Notities

1 Overgeleverd door Abu Dawud. Ik heb de profetische tradities naar hun verzamelaars verwezen. Bijvoorbeeld, “Overgeleverd door Bukhari” betekent dat het in het overlevering (Hadith) boek staat dat is verzameld door Bukhari. U kunt zoeken naar de verschillende overleveringen (Hadith) met behulp van online Engelse en Arabische databases. Houd er rekening mee dat vertalingen kunnen variëren.

1 Narrated by Abu Dawud. I have referenced the Prophetic traditions by their compilers. For example, “Narrated by Bukhari” means that it is in the hadith book compiled by Bukhari. You can search for the various hadiths using online English and Arabic databases. Please note translations may vary.

2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). De herinnering aan de dood en het hiernamaals. 2

2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2

e de editie.

nd Edition.

Vertaald met een inleiding en aantekeningen door T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

3 U kunt enkele van deze debatten bekijken op www.hamzatzortzis.com [Geraadpleegd op 3 oktober 2016].

3 You can watch some of these debates at www.hamzatzortzis.com [Accessed 3rd October 2016].

4 Profetische tradities zijn authentieke en geverifieerde woorden, uitspraken, handelingen en instemmingen van de Profeet Muhammad ﷺ.

4 Prophetic traditions are authentic and verified words, statements, actions and consent of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.

6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.

7Ibid., p. 216.

7Ibid, p. 216.

8Ibid., pp. 217-218.

8Ibid, pp. 217-218.

9Ibid., pp. 217-218.

9Ibid, pp. 217-218.

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.

11 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

11 Narrated by Muslim.

12 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 52, Vers 36. Door dit boek heen heb ik verschillende vertalingen van de Qur’an gebruikt. De vertalingen die ik het meest frequent heb gebruikt zijn de vertaling door Professor Abdel Haleem [Zie Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] en de vertaling door Sahih International [beschikbaar op: www.quran.com]. 13 “Wie behalve een dwaas zou de religie van Abraham verlaten?” De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 2, Vers 130.

12 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 36. Throughout this book I have used various Qur’anic translations. The translations I have used most frequently are the translation by Professor Abdel Haleem [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] and the translation by Sahih International [available at: www.quran.com]. 13 “Who but a fool would forsake the religion of Abraham?” The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 130.

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Uitgegeven door: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Beschikbaar op: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

15 Ibid.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Vertaald door Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. De vertaler verwijst naar natuurkundigen; in de oorspronkelijke context verwijst het echter naar degenen die de voorzienigheid van God verwerpen. 17 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 10, Vers 99.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. The translator refers to physicists; however, in the original context it refers to those who reject God’s providence. 17 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 99.

18 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 2, Vers 256.

18 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Beschikbaar op: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1e editie. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.

22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

26 Ibid, p. 1.

27 Het moderniseren van het pleidooi voor God. Time Magazine, 7 april 1980, pp. 65-66. Beschikbaar op: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Geraadpleegd op 2

27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7 April 1980, pp. 65-66. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Accessed 2

[2nd oktober 2016].

nd October 2016].

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.

29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.

30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.

31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.

32 Geciteerd in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

33 Ibid p. 44.

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Beschikbaar op: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Veldwerk januari 2010 – februari 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Beschikbaar op: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

36 De geschiedenis van het atheïsme in China heeft zijn eigen complexiteiten en kan niet worden gelijkgesteld aan het westerse atheïsme. Het Chinese atheïsme is niet te wijten aan het darwinisme of een nieuw atheïsme van het type Dawkins. Het atheïsme in China is gebaseerd op een unieke reeks culturele, politieke en intellectuele factoren. Het moet als een op zichzelf staand fenomeen worden bestudeerd.

36 The history of atheism in China has its own complexities and cannot be equated with Western atheism. Chinese atheism is not due to Darwinism or a Dawkins type of new atheism. Atheism in China is based on a unique set of cultural, political and intellectual factors. It has to be studied on its own.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.

38 Ibid, p. 55.

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Beschikbaar op: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Geraadpleegd op 2 oktober 216].

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].

40Sommige ideeën in dit hoofdstuk zijn geïnspireerd door en aangepast van Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Beschikbaar op: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the-absurdity-of-life-without-god [Geraadpleegd op 23 november 2016].

40Some of ideas in this chapter have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Hoofdstuk 1. Beschikbaar op: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Geraadpleegd op 2 oktober 2016].

41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

42 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 12, Vers 87.

42 The Qur’an, Chapter 12, Verse 87.

43 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 99, Versen 6 tot 8.

43 The Qur’an, Chapter 99, Verses 6 to 8.

44 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 45, Vers 22.

44 The Qur’an, Chapter 45, Verse 22.

45 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 50, Vers 35.

45 The Qur’an, Chapter 50, Verse 35.

46 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 10, Vers 26.

46 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 26.

47 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 36, Versen 55 tot 58.

47 The Qur’an, Chapter 36, Verses 55 to 58.

48 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 17, Vers 70.

48 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 70.

49 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 3, Vers 191.

49 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

50 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk, 32, Vers 18.

50 The Qur’an, Chapter, 32, Verse 18.

51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.

52 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 57, Versen 20 tot 21.

52 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verses 20 to 21.

53 Geciteerd in BBC (geen datum) Radio 4 - in our time - grootste filosoof - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Beschikbaar op: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgenstein.shtml [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].

54 Geciteerd in Pollan, S. M. en Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

54 Cited in Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Beschikbaar op:

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Toegang op 2

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2

[2nd oktober 2016].

nd October 2016].

56 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 3, Vers 191.

56 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

58 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 7, Vers 128.

58 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 128.

59 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 39, Vers 29.

59 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2de editie. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

61 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 11, Vers 105.

61 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 105.

62 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 25, Vers 75.

62 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verse 75.

63 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 59, Vers 19.

63 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.

65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.

66 BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

67 Basisveronderstellingen van de wetenschap (geen datum) Beschikbaar op: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Geraadpleegd op 14 november 2016].

67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Beschikbaar op: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Geraadpleegd op 4 oktober 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Available at: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Accessed 4th October 2016].

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Beschikbaar op: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Geraadpleegd op 4 oktober 2016].

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.

73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.

74 Sage, James. “Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

75 Ibid, p. 104.

76 Ibid.

77 Ibid.

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Kan evolutie onze waarheidsbetrouwbare cognitieve vermogens adequaat verklaren? Beschikbaar op: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately-explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Geraadpleegd op 30 september 2019].

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].

79 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 41, Vers 53.

79 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.

80 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 47, Vers 24.

80 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 24.

81 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 11, Vers 51.

81 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 51.

82 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 3, Vers 190.

82 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.

84 Overgenomen en aangepast van Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

84 Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

85 De reactie op dit bezwaar is geïnspireerd op en aangepast van Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Beschikbaar op: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Geraadpleegd op 24 oktober 2016].

85 The response to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].

86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

87 Searle, J. (1990). Is de geest van het brein een computerprogramma? Scientific American, 262: 27.

87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.

88 Ibid, p. 30.

89 Ibid. Voor reacties op andere bezwaren en meer details over dit onderwerp zie: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

89 Ibid. For responses to other objections and more detail on this topic please see: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, en zie: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

91 BBC Today. (2008). Beschikbaar op: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2de editie. Geredigeerd door Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4de editie. Geredigeerd door Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Beschikbaar op: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725-3l3b.html [Geraadpleegd op 4 oktober 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

98 Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

99 Ibid, 74.

100 Ibid.

101 Ibid, 79.

102 Ibid, 81.

103 Ibid, 82.

104 Ibid, 83.

105 Ibid, 84.

106 Ibid.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. en Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3de editie. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3rd Edition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrated by Muslim.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Vertaald door Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.

113 Ibid. Vol 6, p. 73.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.

115 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 16, Vers 69.

115 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 69.

116 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 10, Vers 24.

116 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

117 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 52, Versen 35 en 36.

117 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

118 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 28, Vers 56.

118 The Qur’an, Chapter 28, Verse 56.

119 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 14, Vers 10.

119 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 10.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Vertaling en aantekeningen door Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

122 Ibid, p. 203

123 Geciteerd in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

123 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

124 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 52, Versen 35 en 36.

124 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

126 Dit argument is geïnspireerd op en aangepast van Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Beschikbaar op: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Geraadpleegd op 23 november 2016].

126 This argument has been inspired by and adapted from Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Available at: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf en H. Putnam (red.), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

128 Quine: Termen uitgelegd. Beschikbaar op: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Geraadpleegd op 23 oktober 2016].

128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Beschikbaar op: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Geraadpleegd op 23 november 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.

1714. Beschikbaar op: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Toegangsdatum 4

1714. Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Accessed 4

[10 oktober 2016].

th October 2016].

131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

132 Ibid.

133 Ibid, p. 105.

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ door Lawrence M. Krauss. Beschikbaar op: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Beschikbaar op: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Geraadpleegd op 9

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9

[10 oktober 2016].

th October 2016].

136 Analogieën aangepast van Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Beschikbaar op: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Geraadpleegd op 9 oktober 2016].

136 Analogies adapted from Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9th October 2016].

137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, red., The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.

139 Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

140 Ibid p. 147.

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Beschikbaar op: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Geraadpleegd op 10 september 2016].

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Accessed 10th September 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Beschikbaar op: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Geraadpleegd op 2 oktober 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Available at: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Vertaald door Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

144 Geciteerd in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Geredigeerd door Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

144 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

145 Dit voorbeeld is overgenomen uit Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

145 This example has been taken from Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

2

2e editie. Londen: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

nd Edition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

146 Dit voorbeeld is aangepast van Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (deel 2 van 3): A Series of Causes. Beschikbaar op: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Geraadpleegd op 2 oktober 2016].

146 This example has been adapted from Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (deel 2 van 3): A Series of Causes. Beschikbaar op: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Geraadpleegd op 2

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2

[2nd oktober 2016].

nd October 2016].

148 Geciteerd in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

149Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.

150 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

150 Narrated by Bukhari.

151 Geciteerd in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

151 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

152 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 112, Versen 2 en 3.

152 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 2 and 3.

153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

155 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 42, Vers 11.

155 The Qur’an, Chapter 42, Verse 11.

156 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 58, Vers 7.

156 The Qur’an, Chapter 58, Verse 7.

157 Dit is een schatting gebaseerd op het aantal waterstofatomen dat besloten ligt in het geschatte totale aantal sterren in het waarneembare universum. Het aantal is hoger als andere atomen worden meegerekend.

157 This is an estimate based on the number of hydrogen atoms that are contained in the estimated total number of stars in the observable universe. The number is higher if other atoms are included.

158 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 24, Vers 45.

158 The Qur’an, Chapter 24, Verse 45.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Vertaald uit het Arabisch, ingeleid en geannoteerd door Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

160 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 2, Vers 20.

160 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 20.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Uitgegeven door Dr. Abdullah Al-Turki en Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Edited by Dr. Adullah Al-Turki and Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.

162 Geïnspireerd en aangepast van Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - deel 2. Beschikbaar op: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Geraadpleegd op 13 november 2016].

162 Inspired and adapted from Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Available at: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Accessed 13th November 2016].

163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2de editie. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

164 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 11, Vers 107.

164 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 107.

165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.

166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.

167 Het antwoord op dit bezwaar is geïnspireerd door en aangepast van Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Beschikbaar op: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Geraadpleegd op 27 september 2019].

167 The answer to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].

168 Huemer, H en Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

169 Dit voorbeeld is aangepast van Immanuel Kant. Zie Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Vertaald door N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.

169 This is example is adapted from Immanuel Kant. See Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Beschikbaar op: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Geraadpleegd op 26 september 2019].

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

171 Aangepast van Craig, W. en Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. en Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

171 Adapted from Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Beschikbaar op: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Geraadpleegd op 26 september 2019].

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Conceptversie. Beschikbaar op: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Geraadpleegd op 22 oktober 2016].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].

174 Veel concepten van het argument dat in dit hoofdstuk wordt gepresenteerd, zijn aangepast van en geïnspireerd door de islamitische geleerdentraditie en hedendaags christelijk filosofisch werk. Zie Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1e editie, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Beschikbaar op: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Geraadpleegd op 20 oktober 2019].

174 Many concepts of the argument presented in this chapter have been adapted from and inspired by the Islamic scholarly tradition and contemporary Christian philosophical work. See Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

175 Voor een diepgaande discussie over noodzakelijkheid zie Pruss, R. en Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

175 For an in-depth discussion on necessity please see Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

176 Dit gedeelte is geïnspireerd door en aangepast naar Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

Beschikbaar op: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Geraadpleegd op 20 oktober 2019].

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Accessed 20th October 2019].

177 Analogie aangepast van Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2de editie. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

177 Analogy adapted from Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

178 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 3, Vers 97.

178 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 97.

179 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 35, Vers 15.

179 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 15.

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Redactie van Saami As-Salaama. 2

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2

2e editie. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Uitgegeven door Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3e editie. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

184 Godwin, S. J. (geen datum). Transcript van het Russell/Copleston radio-debat. Beschikbaar op: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Geraadpleegd op 4 oktober 2016].

184 Godwin, S. J. (no date). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Available at: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

185 Aangepast van Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Deel 2 - William Lane Craig. Beschikbaar op:

185 Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Toegestaan op 20 oktober 2019].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].

186 Delen van het antwoord op dit bezwaar zijn aangepast aan en geïnspireerd door Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Beschikbaar op: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Geraadpleegd op 20 oktober 2019].

186Parts of the answer to this objection has been adapted from and inspired by Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

187Pruss, R. en Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

187Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.

189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.

190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.

191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.

192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (red.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

194 De volgende 5 punten zijn overgenomen en aangepast van Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

194 The following 5 points have been taken and adapted from Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). Wat is bewustzijn? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Beschikbaar op: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

197 Manzoti, R. en Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. en Robinson, H. (red.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

197 Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

198 Ibid.

199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., en Wilken, P. (red.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (red.). Beschikbaar op: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Geraadpleegd op 4 oktober 2016].

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].

202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.

203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.

204 Ibid, p. 109.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

206 De bovenstaande discussie is overgenomen en aangepast van de relevante lezing en seminarie-discussie die werd gehouden tijdens mijn postdoctorale studie (Master in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London op 16 november 2016.

206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) “Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (red.). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Een versie van dit essay is online te vinden op: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Geraadpleegd op 21 november 2016].

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.

213 Ibid.

214 Ibid.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Geraadpleegd op 30 augustus 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip en Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

217 Ibid, 31.

218 Ibid, 30.

219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.

220 Ibid, p. 21.

221 Ibid, p. 22.

222 Ibid, p. 24.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (red.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.

224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8

de editie. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (red.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (red.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.

228 Ibid, p. 26.

229 Ibid, pp. 29-30.

230 Ibid, p. 30.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. en Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2de editie. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.

234 Seager, W. en Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (red.). Beschikbaar online op: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.

236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.

237 Ibid, p. 192.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. en Moreland, J. P. (red.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

239 Ibid p. 150.

240 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 2, Vers 255.

240 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 255.

241 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 67, Vers 14.

241 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 14.

242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. en Robinson, H. (red.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

243 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 17, Vers 85.

243 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 85.

244 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 30, Vers 8.

244 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 8.

245 Analogie aangepast van Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Aangepaste versie. Beschikbaar op: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Geraadpleegd op 24 oktober 2016] 246 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 55, Versen 5 tot 7.

245 Analogy adapted from Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016] 246 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 5 to 7.

247 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 3, Vers 190.

247 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

248 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 16, Vers 12.

248 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 12.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (red. en vert.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Vertaald door Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. en Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

252 Ibid.

253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.

255 Geciteerd in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

255 Cited in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.

257 Ward, P. D. en Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

258 Ibid, pp. 221-222.

259 ‘Geen Jupiter, geen geavanceerd leven?’ - Evolutie kan onmogelijk zijn in stelsels zonder een reuzenplaneet. (2012). Beschikbaar op: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Geraadpleegd op 2 oktober 2016].

259 ‘No Jupiter, no advanced life? ’ - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

260 Rasio, F.A. en E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

260 Rasio, F.A. and E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

261 Ward, P. D. en Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

262 Ibid, p. 227.

263 Ibid, p. 223.

264 Ibid.

265 Geïnspireerd door en aangepast naar Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentatie. Beschikbaar op: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Geraadpleegd op 24 oktober 2016].

265 Inspired by and adapted from Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].

266 Ibid.

267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.

269 Geciteerd in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

269 Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

270 Ibid.

271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Beschikbaar op: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Geraadpleegd op 5 oktober 2016].

271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

272 Aangepast uit Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

272 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

273 Ik ben Abu Hurayra dankbaar voor zijn bijdrage aan het weerleggen van deze bezwaren. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

273 I am grateful to Abu Hurayra for his contribution in responding to these objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

275 Beide punten zijn aangepast naar de behandeling van professor William Lane Craig over dit onderwerp. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. en Craig, W. L. (red.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

275 Both points have been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the issue. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

276 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 112, Versen 1 tot 4.

276 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 1 to 4.

277 Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.

278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Aangepaste versie. Beschikbaar op: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Geraadpleegd op 24 oktober 2016].

278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].

279 Aangepast uit Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

279 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

280 Ibid.

281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.

282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.

283 De argumenten die in dit hoofdstuk worden gepresenteerd, inclusief enkele van de ideeën, zijn geïnspireerd op en aangepast van Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Beschikbaar op: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Geraadpleegd op 24 oktober 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

283 The arguments presented in this chapter, including some of the ideas, have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

284 Ibid.

285 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 52, Vers 28.

285 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 28.

286 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 7, Vers 28.

286 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.

289 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 2, Vers 163.

289 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 163.

290 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 59, Versen 22 tot 24.

290 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verses 22 to 24.

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2de editie, p. 99. Beschikbaar op: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Geraadpleegd op 4 oktober 2016].

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Beschikbaar op: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Geraadpleegd op 24 oktober 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016].

293 Geciteerd in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. en Moreland, J. P. (red.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

293 Cited in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

294 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 21, Vers 22.

294 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 22.

295 Al-Mahalli, J. en As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Vertaald door Aisha Bewley. Londen: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. en As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3de editie. Caïro: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. U kunt online een exemplaar raadplegen op: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Vertaald met voetnoten, index en bibliografie door Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

297 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 7, Vers 28.

297 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

298Voor meer informatie over de goddelijke aard van de Qur’an, lees alstublieft: Khan, N. A. en Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute en Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.

298For more on the Divine nature of the Qur’an, please read: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute and Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.

299 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 29, Vers 46.

299 The Qur’an, Chapter 29, Verse 46.

300 Overgeleverd door Tirmidhi.

300 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

301 Het probleem van het kwaad en het argument van het lijden is op verschillende manieren geuit. Sommige van de argumenten gebruiken de woorden goed, barmhartig, liefdevol of vriendelijk door elkaar. Ondanks het wisselende gebruik van woorden, blijft het argument hetzelfde. In plaats van het woord goed te gebruiken, kunnen termen als barmhartig, liefdevol, vriendelijk, enz., ook worden gebruikt. Het probleem van het kwaad gaat ervan uit dat het traditionele concept van God een attribuut moet bevatten dat zou impliceren dat God niet wil dat het kwaad en het lijden bestaan. Daarom heeft het gebruik van alternatieve woorden zoals barmhartig, liefdevol en vriendelijk geen invloed op het argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Beschikbaar op: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of%20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2020].

301 The problem of evil and suffering argument has been expressed in a number of different ways. Some of the arguments use the words good, merciful, loving or kind interchangeably. Despite the varying use of words, the argument remains the same. Instead of using the word good, terms such as merciful, loving, kind, etc., can also be used. The problem of evil assumes that the traditional concept of God must include an attribute that would imply God does not want evil and suffering to exist. Hence, using alternative words such as merciful, loving and kind do not affect the argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2020].

303 Ibid.

304 Ibid.

305 Ibid.

306 Ibid.

307 Deze aanname is overgenomen uit de behandeling van professor William Lane Craig over het probleem van het kwaad. Moreland, J. P. en Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. Zie hoofdstuk 27.

307 This assumption has been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the problem of evil. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.

309 Dit deel van het verhaal toont de barmhartigheid van God. Alle kinderen treden het paradijs binnen—dat eeuwige geluk is—ongeacht hun overtuigingen en daden. Daarom moet het feit dat God de man inspireerde om de jongen te doden, worden begrepen door de lens van barmhartigheid en mededogen.

309 This part of the story shows God’s mercy. All children enter paradise—which is eternal bliss—regardless of their beliefs and actions. Therefore, God inspiring the man to kill the boy is to be understood through the lens of mercy and compassion.

310 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 18, Versen 65 tot 82.

310 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verses 65 to 82.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.

312 Ibid.

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Redactie van Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

315 Geciteerd in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

315 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

316 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 51, Vers 56.

316 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

317 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 67, Vers 2.

317 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 2.

318 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 39, Vers 7.

318 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 7.

319 Overgeleverd door Tirmidhi.

319 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

320 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 2, Vers 214.

320 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 214.

321 De Qur’an Hoofdstuk 2, Vers 286.

321 The Qur’an Chapter 2, Verse 286.

322 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 5, Vers 100.

322 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 100.

323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, teruggaand naar Al-Hasan Al-Basri, die het toeschrijft aan de Profeet Muhammad ﷺ. De geleerden hebben deze profetische traditie als hasan geclassificeerd; het niveau van authenticiteit is goed.

323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, traced back to Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who ascribes it to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The scholars have graded this Prophetic tradition as hasan; its level of authenticity is good.

324 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 57, Vers 20.

324 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verse 20.

325 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

325 Narrated by Muslim.

326 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

326 Narrated by Bukhari.

327 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

327 Narrated by Muslim.

328 Overgeleverd door Bukhari. 329 Iemand die een zelfmoordaanslag pleegt of zich bezighoudt met terrorisme en daar als gevolg van sterft, wordt niet als martelaar beschouwd. Deze kwaadaardige daden zijn verboden in de Islam.

328 Narrated by Bukhari. 329 Anyone that attempts suicide bombing or engages in terrorism and dies as a result is not considered a martyr. These evil acts are forbidden in Islam.

330 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

330 Narrated by Muslim.

331 Overgeleverd door Ahmad.

331 Narrated by Ahmad.

332 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

332 Narrated by Muslim.

333 Ibid.

334 Ibid.

335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Beschikbaar op:

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Toegestaan op 2 oktober 2016].

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.

338 Aangepast van DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Beschikbaar op: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Geraadpleegd op 2 oktober 2016].

338 Adapted from DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, red., The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2de editie, p. 99. Beschikbaar op: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Geraadpleegd op 4 oktober 2016].

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Beschikbaar op: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Geraadpleegd op 18 oktober 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Beschikbaar op: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Geraadpleegd op 4 oktober 2016].

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. en Sosa, E. (red.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.

347 Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

348 Zie Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. en Muller, G. B. (red.). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; en Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

348 See Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

349 Barker, G. en Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

349 Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

350 Annas, J. en Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Oorspronkelijk gepubliceerd in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2de editie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

352 Ibid, p. 305.

353 Ibid, pp. 304-5.

354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.

355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.

357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 sept. Beschikbaar op: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Geraadpleegd op 10 mei 2018].

358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Beschikbaar op: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Geraadpleegd op 2

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2

[2 oktober 2016].

nd October 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, sectie 88. Beschikbaar op: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Geraadpleegd op 4 oktober 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, red., The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.

363 Ibid, p.149.

364 Ibid, p.150.

365 Ibid.

366 Ibid.

367 Ibid, p.151.

368 Ibid, p.156.

369 Ibid, pp. 156-157.

370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.

371 Ibid, p 69.

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, sectie 91. Beschikbaar op: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Geraadpleegd op 4 oktober 2016].

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

373 Ibid, sectie 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2de editie. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.

373 Ibid, section 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.

375 Ibid, pp. 64-65.

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Ook beschikbaar op: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

0H.%20Harman%20-%20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Toegang op 4 oktober 2016].

0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].

377 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 96, Vers 1.

377 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verse 1.

378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.

379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2de editie. Vertaald door Muhammad Jasan Askari en Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Vertaald door Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Herzien en bewerkt door Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

382 Geciteerd in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

382 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Vertaald door Franz Rosenthal. Hoofdstuk 6, Sectie 58. Beschikbaar op: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Geraadpleegd op 9 oktober 2016].

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Uitgegeven door Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.

388 Persoonlijk interview met Professor Angelika Neuwrith in het Duits. Een kopie van de opname is op aanvraag beschikbaar.

388 Personal interview with Professor Angelika Neuwrith in German. A copy of the recording is available on request.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Koranexegese (Tafsir) van soera al-Fatiha en soera al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Vertaald door Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

390 Geciteerd in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Koranexegese (Tafsir) van soera al Fatiha en soera al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

390 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

391 Palmer, E. H. (vert.). (1900). The Qur’an. Deel I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. De Grote Overwinning op de Koranexegese (Tafsir): Een Handboek van de Principes en Subtiliteiten van Koranexegese (Tafsir). Vertaald, met inleiding en annotaties door Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.

397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.

398 Ibid.

399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.

403 Ibid, p. 94.

404 Geciteerd in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

405 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

406 Ibid, p.15; en zie Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

406 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Beschikbaar op: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Geraadpleegd op 5 oktober 2016].

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Beschikbaar op: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Geraadpleegd op 9 oktober 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].

410 Geciteerd in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.

413 Ibid, p. 188.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Bijgewerkte editie. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

415 Ibid.

416 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 108, Versen 1 tot 3.

416 The Qur’an, Chapter 108, Verses 1 to 3.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2de editie. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

418 Geciteerd in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. De oorspronkelijke vertaling is gewijzigd; de naam Allah is vervangen door God.

418 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (red.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

420 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 16, Vers 103.

420 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 103.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.

422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.

423 Ibid.

424 Hyltenstam, K. en Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Wie kan een moedertaalspreker worden in een tweede taal? Iedereen, sommigen, of niemand? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.

427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.

428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Vertaald en bewerkt door Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.

430 Islamic Awareness. (geen datum). De tekst van de Qur’an. Beschikbaar op: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. Available at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.

432 Bijvoorbeeld kunnen deze reproducties van de kunst van Picasso bevatten. Beschikbaar op: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Geraadpleegd op 6 oktober 2016].

432 For example these can include reproductions of Picasso’s art. Available at: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Accessed 6th October 2016].

433 Zie Textual Integrity of the Bible. Beschikbaar op: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Geraadpleegd op 7 oktober 2016].

433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].

434 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 18, Vers 109.

434 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verse 109.

435 De naam Muhammad wordt vier keer genoemd en Ahmad (een andere van zijn namen) wordt één keer genoemd. Zie http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad en http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Toegestaan op 24 oktober 2016].

435 The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016].

436 “Muhammad is niet de vader van een van jullie mannen; hij is de boodschapper van God en de zegel van de Profeten: God weet alles.” De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 33, Vers 40.

436 “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.” The Qur’an, Chapter 33, Verse 40.

437 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 81, Vers 22.

437 The Qur’an, Chapter 81, Verse 22.

438 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 53, Vers 2.

438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2.

439 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 48, Vers 29.

439 The Qur’an, Chapter 48, Verse 29.

440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.

441 Ibid, p. 52.

442 Ibid, pp. 53 – 79.

443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.

444 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

444 Narrated by Bukhari.

445 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

445 Narrated by Muslim.

446 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

446 Narrated by Muslim.

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volume 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Beschikbaar op: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Available at: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Accessed 1st October 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Beschikbaar op: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

451 Overgeleverd door Ibn Abi Shaybah. De keten van deze overlevering stopt bij een metgezel van de Profeet Muhammad ﷺ. Geleerden stellen dat deze overlevering authentiek is vanwege de transmissieketen en het feit dat het verwijst naar kennis van het onzichtbare. Sommige geleerden stellen dat, in het algemeen, een metgezel van de Profeet ﷺ geen uitspraak zou doen betreffende de eschatologie zonder verwijzing naar geopenbaarde kennis, zoals de woorden of de leringen van de Profeet ﷺ zelf.

451 Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah. The chain of this narration stops at a companion of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. Scholars maintain that this narration is sound due to its chain of transmission and the fact that it refers to knowledge of the unseen. Some scholars maintain that, in general, a companion of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم would not make a statement concerning eschatology without reference to revealed knowledge, such as the words or teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم himself.

452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.

453 Zie M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

453 See M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

454 Overgeleverd door Abu Dawud en Tirmidhi.

454 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

455 Overgeleverd door Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

455 Narrated by Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

456 Overgeleverd door Tirmidhi.

456 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

457 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

457 Narrated by Bukhari.

458 Ibid.

459 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

459 Narrated by Muslim.

460 Overgeleverd door Tirmidhi.

460 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

461 Ibid.

462 Overgeleverd door Bukhari en Muslim.

462 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

463 Overgeleverd door Tirmidhi.

463 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

464 Overgeleverd door Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi en Ibn Majah.

464 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah.

465 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

465 Narrated by Muslim.

466 Overgeleverd door Ibn Hibban.

466 Narrated by Ibn Hibban.

467 Overgeleverd door Ibn Majah.

467 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

468 Overgeleverd door Ahmad.

468 Narrated by Ahmad.

469 Ibid.

470 Overgeleverd door Abu Dawud en Tirmidhi.

470 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

471 Overgeleverd door Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

471 Narrated by Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

472 Overgeleverd door Tabarani.

472 Narrated by Tabarani.

473 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

473 Narrated by Bukhari.

474 Ibid.

475 Overgeleverd door Ahmad en Tirmidhi.

475 Narrated by Ahmad and Tirmidhi.

476 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

476 Narrated by Bukhari.

477 Overgeleverd door Bukhari, Muslim en Ahmad.

477 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

478 Overgeleverd door Bukhari en Muslim.

478 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

479 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

479 Narrated by Bukhari.

480 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

480 Narrated by Muslim.

481 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

481 Narrated by Bukhari.

482 Ibid.

483 Overgeleverd door Ibn Majah.

483 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

484 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

484 Narrated by Muslim.

485 Overgeleverd door Tirmidhi.

485 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

486 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

486 Narrated by Muslim.

487 Ibid.

488 Ibid.

489 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

489 Narrated by Bukhari.

490 Overgeleverd door Bukhari en Muslim.

490 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

491 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

491 Narrated by Bukhari.

492 Ibid.

493 Ibid.

494 Overgeleverd door Bukhari en Muslim.

494 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

495 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

495 Narrated by Bukhari.

496 Overgeleverd door An-Nasai.

496 Narrated by An-Nasai.

497 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

497 Narrated by Muslim.

498 Overgeleverd door Ahmad.

498 Narrated by Ahmad.

499 Geciteerd in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of rechter (Qadi) ‘Iyad. Vertaald door Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.

499 Cited in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.

500 Overgeleverd door Bukhari en Muslim.

500 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

501 Ibid.

502 Overgeleverd door Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani en Abu Nu’aym.

502 Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani and Abu Nu’aym.

503 Overgeleverd door Muslim.

503 Narrated by Muslim.

504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.

505 Overgeleverd door Tirmidhi.

505 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

506 Ibid.

507 Overgeleverd door Tirmidhi.

507 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

508 Ibid.

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Redactie van Shuayb Al-Arnaout en Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. Een online kopie is toegankelijk via: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Toegestaan op 1

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1

1 oktober 2016].

st October 2016].

510 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

510 Narrated by Bukhari.

511 Overgeleverd door Bukhari, Muslim en Ahmad.

511 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

512 Overgeleverd door Bukhari en Muslim.

512 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

513 Overgeleverd door Ibn Maajah en al-Haakim.

513 Narrated by Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim.

514 Overgeleverd door Tirmidhi.

514 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

515 Overgeleverd door Bukhari en Muslim.

515 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

516 Overgeleverd door Tirmidhi.

516 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

517 Ibid.

518 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 5, Vers 8.

518 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 8.

519 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 4, Vers 135.

519 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 135.

520 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 90, Versen 12 tot 18.

520 The Qur’an, Chapter 90, Verses 12 to 18.

521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.

522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.

523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:

The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 22-23.

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal-Muluk. Uitgegeven door Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3

3e editie. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. Een online kopie is toegankelijk op:

rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at:

https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Toegang op 1

https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Accessed 1

1 oktober 2016].

st October 2016].

525 Geciteerd in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

525 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

526 Overgeleverd door Yahya b. Adam in het boek van al-Kharaaj.

526 Narrated by Yahya b. Adam in the book of al-Kharaaj.

527 Overgeleverd door Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

527 Reported by Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1ste Editie. Geredigeerd door Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. Een online kopie is toegankelijk via: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Toegestaan op 1 oktober 2016].

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

529 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 21, Vers 107.

529 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 107.

530 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 7, Vers 156.

530 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

531 Geciteerd in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

531 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.

534 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 2, Vers 256.

534 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.

536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Uitgegeven door Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.

539 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 49, Vers 13.

539 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban rapporteerde in al-Sahih, via zijn overleveringsketen (Isnad), van Fadalah ibn Ubayd en Baihaqi.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban reported in al-Sahih, via his isnad, from Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Baihaqi.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

546 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

546 Narrated by Bukhari.

547 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 10, Vers 24.

547 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

548 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 96, Versen 1 tot 5.

548 The Qur'an, Chapter 96, Verses 1 to 5.

549 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 39, Vers 9.

549 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 9.

550 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 88, Versen 17 tot 20.

550 The Qur’an, Chapter 88, Verses 17 to 20.

551 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 3, Versen 190 en 191.

551 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verses 190 and 191.

552 Zie Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.

555 Zie voor details Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

555 For details see Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.

557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Beschikbaar op: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Geraadpleegd op 10 september 2016].

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Available at: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Accessed 10th September 2016].

559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Redactie van Abdullah Qaa’ir en Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. U kunt een online kopie downloaden op: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Geraadpleegd op 1 oktober 2016].

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. You can download an online copy at: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

561 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 47, Vers 19.

561 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 19.

562 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 7, Vers 180.

562 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 180.

563 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 4, Vers 48.

563 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 48.

564 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 25, Versen 68 en 70.

564 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 68 and 70.

565 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 23, Versen 99 en 100.

565 The Qur’an, Chapter 23, Verses 99 and 100.

566 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 3, Vers 117.

566 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 117.

567 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 3, Vers 182.

567 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 182.

568 Dit is gebaseerd op de volgende authentieke overlevering (Hadith) overgeleverd door Ahmad en Ibn Hibban: “Er zijn vier (die zullen protesteren) tegen God op de Dag der Opstanding: de dove man die nooit iets heeft gehoord, de krankzinnige man, de zeer oude man, en de man die stierf tijdens de fatrah (de tussenperiode tussen de tijd van Jezus (vrede zij met hem) en de tijd van Muhammad ﷺ). De dove man zal zeggen: ‘O Heer, de Islam kwam, maar ik heb nooit iets gehoord.’ De krankzinnige man zal zeggen: ‘O Heer, de Islam kwam, maar de kinderen renden achter mij aan en gooiden stenen naar mij.’ De zeer oude man zal zeggen: ‘O Heer, de Islam kwam, maar ik begreep niets.’ De man die stierf tijdens de fatrah zal zeggen: ‘O Heer, er is geen Boodschapper van U naar mij gekomen.’ Hij zal hun beloften van gehoorzaamheid accepteren, waarna het woord naar hen zal worden gezonden om de Brand in te gaan. Bij Degene in Wiens hand de ziel van Muhammad ﷺ is, als zij deze binnengaan, zal deze koel en veilig voor hen zijn.” Er zijn andere overleveringen (Hadith) en verzen uit de Qur'an die aangeven dat God niemand de hel zal laten binnengaan totdat de mensen de juiste boodschap van de Islam zijn gegeven.

568 This is based on the following authentic tradition narrated by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban: “There are four (who will protest) to God on the Day of Resurrection: the deaf man who never heard anything, the insane man, the very old man, and the man who died during the fatrah (the interval between the time of Jesus (upon whom be peace) and the time of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The deaf man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I never heard anything.’ The insane man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but the children ran after me and threw stones at me.’ The very old man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I did not understand anything.’ The man who died during the fatrah will say, ‘O Lord, no Messenger from You came to me.’ He will accept their promises of obedience, then word will be sent to them to enter the Fire. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, if they enter it, it will be cool and safe for them.” There are other hadiths and verses of the Qur’an that indicate that God will not allow anyone to enter hell until people have been given the correct message of Islam.

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Geredigeerd door M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. Een online kopie is beschikbaar op: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Geraadpleegd op 21 november 2016].

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Edited by M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. An online copy is available at: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

570 Ibid.

571 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 3, Vers 113. Dit vers verwijst naar de ‘mensen van het boek’. Dit principe is echter van toepassing op alle groepen mensen.

571 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 113. This verse refers to the ‘people of the book’. However, the principle applies to all groups of people.

572 Ibid.

573 Overgeleverd door Bukhari.

573 Narrated by Bukhari.

574 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 7, Vers 55.

574 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 55.

575 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 40, Vers 65.

575 The Qur’an, Chapter 40, Verse 65.

576 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk, 20, Vers 14.

576 The Qur’an, Chapter, 20, Verse 14.

577 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 2, Vers 29.

577 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 29.

578 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 7, Vers 191.

578 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 191.

579 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 35, Vers 3.

579 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 3.

580 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 96, Versen 6 en 7.

580 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verses 6 and 7.

581 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 92, Versen 8 tot 12.

581 The Qur’an, Chapter 92, Verses 8 to 12.

582 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 14, Vers 34.

582 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 34.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Vertaald met een inleiding en aantekeningen door Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.

585 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 7, Vers 156.

585 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

586 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 55, Versen 1 en 2.

586 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 1 and 2.

587 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 85, Vers 14.

587 The Qur’an, Chapter 85, Verse 14.

588 Overgeleverd door Abu Dawud.

588 Narrated by Abu Dawud.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali over Liefde, Verlangen, Intimiteit & Tevredenheid, p. 23.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.

590 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 3, Vers 31.

590 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 31.

591 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 51, Vers 56.

591 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

592 Gehoorzaamheid aan de Profeet Muhammad ﷺ is een gevolg van het gehoorzamen van Allah, aangezien Hij ons gebiedt dit te doen.

592 Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is a consequence of obeying God, as He commands us to do so.

593 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 3, Vers 132.

593 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 132.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.

595 Ibid, p. 123.

596 Mahali, J en Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 De Koran, Hoofdstuk 11, Versen 118 en 119.

596 Mahali, J and Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verses 118 and 119.

598 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 25, Versen 43 en 44.

598 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 43 and 44.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 De Qur'an, Hoofdstuk 59, Vers 19.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

602 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 39, Vers 29.

602 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

603 Geciteerd in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Beschikbaar op: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Geraadpleegd op 6 oktober 2016].

603 Cited in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].

604 De structuur en inhoud van dit hoofdstuk zijn aangepast van Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Beschikbaar op: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Geraadpleegd op 24 oktober 2016].

604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].

605 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 82, Vers 6.

605 The Qur’an, Chapter 82, Verse 6.

606 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 20, Vers 44.

606 The Qur’an, Chapter 20, Verse 44.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, p. 65.

608 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 16, Vers 125.

608 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 125.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Uitgegeven door Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Edited by Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

610 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 14, Versen 24 tot 27.

610 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verses 24 to 27.

611 De Qur’an, Hoofdstuk 41, Vers 34

611 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 34