit du cerveau est-il un programme informatique ? Scientific American, 262: 27.

87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.

88 Ibid, p. 30.

89 Ibid. Pour des réponses à d'autres objections et plus de détails sur ce sujet, veuillez consulter : Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424 ; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456 ; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708 ; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31 ; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

89 Ibid. For responses to other objections and more detail on this topic please see: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, et voir : « The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism », Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

91 BBC Today. (2008). Disponible sur : http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2ème édition. Édité par Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4ème édition. Édité par Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beyrouth : al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Disponible sur : http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

98 Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

99 Ibid, 74.

100 Ibid.

101 Ibid, 79.

102 Ibid, 81.

103 Ibid, 82.

104 Ibid, 83.

105 Ibid, 84.

106 Ibid.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. et Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3ème édition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Rapporté par Muslim.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3rd Edition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrated by Muslim.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Traduit par Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.

113 Ibid. Vol 6, p. 73.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.

115 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 16, Verset 69.

115 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 69.

116 Le Coran, Chapitre 10, Verset 24.

116 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

117 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 52, Versets 35 et 36.

117 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

118 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 28, Verset 56.

118 The Qur’an, Chapter 28, Verse 56.

119 Le Coran, Chapitre 14, Verset 10.

119 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 10.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Traduction et notes par Wesam Charkawi. Auburn : Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

122 Ibid, p. 203

123 Cité dans Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

123 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

124 Le Coran, Chapitre 52, Versets 35 et 36.

124 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

126 Cet argument a été inspiré et adapté de Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Disponible sur : http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Consulté le 23 novembre 2016].

126 This argument has been inspired by and adapted from Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Available at: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

128 Quine : Termes expliqués. Disponible sur : http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Consulté le 23 octobre 2016].

128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Disponible sur : http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Consulté le 23 novembre 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.

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[le 10 octobre 2016].

th October 2016].

131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

132 Ibid.

133 Ibid, p. 105.

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ par Lawrence M. Krauss. Disponible sur : http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Disponible sur : http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Consulté le 9

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9

[le 10 octobre 2016].

th October 2016].

136 Analogies adaptées de Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Disponible sur : http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Consulté le 9 octobre 2016].

136 Analogies adapted from Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9th October 2016].

137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.

139 Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

140 Ibid p. 147.

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Débat Islam vs Athéisme. Disponible sur : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Consulté le 10 septembre 2016].

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Accessed 10th September 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Disponible sur : https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Consulté le 2 octobre 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Available at: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Traduit par Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad : Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

144 Cité dans Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Édité par Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Le Caire : Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

144 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

145 Cet exemple a été tiré de Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

145 This example has been taken from Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

2

2e édition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

nd Edition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

146 Cet exemple a été adapté de Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (partie 2 sur 3) : A Series of Causes. Disponible sur : http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Consulté le 2 octobre 2016].

146 This example has been adapted from Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Disponible sur : http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Consulté le 2

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2

[le 29 octobre 2016].

nd October 2016].

148 Cité dans Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

149Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.

150 Rapporté par Bukhari.

150 Narrated by Bukhari.

151 Cité dans Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

151 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

152 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 112, Versets 2 et 3.

152 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 2 and 3.

153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). La créativité perpétuelle dans la perfection de Dieu : le commentaire des hadiths d'Ibn Taymiyya sur la création de ce monde par Dieu. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

155 Le Coran, Chapitre 42, Verset 11.

155 The Qur’an, Chapter 42, Verse 11.

156 Le Coran, Chapitre 58, Verset 7.

156 The Qur’an, Chapter 58, Verse 7.

157 Ceci est une estimation basée sur le nombre d'atomes d'hydrogène contenus dans le nombre total estimé d'étoiles dans l'univers observable. Ce nombre est plus élevé si d'autres atomes sont inclus.

157 This is an estimate based on the number of hydrogen atoms that are contained in the estimated total number of stars in the observable universe. The number is higher if other atoms are included.

158 Le Coran, Chapitre 24, Verset 45.

158 The Qur’an, Chapter 24, Verse 45.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Traduit de l'arabe, introduction et annotations par Hamza Yusuf. Californie : Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

160 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 2, Verset 20.

160 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 20.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Édité par Dr. Abdullah Al-Turki et Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Edited by Dr. Adullah Al-Turki and Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.

162 Inspiré et adapté de Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - partie 2. Disponible sur : http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Consulté le 13 novembre 2016].

162 Inspired and adapted from Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Available at: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Accessed 13th November 2016].

163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2ème édition. New York : Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

164 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 11, Verset 107.

164 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 107.

165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.

166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.

167 La réponse à cette objection a été inspirée et adaptée de Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Disponible sur : https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Consulté le 27 septembre 2019].

167 The answer to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].

168 Huemer, H et Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

169 Cet exemple est adapté d'Immanuel Kant. Voir Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Traduit par N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.

169 This is example is adapted from Immanuel Kant. See Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Disponible sur : https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Consulté le 26 septembre 2019].

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

171 Adapté de Craig, W. et Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. et Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

171 Adapted from Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Disponible sur : https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Consulté le 26 septembre 2019].

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Version préliminaire. Disponible sur : http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Consulté le 22 octobre 2016].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].

174 De nombreux concepts de l'argumentation présentée dans ce chapitre ont été adaptés et inspirés par la tradition érudite islamique et les travaux philosophiques chrétiens contemporains. Voir Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah ; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif ; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq ; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1ère édition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj ; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Disponible sur : https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Consulté le 20 octobre 2019].

174 Many concepts of the argument presented in this chapter have been adapted from and inspired by the Islamic scholarly tradition and contemporary Christian philosophical work. See Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

175 Pour une discussion approfondie sur la nécessité, veuillez consulter Pruss, R. et Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

175 For an in-depth discussion on necessity please see Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

176 Cette section est inspirée et adaptée de Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

Disponible sur : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Consulté le 20 octobre 2019].

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Accessed 20th October 2019].

177 Analogie adaptée de Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2ème Édition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

177 Analogy adapted from Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

178 Le Coran, Chapitre 3, Verset 97.

178 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 97.

179 Le Coran, Chapitre 35, Verset 15.

179 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 15.

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Édité par Saami As-Salaama. 2

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2

2e édition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Édité par Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait : Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3ème édition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

184 Godwin, S. J. (sans date). Transcription du débat radiophonique Russell/Copleston. Disponible sur : http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016].

184 Godwin, S. J. (no date). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Available at: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

185 Adapté de Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Disponible sur :

185 Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Consulté le 20 octobre 2019].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].

186 Certaines parties de la réponse à cette objection ont été adaptées et inspirées par Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (épisode 10 sur 20). Disponible sur : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Consulté le 20 octobre 2019].

186Parts of the answer to this objection has been adapted from and inspired by Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

187Pruss, R. et Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

187Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.

189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.

190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.

191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.

192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

194 Les 5 points suivants ont été tirés et adaptés de Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

194 The following 5 points have been taken and adapted from Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). Qu'est-ce que la conscience ? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Disponible sur : http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

197 Manzoti, R. et Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. et Robinson, H. (éd.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

197 Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

198 Ibid.

199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Disponible sur : http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016].

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].

202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.

203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.

204 Ibid, p. 109.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). « Phenomenal Consciousness », in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. éd. par Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts : MIT Press.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

206 La discussion ci-dessus a été tirée et adaptée de la conférence et de la discussion de séminaire correspondantes qui ont eu lieu lors de mon diplôme de troisième cycle (Master en Philosophie). Patterson, S. (2016). Semaine 6 : Réponses aux arguments modaux et de la connaissance. Notes de cours distribuées en Philosophie de l'esprit au Birkbeck College, University of London le 16 novembre 2016.

206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) « Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts. » Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) “Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Une version de cet essai est disponible en ligne à l'adresse : http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Consulté le 21 novembre 2016].

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.

213 Ibid.

214 Ibid.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Consulté le 30 août 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip et Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

217 Ibid, 31.

218 Ibid, 30.

219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.

220 Ibid, p. 21.

221 Ibid, p. 22.

222 Ibid, p. 24.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.

224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8

Xème édition. Oxford : Oxford University Press, p. 416.

th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.

228 Ibid, p. 26.

229 Ibid, pp. 29-30.

230 Ibid, p. 30.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2ème édition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.

234 Seager, W. et Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). « Panpsychism », The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Édition de l'automne 2015), Edward N. Zalta (éd.). Disponible en ligne à : http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.

236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.

237 Ibid, p. 192.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. et Moreland, J. P. (éd.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

239 Ibid p. 150.

240 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 2, Verset 255.

240 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 255.

241 Le Coran, Chapitre 67, Verset 14.

241 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 14.

242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

243 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 17, Verset 85.

243 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 85.

244 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 30, Verset 8.

244 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 8.

245 Analogie adaptée de Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Version adaptée. Disponible sur : http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Consulté le 24 octobre 2016] 246 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 55, Versets 5 à 7.

245 Analogy adapted from Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016] 246 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 5 to 7.

247 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 3, Verset 190.

247 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

248 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 16, Verset 12.

248 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 12.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (éd. et trad.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Traduit par Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. et Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

252 Ibid.

253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.

255 Cité dans Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

255 Cited in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.

257 Ward, P. D. et Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

258 Ibid, pp. 221-222.

259 « Pas de Jupiter, pas de vie avancée ? » - L'évolution pourrait être impossible dans les systèmes stellaires sans planète géante. (2012). Disponible sur : http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Consulté le 2 octobre 2016].

259 ‘No Jupiter, no advanced life? ’ - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

260 Rasio, F.A. et E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

260 Rasio, F.A. and E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

261 Ward, P. D. et Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

262 Ibid, p. 227.

263 Ibid, p. 223.

264 Ibid.

265 Inspiré de et adapté de Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. Présentation PowerPoint. Disponible sur : http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Consulté le 24 octobre 2016].

265 Inspired by and adapted from Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].

266 Ibid.

267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.

269 Cité dans Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

269 Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

270 Ibid.

271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Disponible sur : http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Consulté le 5 octobre 2016].

271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

272 Adapté de Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

272 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

273 Je suis reconnaissant envers Abu Hurayra pour sa contribution à la réponse à ces objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

273 I am grateful to Abu Hurayra for his contribution in responding to these objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

275 Ces deux points ont été adaptés du traitement de la question par le professeur William Lane Craig. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

275 Both points have been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the issue. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

276 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 112, Versets 1 à 4.

276 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 1 to 4.

277 Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.

278 Collins, R. (2002). Dieu, Design et Ajustement Fin. Version adaptée. Disponible sur : http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Consulté le 24 octobre 2016].

278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].

279 Adapté de Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

279 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

280 Ibid.

281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.

282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.

283 Les arguments présentés dans ce chapitre, y compris certaines idées, ont été inspirés et adaptés de Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Disponible sur : http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Consulté le 24 octobre 2016] ; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

283 The arguments presented in this chapter, including some of the ideas, have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

284 Ibid.

285 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 52, Verset 28.

285 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 28.

286 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 7, Verset 28.

286 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.

289 Le Coran, Chapitre 2, Verset 163.

289 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 163.

290 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 59, Versets 22 à 24.

290 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verses 22 to 24.

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2ème édition, p. 99. Disponible sur : http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016].

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Disponible sur : http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Consulté le 24 octobre 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016].

293 Cité dans Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. et Moreland, J. P. (éd.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

293 Cited in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

294 Le Coran, Chapitre 21, Verset 22.

294 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 22.

295 Al-Mahalli, J. et As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Traduit par Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690 ; Mahali, J. et As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3ème édition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. Vous pouvez accéder à une copie en ligne à l'adresse : https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Traduit avec notes de bas de page, index et bibliographie par Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

297 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 7, Verset 28.

297 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

298Pour en savoir plus sur la nature divine du Qur’an, veuillez lire : Khan, N. A. et Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute et Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.

298For more on the Divine nature of the Qur’an, please read: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute and Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.

299 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 29, Verset 46.

299 The Qur’an, Chapter 29, Verse 46.

300 Rapporté par Tirmidhi.

300 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

301 L'argument du problème du mal et de la souffrance a été exprimé de plusieurs manières différentes. Certains des arguments utilisent les mots bon, miséricordieux, aimant ou bienveillant de manière interchangeable. Malgré l'usage variable des mots, l'argument reste le même. Au lieu d'utiliser le mot bon, des termes tels que miséricordieux, aimant, bienveillant, etc., peuvent également être utilisés. Le problème du mal suppose que le concept traditionnel de Dieu doit inclure un attribut qui impliquerait que Dieu ne veut pas que le mal et la souffrance existent. Par conséquent, l'utilisation de mots alternatifs tels que miséricordieux, aimant et bienveillant n'affecte pas l'argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, diapositives de l'University of Notre Dame. Disponible sur : https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of%20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Consulté le 1er octobre 2020].

301 The problem of evil and suffering argument has been expressed in a number of different ways. Some of the arguments use the words good, merciful, loving or kind interchangeably. Despite the varying use of words, the argument remains the same. Instead of using the word good, terms such as merciful, loving, kind, etc., can also be used. The problem of evil assumes that the traditional concept of God must include an attribute that would imply God does not want evil and suffering to exist. Hence, using alternative words such as merciful, loving and kind do not affect the argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2020].

303 Ibid.

304 Ibid.

305 Ibid.

306 Ibid.

307 Cette hypothèse a été adaptée du traitement du problème du mal par le professeur William Lane Craig. Moreland, J. P. et Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. Voir le chapitre 27.

307 This assumption has been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the problem of evil. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.

309 Cette partie de l'histoire montre la miséricorde de Dieu. Tous les enfants entrent au paradis — qui est une félicité éternelle — quels que soient leurs croyances et leurs actions. Par conséquent, l'inspiration de Dieu à l'homme de tuer le garçon doit être comprise à travers le prisme de la miséricorde et de la compassion.

309 This part of the story shows God’s mercy. All children enter paradise—which is eternal bliss—regardless of their beliefs and actions. Therefore, God inspiring the man to kill the boy is to be understood through the lens of mercy and compassion.

310 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 18, Versets 65 à 82.

310 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verses 65 to 82.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.

312 Ibid.

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Édité par Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh : Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

315 Cité dans Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

315 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

316 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 51, Verset 56.

316 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

317 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 67, Verset 2.

317 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 2.

318 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 39, Verset 7.

318 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 7.

319 Rapporté par Tirmidhi.

319 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

320 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 2, Verset 214.

320 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 214.

321 Le Qur’an Chapitre 2, Verset 286.

321 The Qur’an Chapter 2, Verse 286.

322 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 5, Verset 100.

322 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 100.

323 Shuʿab al-Iman d'Al-Bayhaqi, remontant à Al-Hasan Al-Basri, qui l'attribue au Prophète Muhammad ﷺ. Les savants ont classé ce hadith prophétique comme hasan ; son degré d'authenticité est bon.

323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, traced back to Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who ascribes it to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The scholars have graded this Prophetic tradition as hasan; its level of authenticity is good.

324 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 57, Verset 20.

324 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verse 20.

325 Rapporté par Muslim.

325 Narrated by Muslim.

326 Rapporté par Bukhari.

326 Narrated by Bukhari.

327 Rapporté par Muslim.

327 Narrated by Muslim.

328 Rapporté par Bukhari. 329 Quiconque tente un attentat-suicide ou s'engage dans le terrorisme et en meurt n'est pas considéré comme un martyr. Ces actes maléfiques sont interdits en Islam.

328 Narrated by Bukhari. 329 Anyone that attempts suicide bombing or engages in terrorism and dies as a result is not considered a martyr. These evil acts are forbidden in Islam.

330 Rapporté par Muslim.

330 Narrated by Muslim.

331 Rapporté par Ahmad.

331 Narrated by Ahmad.

332 Rapporté par Muslim.

332 Narrated by Muslim.

333 Ibid.

334 Ibid.

335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Disponible sur :

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Consulté le 2 octobre 2016].

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.

338 Adapté de DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Disponible sur : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Consulté le 2 octobre 2016].

338 Adapted from DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2ème édition, p. 99. Disponible sur : http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016].

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Disponible sur : https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Consulté le 18 octobre 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Grande-Bretagne : Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Disponible sur : http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016].

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. et Sosa, E. (éd.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.

347 Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

348 Voir Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. et Muller, G. B. (éd.). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; et Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

348 See Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

349 Barker, G. et Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

349 Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

350 Annas, J. et Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Publié à l'origine dans Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

352 Ibid, p. 305.

353 Ibid, pp. 304-5.

354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.

355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.

357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 sept. Disponible sur : https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Consulté le 10 mai 2018].

358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Disponible sur : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Consulté le 2

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2

[le 29 octobre 2016].

nd October 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Disponible sur : http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.

363 Ibid, p.149.

364 Ibid, p.150.

365 Ibid.

366 Ibid.

367 Ibid, p.151.

368 Ibid, p.156.

369 Ibid, pp. 156-157.

370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.

371 Ibid, p 69.

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Disponible sur : http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016].

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

373 Ibid, section 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.

375 Ibid, pp. 64-65.

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Également disponible sur : http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Consulté le 4 octobre 2016].

0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].

377 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 96, Verset 1.

377 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verse 1.

378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.

379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2ème édition. Traduit par Muhammad Jasan Askari et Muhamad Shamim. Karachi : Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Traduit par Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Révisé et édité par Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi : Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

382 Cité dans Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

382 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Traduit par Franz Rosenthal. Chapitre 6, Section 58. Disponible sur : http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Consulté le 9 octobre 2016].

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Édité par Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Le Caire : Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.

388 Entretien personnel avec la professeure Angelika Neuwrith en allemand. Une copie de l'enregistrement est disponible sur demande.

388 Personal interview with Professor Angelika Neuwrith in German. A copy of the recording is available on request.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: exégèse (Tafsir) de la sourate al-Fatiha et de la sourate al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Traduit par Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

390 Cité dans Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

390 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Partie I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. La Grande Victoire sur l'herméneutique coranique : Un manuel des principes et des subtilités de l'exégèse (Tafsir) coranique. Traduit, avec introduction et annotations par Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.

397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.

398 Ibid.

399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.

403 Ibid, p. 94.

404 Cité dans D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

405 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

406 Ibid, p.15 ; et voir Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

406 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Disponible sur : http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Consulté le 5 octobre 2016].

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Disponible sur : http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Consulté le 9 octobre 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].

410 Cité dans Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.

413 Ibid, p. 188.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Édition mise à jour. Londres : Ad-Duha, p. 99.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

415 Ibid.

416 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 108, Versets 1 à 3.

416 The Qur’an, Chapter 108, Verses 1 to 3.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2ème édition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

418 Cité dans Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. La traduction originale a été modifiée ; le nom Allah a été remplacé par Dieu.

418 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

420 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 16, Verset 103.

420 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 103.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.

422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.

423 Ibid.

424 Hyltenstam, K. et Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.

427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.

428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Traduit et édité par Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.

430 Islamic Awareness. (sans date). Le texte du Qur’an. Disponible sur : http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. Available at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.

432 Par exemple, ceux-ci peuvent inclure des reproductions de l'art de Picasso. Disponible sur : http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Consulté le 6 octobre 2016].

432 For example these can include reproductions of Picasso’s art. Available at: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Accessed 6th October 2016].

433 Voir Textual Integrity of the Bible. Disponible sur : http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Consulté le 7 octobre 2016].

433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].

434 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 18, Verset 109.

434 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verse 109.

435 Le nom Muhammad est mentionné quatre fois et Ahmad (un autre de ses noms) est mentionné une fois. Voir http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad et http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Consulté le 24 octobre 2016].

435 The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016].

436 « Muhammad n'est le père d'aucun de vos hommes ; il est le Messager de Dieu et le Sceau des Prophètes : Dieu sait toute chose. » Le Qur'an, Chapitre 33, Verset 40.

436 “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.” The Qur’an, Chapter 33, Verse 40.

437 Le Coran, Chapitre 81, Verset 22.

437 The Qur’an, Chapter 81, Verse 22.

438 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 53, Verset 2.

438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2.

439 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 48, Verset 29.

439 The Qur’an, Chapter 48, Verse 29.

440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.

441 Ibid, p. 52.

442 Ibid, pp. 53 – 79.

Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.

443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.

444 Rapporté par Bukhari.

444 Narrated by Bukhari.

445 Rapporté par Muslim.

445 Narrated by Muslim.

446 Rapporté par Muslim.

446 Narrated by Muslim.

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volume 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Faits et chiffres. Disponible sur : http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Available at: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Accessed 1st October 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). L'Arabie Saoudite va construire la tour la plus haute du monde, atteignant 1 kilomètre de hauteur dans le ciel. Disponible sur : http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

451 Rapporté par Ibn Abi Shaybah. La chaîne de cette narration s'arrête à un compagnon du Prophète Muhammad ﷺ. Les savants soutiennent que cette narration est authentique en raison de sa chaîne de transmission et du fait qu'elle se réfère à la connaissance de l'invisible. Certains savants soutiennent que, de manière générale, un compagnon du Prophète ﷺ ne ferait pas une déclaration concernant l'eschatologie sans se référer à une connaissance révélée, telle que les paroles ou les enseignements du Prophète ﷺ lui-même.

451 Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah. The chain of this narration stops at a companion of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. Scholars maintain that this narration is sound due to its chain of transmission and the fact that it refers to knowledge of the unseen. Some scholars maintain that, in general, a companion of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم would not make a statement concerning eschatology without reference to revealed knowledge, such as the words or teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم himself.

452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York et London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.

452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.

453 Voir M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

453 See M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

454 Rapporté par Abu Dawud et Tirmidhi.

454 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

455 Rapporté par Bukhari dans Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

455 Narrated by Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

456 Rapporté par Tirmidhi.

456 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

457 Rapporté par Bukhari.

457 Narrated by Bukhari.

458 Ibid.

459 Rapporté par Muslim.

459 Narrated by Muslim.

460 Rapporté par Tirmidhi.

460 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

461 Ibid.

462 Rapporté par Bukhari et Muslim.

462 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

463 Rapporté par Tirmidhi.

463 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

464 Rapporté par Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi et Ibn Majah.

464 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah.

465 Rapporté par Muslim.

465 Narrated by Muslim.

466 Rapporté par Ibn Hibban.

466 Narrated by Ibn Hibban.

467 Rapporté par Ibn Majah.

467 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

468 Rapporté par Ahmad.

468 Narrated by Ahmad.

469 Ibid.

470 Rapporté par Abu Dawud et Tirmidhi.

470 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

471 Rapporté par Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

471 Narrated by Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

472 Narré par Tabarani.

472 Narrated by Tabarani.

473 Rapporté par Bukhari.

473 Narrated by Bukhari.

474 Ibid.

475 Rapporté par Ahmad et Tirmidhi.

475 Narrated by Ahmad and Tirmidhi.

476 Rapporté par Bukhari.

476 Narrated by Bukhari.

477 Rapporté par Bukhari, Muslim et Ahmad.

477 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

478 Rapporté par Bukhari et Muslim.

478 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

479 Rapporté par Bukhari.

479 Narrated by Bukhari.

480 Rapporté par Muslim.

480 Narrated by Muslim.

481 Rapporté par Bukhari.

481 Narrated by Bukhari.

482 Ibid.

483 Rapporté par Ibn Majah.

483 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

484 Rapporté par Muslim.

484 Narrated by Muslim.

485 Rapporté par Tirmidhi.

485 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

486 Rapporté par Muslim.

486 Narrated by Muslim.

487 Ibid.

488 Ibid.

489 Rapporté par Bukhari.

489 Narrated by Bukhari.

490 Rapporté par Bukhari et Muslim.

490 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

491 Rapporté par Bukhari.

491 Narrated by Bukhari.

492 Ibid.

493 Ibid.

494 Rapporté par Bukhari et Muslim.

494 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

495 Rapporté par Bukhari.

495 Narrated by Bukhari.

496 Rapporté par An-Nasai.

496 Narrated by An-Nasai.

497 Rapporté par Muslim.

497 Narrated by Muslim.

498 Rapporté par Ahmad.

498 Narrated by Ahmad.

499 Cité dans Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of juge (Qadi) ‘Iyad. Traduit par Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.

499 Cited in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.

500 Rapporté par Bukhari et Muslim.

500 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

501 Ibid.

502 Rapporté par Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani et Abu Nu’aym.

502 Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani and Abu Nu’aym.

503 Rapporté par Muslim.

503 Narrated by Muslim.

504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.

505 Rapporté par Tirmidhi.

505 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

506 Ibid.

507 Rapporté par Tirmidhi.

507 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

508 Ibid.

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Édité par Shuayb Al-Arnaout et Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beyrouth : Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. Une copie en ligne est accessible à l'adresse : http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Consulté le 1

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1

[1er octobre 2016].

st October 2016].

510 Rapporté par Bukhari.

510 Narrated by Bukhari.

511 Rapporté par Bukhari, Muslim et Ahmad.

511 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

512 Rapporté par Bukhari et Muslim.

512 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

513 Rapporté par Ibn Maajah et al-Haakim.

513 Narrated by Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim.

514 Rapporté par Tirmidhi.

514 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

515 Rapporté par Bukhari et Muslim.

515 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

516 Rapporté par Tirmidhi.

516 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

517 Ibid.

518 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 5, Verset 8.

518 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 8.

519 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 4, Verset 135.

519 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 135.

520 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 90, Versets 12 à 18.

520 The Qur’an, Chapter 90, Verses 12 to 18.

521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Le Caire : Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.

521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.

522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.

523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:

The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 22-23.

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal-Muluk. Édité par Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3

3e éd. Le Caire, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. Une copie en ligne est accessible à l'adresse :

rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at:

https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Consulté le 1

https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Accessed 1

[1er octobre 2016].

st October 2016].

525 Cité dans Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

525 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

526 Narré par Yahya b. Adam dans le livre d'al-Kharaaj.

526 Narrated by Yahya b. Adam in the book of al-Kharaaj.

527 Rapporté par Al-Tabarani dans Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

527 Reported by Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1ère édition. Édité par Khalil Al-Mansur. Beyrouth : Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. Une copie en ligne est accessible à l'adresse : http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

529 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 21, Verset 107.

529 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 107.

530 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 7, Verset 156.

530 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

531 Cité dans Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

531 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.

534 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 2, Verset 256.

534 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.

536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Édité par Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.

539 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 49, Verset 13.

539 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban a rapporté dans al-Sahih, via sa chaîne de transmission (Isnad), d'après Fadalah ibn Ubayd et Baihaqi.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban reported in al-Sahih, via his isnad, from Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Baihaqi.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

546 Rapporté par Bukhari.

546 Narrated by Bukhari.

547 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 10, Verset 24.

547 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

548 Le Coran, Chapitre 96, Versets 1 à 5.

548 The Qur'an, Chapter 96, Verses 1 to 5.

549 Le Coran, Chapitre 39, Verset 9.

549 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 9.

550 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 88, Versets 17 à 20.

550 The Qur’an, Chapter 88, Verses 17 to 20.

551 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 3, Versets 190 et 191.

551 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verses 190 and 191.

552 Voir Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.

555 Pour plus de détails, voir Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press ; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

555 For details see Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.

557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Disponible sur : http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Consulté le 10 septembre 2016].

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Available at: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Accessed 10th September 2016].

559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Édité par Abdullah Qaa’ir et Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah : Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. Vous pouvez télécharger une copie en ligne à l'adresse : http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Consulté le 1er octobre 2016].

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. You can download an online copy at: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

561 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 47, Verset 19.

561 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 19.

562 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 7, Verset 180.

562 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 180.

563 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 4, Verset 48.

563 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 48.

564 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 25, Versets 68 et 70.

564 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 68 and 70.

565 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 23, Versets 99 et 100.

565 The Qur’an, Chapter 23, Verses 99 and 100.

566 Le Coran, Chapitre 3, Verset 117.

566 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 117.

567 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 3, Verset 182.

567 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 182.

568 Ceci est basé sur la tradition authentique suivante rapportée par Ahmad et Ibn Hibban : « Il y en aura quatre qui contesteront devant Dieu au Jour de la Résurrection : l'homme sourd qui n'a jamais rien entendu, l'homme fou, le vieillard, et l'homme qui est mort pendant la fatrah (l'intervalle entre l'époque de Jésus (sur lui la paix) et l'époque de Muhammad ﷺ). L'homme sourd dira : "Ô Seigneur, l'Islam est venu mais je n'ai jamais rien entendu." L'homme fou dira : "Ô Seigneur, l'Islam est venu mais les enfants ont couru après moi et m'ont jeté des pierres." Le vieillard dira : "Ô Seigneur, l'Islam est venu mais je n'ai rien compris." L'homme qui est mort pendant la fatrah dira : "Ô Seigneur, aucun Messager de Toi ne m'est venu." Il acceptera leurs promesses d'obéissance, puis il leur sera ordonné d'entrer en Enfer. Par Celui entre whose main se trouve l'âme de Muhammad, s'ils y entrent, elle sera fraîche et sûre pour eux. » Il existe d'autres hadiths et versets du Qur'an qui indiquent que Dieu ne permettra à personne d'entrer en enfer tant que le message correct de l'Islam n'aura pas été transmis aux gens.

568 This is based on the following authentic tradition narrated by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban: “There are four (who will protest) to God on the Day of Resurrection: the deaf man who never heard anything, the insane man, the very old man, and the man who died during the fatrah (the interval between the time of Jesus (upon whom be peace) and the time of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The deaf man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I never heard anything.’ The insane man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but the children ran after me and threw stones at me.’ The very old man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I did not understand anything.’ The man who died during the fatrah will say, ‘O Lord, no Messenger from You came to me.’ He will accept their promises of obedience, then word will be sent to them to enter the Fire. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, if they enter it, it will be cool and safe for them.” There are other hadiths and verses of the Qur’an that indicate that God will not allow anyone to enter hell until people have been given the correct message of Islam.

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Édité par M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. Une copie en ligne est disponible à : http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Consulté le 21 novembre 2016].

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Edited by M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. An online copy is available at: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

570 Ibid.

571 Le Coran, Chapitre 3, Verset 113. Ce verset fait référence aux « gens du Livre ». Cependant, le principe s'applique à tous les groupes de personnes.

571 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 113. This verse refers to the ‘people of the book’. However, the principle applies to all groups of people.

572 Ibid.

573 Narré par Bukhari.

573 Narrated by Bukhari.

574 Le Coran, Chapitre 7, Verset 55.

574 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 55.

575 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 40, Verset 65.

575 The Qur’an, Chapter 40, Verse 65.

576 Le Coran, Chapitre 20, Verset 14.

576 The Qur’an, Chapter, 20, Verse 14.

577 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 2, Verset 29.

577 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 29.

578 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 7, Verset 191.

578 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 191.

579 Le Coran, Chapitre 35, Verset 3.

579 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 3.

580 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 96, Versets 6 et 7.

580 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verses 6 and 7.

581 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 92, Versets 8 à 12.

581 The Qur’an, Chapter 92, Verses 8 to 12.

582 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 14, Verset 34.

582 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 34.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Traduit avec une introduction et des notes par Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.

585 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 7, Verset 156.

585 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

586 Le Coran, Chapitre 55, Versets 1 et 2.

586 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 1 and 2.

587 Le Coran, Chapitre 85, Verset 14.

587 The Qur’an, Chapter 85, Verse 14.

588 Rapporté par Abu Dawud.

588 Narrated by Abu Dawud.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.

590 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 3, Verset 31.

590 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 31.

591 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 51, Verset 56.

591 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

592 L'obéissance au Prophète Muhammad ﷺ est une conséquence de l'obéissance à Dieu, car Il nous commande de le faire.

592 Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is a consequence of obeying God, as He commands us to do so.

593 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 3, Verset 132.

593 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 132.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.

595 Ibid, p. 123.

596 Mahali, J et Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 Le Coran, Chapitre 11, Versets 118 et 119.

596 Mahali, J and Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verses 118 and 119.

598 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 25, Versets 43 et 44.

598 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 43 and 44.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Changements générationnels dans le matérialisme et la centralité du travail, 1976-2007 : Associations avec les changements temporels de l'insécurité sociétale et des modèles de rôle matérialistes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 Le Coran, Chapitre 59, Verset 19.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

602 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 39, Verset 29.

602 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

603 Cité dans Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Disponible sur : http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Consulté le 6 octobre 2016].

603 Cited in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].

604 La structure et le contenu de ce chapitre ont été adaptés de Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Disponible sur : https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Consulté le 24 octobre 2016].

604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].

605 Le Coran, Chapitre 82, Verset 6.

605 The Qur’an, Chapter 82, Verse 6.

606 Le Coran, Chapitre 20, Verset 44.

606 The Qur’an, Chapter 20, Verse 44.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, p. 65.

608 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 16, Verset 125.

608 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 125.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Édité par Khalil Shayhaa. Beyrouth : Darul Marefah, p. 588.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Edited by Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

610 Le Qur’an, Chapitre 14, Versets 24 à 27.

610 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verses 24 to 27.

611 Le Coran, Chapitre 41, Verset 34

611 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 34