15.4 Takhsīs (Ƙayyadewa) na Aya ta Hanyar Wata Magana ta Waje
15.4 Takhsees Of A Verse By An External Statement
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, nau'in takhsees na biyu yana faruwa ne a waje da maganar gaba ɗaya da take takaita ta. Ga hanyoyin da aka fi sani da takhsees ke faruwa a waje da ayar gaba ɗaya:84
As was previously mentioned, the other type of takhsees occurs outside of the general statement which it qualifies. The following are the most common ways in which specification may take place outside of the general verse:84
Alƙur'ani:
1. Qur’aan:
Wata maganar Alkur'ani ta gaba ɗaya na iya zama an takaita ta da wata ayar da ta zo a wani wuri na Alkur'ani. Misali mai kyau na irin wannan takaitawa shi ne a cikin wannan lamari:
A general Qur’aanic statement may become specified by another verse found elsewhere in the Qur’aan. A good example of this type of qualification can be seen in the following case:
Matan da aka sake (al-mutallaqaat) su jira har tsawon haila uku.” 85
“Divorced women (al-mutallaqaat) should wait for three menstrual periods.” 85
Wannan magana ta ƙunshi dukkan nau'o'in matan da aka sake, ko suna da ciki ko ba su da shi, kuma ko an yi jima'i a aure ko ba a yi ba. Sai dai wannan magana ta gaba ɗaya an takaita ta da ayoyi masu biyowa,
This statement includes all categories of divorced women, whether they are pregnant or not and whether the marriage was consummated or not. However, this generality was qualified by the following verses,
"Iddar mace mai ciki ita ce har sai ta haihu," 86
“The waiting period for pregnant women is until they deliver,” 86
da,
and,
“Ya ku waɗanda suka yi imani, idan kun auri mata muminai, sa'an nan kuka sake su kafin ku taɓa su (saduwa), to ba ku da wani haƙƙi a kansu na 'iddah.” 87
“O you who believe, if you marry believing women, then divorce them before touching them (consum-mation), you have no right on them for an ‘iddah.” 87
Wato, lokacin jira ga matan da aka sake waɗanda suke da ciki na iya kaiwa har watanni tara, yayin da matar da aka sake wadda ba a yi mata jima'i ba ba ta da 'iddah kwata-kwata. Don haka ayar tana nufin musamman matan da aka sake waɗanda ba su da ciki kuma aurensu ya kasance an yi jima'i.
That is, the waiting period for pregnant divorced women may be as long as nine months, while the divorced woman of an unconsummated marriage has no‘iddah at all. Thus the verse is specifically in reference to divorced women who are not pregnant and whose marriages were consummated.
2. Sunnah:
2. Sunnah:
Sharuɗɗan Alqur'ani na gaba ɗaya kuma ana iya ƙayyade su da maganganun (hadisai) na Annabi Muhammadu ﷺ. Babban ɓangare na aikin Annabi ﷺ shi ne bayyana ƙa'idoji na gaba ɗaya na Alqur'ani. Misali, ayar gaba ɗaya da aka ambata a baya,
General statements in the Qur’aan may also be qualified by statements (hadeeths) of Prophet Muhammad (r). A significant part of the Prophet’s role was that of explaining the generalities of the Qur’aan. For example, the general verse which has been previously mentioned,
"Allah ya halatta dukkan ciniki, kuma ya haramta dukkan nau'ikan riba," 88
“Allaah has made all trade allowable and forbidden all forms of interest,” 88
ya shafi kawai hanyoyin kasuwanci na gaskiya. Maganganun Sunnah sun keɓe wasu nau'ikan kasuwanci, sun kuma bayyana su a matsayin ɓatattu. Ibn ‘Umar ya ruwaito cewa Manzon Allah ﷺ ya hana kasuwancin "maniyyin dabbobin maza"89, kuma ya hana sayar da "’yar dabba mai ciki kafin haihuwarta"90. Ibn ‘Umar ya bayyana cewa a zamanin jahiliyya mutum zai sayar da ɗan raƙumar mace wanda ba a haife shi ba tukuna daga raƙumar mace da ke wanzuwa.
refers only to correct forms of trade. Statements from the Sunnah have excluded certain categories of trade and classified them as being corrupt. Ibn ‘Umar reported that Allaah’s Messenger (ﷺ) forbade trade in “the semen of male animals”89 and also forbade the sale of “a pregnant animal’s progeny before its delivery.”90 Ibn ‘Umar explained that in pre-Islaamic times a man would sell the offspring of a she-camel not yet born of an existing she-camel.
Akwai wasu lokuta da hadisan Annabi (ﷺ) suka samu takhsees (takaitawa ko kebe ma'ana) daga ayoyin Alkur'ani. Misali mai kyau na wannan nau'in takhsees shi ne hadisin da sahabi Abu Waqid al-Laithi ya ruwaito, cewa Annabi (ﷺ) ya ce,
There are a few cases wherein hadeeths of the Prophet (ﷺ) have been made specific by verses of the Qur’aan. A good example of this type of takhsees is the hadeeth narrated by the sahaabee Aboo Waaqid al-Laythee, who reported that the Prophet (ﷺ) said,
"Duk abin da aka yanke daga cikin dabba mai rai ana ɗaukarsa mushe." 91
“Whatever (maa) is cut off of a living animal is considered carrion.” 91
Ma'anar wannan magana gabaɗaya za ta buƙaci a haramta wa Musulmi har ulun ko gashin da aka cire daga dabba mai rai. Sai dai Allah ya saukar da wannan ayar wadda ta takaita maganar Annabi ﷺ:
The general meaning of this statement would require that even wool or hair removed from a live animal be forbidden to Muslims. However, Allaah revealed the following verse which qualifies the Prophet’s statement,
"Daga ulunsu, gashin-gashinsu, da kuma gashinsu, (Allah ya sanya muku) abubuwa masu daɗi da amfani (domin su yi muku hidima) na ɗan lokaci." 92
“And from their wool, fur, and hair (Allaah made for you) luxuries and useful articles (to serve you) for a time.” 92
Suratul Baqarah (2:228).
85 Soorah al-Baqarah (2):228.
Suratu at-Talaq (65):4.
86 Soorah at-Talaaq (65):4.
Surah al-Ahzaab (33):49
87 Soorah al-Ahzaab (33):49.
Suratul Baqara (2): 275.
88 Soorah al-Baqarah (2):275.
Sahih Al-Bukhari, juz'i 3, shafi 267, lamba 484.
89 Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 3, p. 267, no. 484.
90 An ruwaito shi ne al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 199, lamba 353) da Muslim (Sahih Muslim, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 798, lamba 3615).
90 Collected by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 3, p. 199, no. 353) and Muslim (Sahih Muslim, vol. 3, p. 798, no. 3615).
91 An tattara shi daga Abu Dawud (Sunan Abu Dawud, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 803, lamba ta 2852), Ibn Majah da ad-Darimi, kuma al-Albani ya tabbatar da ingancinsa a cikin Saheeh Sunan Abi Dawud, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 552, lamba ta
91 Collected by Aboo Daawood (Sunan Abu Dawud, vol. 2, p. 803, no. 2852), Ibn Maajah and adDaarimee and authenticated by al-Albanee in Saheeh Sunan Abee Daawood, vol. 2, p. 552, no.
2485.
2485.
Suratun Nahl (16):80.
92 Soorah an-Nahl (16):80.