3.5 Al-Quran Dalam Cetakan
3.5 The Qur'an In Print
Dari abad keenam belas, ketika mesin cetak dengan huruf bergerak pertama kali digunakan di Eropah dan kemudian di seluruh dunia, corak penulisan dan percetakan al-Qur'an semakin diseragamkan.
From the sixteenth century, when the printing press with movable type was first used in Europe and later in all parts of the world, the pattern of writing and of printing the Qur'an was further standardised.
Sebelum ini sudah ada salinan al-Qur'an yang dicetak, dalam bentuk yang dikenali sebagai cetakan blok, dan beberapa contoh dari seawal abad kesepuluh, baik blok kayu yang sebenar mahupun helaian cetakan, masih sampai kepada kita.
There were already printed copies of the Qur'an before this, in the so-called block-print form, and some specimens from as early as the tenth century, both of the actual wooden blocks and the printed sheets, have come down to us.
[Grohmann, op. cit., hlm. 38; Pameran di Perpustakaan British, London.] Al-Qur'an yang paling awal masih wujud dan dicetak menggunakan taip bergerak ialah yang diterbitkan di Hamburg (Jerman) pada tahun 1694. Teksnya bertanda baris sepenuhnya. [Al-Coranus, lex islamitica Muhammedis, Officina Schultzio-Schilleriania. Hamburg, 1694; Pameran No. 22.] Mungkin Al-Qur'an pertama yang dicetak oleh umat Islam ialah yang dikenali sebagai 'edisi Mulay Usman' pada tahun 1787, diterbitkan di St. Petersburg, Rusia, diikuti oleh edisi-edisi lain di Kazan (1828), Parsi (1833) dan Istanbul (1877). [Blachere, R.: Introduction au Coran, Paris, 1947, hlm. 133.] Pada tahun 1858, orientalis Jerman Fluegel menghasilkan, bersama-sama sebuah konkordans yang berguna, edisi Al-Qur'an yang dikenali sebagai 'edisi Fluegel', dicetak dalam bahasa Arab, yang sejak itu digunakan oleh generasi orientalis. [Fluegel, Gustav: Corani texn Arabicus. Leipzig, 1834.] Namun, edisi Fluegel mempunyai satu kelemahan asas: sistem penomboran ayatnya tidak selaras dengan amalan umum dunia Islam. [See e.g. 74: 31, where he makes four verses out of one.]
[Grohmann, op. cit.. p.38; Exhibition in the British Library, London.] The first extant Qur'an for which movable type was used was printed in Hamburg (Germany) in 1694. The text is fully vocalised. [Al-Coranus, lex islamitica Muhammedis, Officina Schultzio-Schilleriania. Hamburg, 1694; Exhibition No. 22.] Probably the first Qur'an printed by Muslims is the so-called 'Mulay Usman edition' of 1787, published in St. Petersburg, Russia, followed by others in Kazan (1828), Persia (1833) and Istanbul (1877). [Blachere, R.: Introduction au Coran, Paris, 1947, p. 133.] In 1858, the German orientalist Fluegel produced together with a useful concordance the so-called 'Fluegel edition' of the Qur'an, printed in Arabic, which has since been used by generations of orientalists. [Fluegel, Gustav: Corani texn Arabicus. Leipzig, 1834.] The Fluegel edition has however a very basic defect: its system of verse numbering is not in accordance with general usage in the Muslim world. [See e.g. 74: 31, where he makes four verses out of one.]
Edisi Mesir
The Egyptian Edition
Mushaf Al-Qur'an dalam bentuk cetakan yang kini digunakan secara meluas di dunia Islam dan sedang berkembang menjadi 'versi standard', ialah edisi yang dipanggil 'Mesir', juga dikenali sebagai edisi Raja Fu'ad, kerana ia diperkenalkan di Mesir di bawah Raja Fu'ad. Edisi ini berdasarkan bacaan Hafs, sebagaimana diriwayatkan daripada 'Asim, dan pertama kali dicetak di Kaherah pada tahun 1925/1344H. Banyak salinan telah dicetak sejak itu.
The Qur'anic text in printed form now used widely in the Muslim world and developing into a 'standard version', is the socalled 'Egyptian' edition, also known as the King Fu'ad edition, since it was introduced in Egypt under King Fu'ad. This edition is based on the reading of Hafs, as reported by 'Asim, and was first printed in Cairo in 1925/1344H. Numerous copies have since been printed.
Salinan Sa'd Nursi
The Sa'd Nursi Copy
Akhirnya, Al-Qur'an yang dicetak oleh para pengikut Sa'id Nursi dari Turki harus disebut sebagai contoh gabungan teks tulisan tangan yang indah dan berhias dengan teknologi cetak ofset moden. Teks ini ditulis dengan tangan oleh kaligrafer Turki, Hamid al-'Amidi. Ia pertama kali dicetak di Istanbul pada tahun 1947, tetapi sejak 1976 telah dihasilkan dalam jumlah besar dan pelbagai saiz di percetakan yang dikendalikan oleh para pengikut Sa'id Nursi di Berlin Barat (Jerman).
Finally, the Qur'an printed by the followers of Sa'id Nursi from Turkey should be mentioned as an example of combining a hand-written beautifully illuminated text with modern offset printing technology. The text was hand written by the Turkish calligrapher Hamid al-'Amidi. It was first printed in Istanbul in 1947, but since 1976 has been produced in large numbers and various sizes at the printing press run by the followers of Sa'id Nursi in West Berlin (Germany).