15.2 Ƙayyade Al-'Aamm
15.2 Specification Of The ‘aamm
Ma'anar kalmar 'aamm (gabaɗaya) za a iya raba ta zuwa manyan rukunai uku dangane da mahallin ayoyin da take zuwa a cikinsu da dokoki ko ƙa'idojin da aka nufa.71
The ‘aamm expression may be divided into three main categories in relationship to the context of the verses in which they occur and the laws or principles which were intended.71
Da farko, akwai lafazin 'aamm (na gaba ɗaya) wanda ya kasance a gaba ɗaya. Wannan rukuni ba shi da misalai da yawa, saboda yawancin abubuwan gaba ɗaya ana ƙayyade su ta wata hanya ko wata. Duk da haka, ana iya samun misali a cikin ayar,
First, there is the ‘aamm expression which remains general. This category does not have many examples because most generalities are specified in one way or another. However, an example can be found in the verse,
"Kuma Allah yana sane da kowane (kull) abu," 72
“And Allaah knows all (kull) things,” 72
Tun da ilimin Allah cikakke ne kuma ba shi da iyaka. Wani misali kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin aya, cewa
since Allaah’s knowledge is absolute. Another example can be found in the verse,
"An haramta muku uwayenku (ummahaatukum)," 73
“Your mothers (ummahaatukum) have been made forbidden (in marriage) to you,” 73
kamar yadda babu wata keɓewa ga wannan doka, ko uwaye na gaskiya ne, ko uwar uba, ko uwar matar aure, ko uwa ta hanyar ridaa‘ (shayarwa).
as there are no exceptions to this law, whether they be real mothers, stepmothers, mothers-in-law, or mothers by ridaa‘ (suckling).
Na biyu, akwai al-'āmm al-majāzī wanda ma'anar gaba ɗayan kalmar ba ita ce aka nufa ba; misali, aya,
Second, there is the figurative ‘aam in which the general meaning of the expression was never intended; for example, the verse,
"Waɗanda mutane (an-naas) suka ce musu, 'Mutane sun taru gare ku, saboda haka ku ji tsoronsu.'" 74
“Those to whom the people (an-naas) said, ‘The people have gathered against you, so fear them.’ ” 74
"Mutanen" na farko yana nufin musamman Nu'aym ibn Mas'ood, na biyu kuwa yana nufin Abu Sufyan da rundunar Quraishawa, ba jama'a gabaɗaya ba kamar yadda kalmar ke nunawa.75
The first expression “the people” refers specifically to Nu‘aym ibn Mas‘ood and the second refers to Aboo Sufyaan and the Qurayshee army, and not the generality which the expression implies.75
Na uku, akwai 'āmm da aka ƙayyade (al-‘āmm al-makhsūs), inda ma'anar faɗin 'āmm ta takaita ta hanyar wata kalma ko jumla mai ƙayyadewa. Misali, umarnin Allah a cikin Alƙur'ani,
And third, there is the specified ‘aam, wherein the generality of the ‘aam expression is qualified by one of the specifying words or phrases. For example, Allaah’s command in the Qur’aan,
"Aikin Hajji zuwa Dakin Allah (Ka'aba) wajibi ne ga Allah a kan dukkan mutane (an-naas) wadanda suke iya samun hanyar zuwa can." 76
“Hajj to the House (the Ka‘bah) is an obligation to Allaah on all people (an-naas) who are able to find a way there.” 76
Ƙayyadaddun ma'anar "dukan mutane" yana cikin jumlar sifa da take biye da ita.
The generality of “all people” is specified by the adjectival clause following it
71 Duba al-Itqaan, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 44-5.
71 See al-Itqaan, vol.3, pp. 44-5.
Suratun Nisa'i (4):176.
72 Soorah an-Nisaa’ (4):176.
Suratun Nisa'i (4):23.
73 Soorah an-Nisaa’ (4):23.
Suratu Aali 'Imrana (3):173.
74 Soorah Aal ‘Imraan (3):173.
Al-Itqaan, juz'i na 3, shafi na 45.
75 Al-Itqaan, vol. 3, p. 45.
Suratu Āli ‘Imrān (3):97.
76 Soorah Aal ‘Imraan (3):97.