10.2 Hanyar Fassara - Usool At-tafseer | Quran Course

10.2 Hanyar Fassara - Usool At-tafseer | Quran Course

Kalmar "mafi tsoron Allah" a cikin ayar tana nuna mafi girma, wato wani abu ne na musamman, ba gaba ɗaya ba. Saboda haka, ya kamata a fahimci waɗannan ayoyi cewa suna nufin Abu Bakr as-Siddeeq, kodayake za a iya koyon darasi na gaba ɗaya daga kyakkyawan misalinsa na sadaukar da kai.

The wording of the verse mentions “the most God-fearing,” which is a superlative. This is a wording that indicates someone specific, rather than a generality. Thus, these verses should be understood to refer to Aboo Bakr asSiddeeq, although a general lesson can be learned from his great example of selflessness.

3. Duk da haka, a yanayi na uku inda dalilin saukar aya ya kasance takamaimai amma ayar ta zo da ma'ana ta gaba ɗaya, ya wajaba a fassara ayar ta hanyar gaba ɗaya don ta haɗa dukkan yanayin da yayi kama da abubuwan da suka faru a kewayen saukar ayar. Misali, al-Musayyib ya ruwaito cewa lokacin da Abu Dalib yake kan gadon mutuwa, Manzon Allah ﷺ ya zo ya ziyarce shi alhali Abu Jahl da Abdullahi ɗan Abi Umayyah suna tare da shi. Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ce: "Ya kawu, ka ce: 'Babu abin bautawa face Allah,' zan kare ka da shi a wurin Allah." Sai Abu Jahl da Abdullahi suka ce: "Ya Abu Dalib, shin za ka juya daga akidar Abdul-Muɗɗalib?" Suka ci gaba da faɗa masa haka har ya ce yana bin akidar Abdul-Muɗɗalib. Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ce: "Zan nemi gafara a gare ka muddin ba a hana ni yin hakan ba." Sai aka saukar da wannan aya:

3. However, in the third instance where the reason for revelation is specific and verse is revealed with general implications, the verse should be interpreted in a general way so as to include all circumstances similar to the specific events surrounding the verse’s revelation. For example, al-Musayyib reported that when Aboo Taalib was on his deathbed, the Prophet of Allaah (ﷺ) came to visit him while Aboo Jahl and ‘Abdullaah ibn Abee Umayyah were with him. The Prophet (r) said, “O Uncle, say, ‘There is no god but Allaah,’ and I will defend you with it before Allaah.” Then Aboo Jahl and ‘Abdullaah said, “O Aboo Taalib, will you turn away from the creed of ‘Abdul-Muttalib?” They kept on telling him that until he said that he was following the creed of ‘Abdul-Muttalib. The Prophet (ﷺ) said, “I will seek forgiveness for you as long as I am not forbidden to do so.” Then the following verse was revealed:

Saboda haka, ayar nan da ta hana addu'ar neman gafara ta shafi dukkan Musulmai idan iyayensu ko danginsu sun mutu a kan kafirci, duk da cewa an saukar da ita ne dangane da Abu Dalib kafin mutuwarsa.

Hence, the verse prohibiting prayers seeking forgiveness applies to all Muslims in cases where their parents or relatives have died in a state of disbelief, even though it was revealed in reference to Aboo Taalib before his death.

Ƙa'idar da ya kamata a bi wajen fassarawa ko aiwatar da ayoyin Alƙur'ani ita ce cewa darasi yana cikin ma'anar gaba ɗaya ta kalmomin, ba kawai cikin yanayi na musamman da aka saukar da ayoyin a cikinsa ba. Duk da haka, sanin abubuwan da suka faru kewaye da saukar ayoyin yana sanya ma'anar gaba ɗaya ta ayoyin cikin mahallin da ya dace, kuma yana hana karkacewa. Misali, Yoosuf ibn Maahak ya ruwaito cewa a lokacin da Marwaan yake gwamnan Al-Hijaaz, Khalifa Mu‘aawiyah ya so ɗansa Yazeed ya zama khalifa bayansa, sai ya rubuta wa Marwaan. Marwaan ya tara mutanen Madeenah ya yi musu jawabi, yana gayyatar su su yi rantsuwar biyayya ga Yazeed ibn Mu‘aawiyah a matsayin khalifa bayan mahaifinsa. Lokacin da ya ƙara da cewa hakan ita ce sunnar (hanyar) Abu Bakr da ‘Umar, ‘Abdur-Rahmaan ibn Abee Bakr ya amsa da cewa sunnar Heraclius da Caesar ce. Sai Marwaan ya umarci a kama shi, amma ‘Abdur-Rahmaan ya shiga gidan ‘Aa’ishah, sojojin kuwa suka kasa kama shi.

The guiding principle to be followed when interpreting or applying the verses of the Qur’aan is that the lesson lies in the general meaning of the words and not simply in the special circumstances in which they were revealed. However, knowledge of the events surrounding the revelations puts the general meaning of the verses in proper context and prevents deviation. For example, Yoosuf ibn Maahak reported that when Marwaan was governor of al-Hijaaz, Caliph Mu‘aawiyah desired that his son Yazeed be caliph after him, so he wrote to Marwaan. Marwaan then gathered the people of Madeenah and addressed them, inviting them to take an oath of allegiance to Yazeed ibn Mu‘aawiyah as caliph after his father. When he added that it was the sunnah (way) of Aboo Bakr and ‘Umar, ‘Abdur-Rahmaan ibn Abee Bakr answered that it was the sunnah of Heraclius and Caesar. Marwaan then ordered that he be seized, so ‘AbdurRahmaan entered ‘Aa’ishah’s house and the soldiers were unable to arrest him.

Marwan ya ce, "Lalle ne, shi ne wanda aka saukar da wannan aya game da shi,

Marwaan then said, “Surely, he is the one about whom this verse was revealed,