12.1 Sharuddan Naskh
12.1 Conditions For Naskh
Domin naskh ya faru, sharuɗɗa uku masu zuwa dole ne su cika:
For naskh to have taken place, the following three conditions must have been fulfilled:
1. Dokar da aka soke dole ne ta kasance dokar Allah ta addini. Wannan yana nufin cewa haramta barasa a hankali ba za a dauke shi a matsayin naskh ba, domin kowace aya ta gaba ta kara fadada iyakar haramcin da ayar da ta gabata ta yi. Asalin halin mutane shi ne su yi aiki kamar barasa halal ce. Zatonsu cewa barasa halal ce ne aka soke a hankali ta ayoyi ukun da suka zo kan wannan batu, ba wata sanarwa da ta gabata daga Allah cewa barasa halal ce ba.
1. The law which has been replaced has to have been a divine law. This means that the gradual prohibition of alcohol would not be classified as naskh, because each successive verse only expanded the prohibitive scope of the previous verse. The original behavior of the people was to act as if alcohol was lawful. It was their assumption that alcohol was permissible that was gradually abolished by the three verses on this subject, not any previous statement by Allaah that liquor was permissible.
2. Hujjar da ake amfani da ita wajen maye gurbin tsohuwar shari'a dole ne ta zama umarni daga Allah wanda aka saukar bayan saukar tsohuwar shari'ar.
2. The proof used to replace the old law has to be a divine command which was revealed after the revelation of the old law.
3. Hukuncin da za a soke ba zai iya kasancewa yana da wani ƙayyadadden lokaci da aka haɗa da shi tun daga lokacin da aka saukar da shi ba. Idan yana da ƙayyadadden lokaci, sai kawai ya zama mara aiki idan lokacin ya ƙare, kuma irin wannan tsari ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin naskh ba. Misali, azumi wajibi ne kowace rana har zuwa faduwar rana a lokacin watan Ramadan.
3. The law which is to be replaced cannot have a specific time limit attached to it from the time of its revelation. If it has a limited time period, it simply becomes void when the time period ends, and such a process is not considered as naskh. For instance, fasting is required daily until sunset during Ramadaan.
Izinin cin abinci da dare a lokacin Ramadan, ko bayan ya kare, da rana ko da dare, ba ya ƙunshe da naskh. 20
The permission to eat at night during Ramadaan or, after it is over, by day or night, doesn’t involve naskh. 20
Ya kamata a lura cewa naskh yana faruwa ne kawai ga umarni da hani na Allah. Naskh ba ya iya faruwa ga maganganun gaskiya, domin irin waɗannan maganganu ko dai gaskiya ne ko ƙarya ne. Don haka, a ce wani rahoto na baya an soke shi, hakan na nufin ko dai ƙarya ce da gangan ko kuskure ne, kuma dukkansu ba za a danganta su ga Allah ba.21 Saboda haka, bayanin siffofin Allah, labarun annabawan baya da al'ummarsu, misalai, da bayanin lahira duk an fitar da su daga rukunin naskh. Haka nan, alkawuran Allah da gargaɗinsa ma an keɓe su, domin Allah ba ya karya alkawuransa. Kuma ba za a ce naskh ba ne idan Allah ya yi wa muminai alkawarin aljannu a wata ayar farko, sannan a wata ayar daga baya ya yi musu alkawarin ganin Sa. Alkawarin aljannu ba a maye gurbinsa da alkawarin ganin Allah ba; a'a, dukkansu za su faru.22 Haka nan, ya kamata a lura cewa ginshiƙan ibada da kyawawan ɗabi'u ba su canza ba a tsawon zamani. Sallah, azumi, sadaka da aikin Hajji sun kasance ayyukan da ba su canzawa a addinin Allah, ko wane annabi ne ya isar da saƙon, kuma ƙarya, kisan kai, zina, yaudara, da sauransu, duk annabawa sun yi Allah wadai da su. Saboda haka, fagen da naskh ke aiki shi ne cikakkun bayanai na yadda ake gudanar da aikin addini ko dokar zamantakewa, ba ginshiƙan asali ba.
It should be noted that naskh only occurs to divine commands and prohibitions. Naskh cannot occur to statements of fact, because such statements are either true or false, so to say that a previous report has been abrogated really means it was either a deliberate lie or an error, both of which may not be attributed to Allaah.21 Therefore, descriptions of Allaah’s attributes, the stories of the previous prophets and their peoples, parables and descriptions of the hereafter are all excluded from the category of naskh. Likewise, the divine promises and warnings are excluded, because Allaah doesn’t break His promises. Nor could one call it naskh if Allaah promises the believers gardens in paradise in an early verse and in a later verse promises them the pleasure of seeing Him. The promise of gardens has not been replaced by the promise of seeing Allaah; rather, both will happen. 22 It should also be noted that the underlying principles of worship and moral behavior have not changed through the ages. Salaah, fasting, charity and pilgrim-age have been constant practices of Allaah’s religion—no matter which prophet was delivering the message—and lying, murder, adultery, cheating, etc. have been condemned by all the prophets. Therefore, the area in which naskh operates is in details of the format of a religious practice or a social law, not in the core principles.
20 Waɗannan sharuɗɗan ana iya samun su a kusan kowane littafin usūl al-fiqh. Duba, misali, Sharh al-Kawkab al-Muneer, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 526-7.
20 These conditions can be found in virtually any book of usool al-fiqh. See, for example, Sharh al-Kawkab al-Muneer, vol. 3, pp. 526-7.
21 Sai dai ya kamata a lura cewa wani lokaci umarni yakan zo a cikin Alƙur'ani a salon sanarwa. Duba 2:125, 2:228, 2:233, 3:97.
21 One should note, however, that sometimes orders occur in the Qur’aan in the format of a statement. Cf. 2:125, 2:228, 2:233, 3:97.
22 Duba Sharh al-Kawkab al-Muneer, juz'i na 3, shafi na 543.
22 See Sharh al-Kawkab al-Muneer, vol. 3, pp. 543.