“Insoniy fan ixtiyor, qaror, aql yoki harakat tanlovi masalalari paydo bo‘lgan zahoti, insoniy fan ojiz qoladi.” — Noam Chomsky Klonlash bilan bog‘liq bahs yana qayta jonlandi, va olimlar, pro-hayotchilar, siyosatchilar hamda diniy arboblar uni to‘g‘ri va noto‘g‘ri nuqtai nazaridan aniqlashga harakat qilmoqdalar. Klonlashni qo‘llab-quvvatlovchi olimlar klonlangan embrionlardan olingan to‘qima materiali Parkinson, Motor neyron yoki diabet kabi og‘ir kasalliklarni davolashda yangi yutuqlarga olib kelishi mumkinligini ta’kidlaydilar. Boshqa tomondan, cherkov va hayotni himoya qiluvchi harakatlar embrionni klonlash hayot hisoblanadi, embrionni yo‘q qilish esa boshqa har qanday inson hayotini yo‘q qilishdan farq qilmaydi, deb ta’kidlaydilar. G‘arb siyosatchilari ham ikki qarash o‘rtasida keskin bo‘linib qolgan. 2003 yilda Oq uy matbuot kotibi AQSh prezidenti Jorj Bushning bu xabardan “chuqur xavotirga tushganini” aytdi va bu yangilik AQShda insoniy klonlashni taqiqlovchi qonunchilikka ehtiyoj borligini ko‘rsatganini qo‘shimcha qildi. Boshqa siyosatchilar, xususan biotexnologiya kompaniyalari bilan yaqin aloqada bo‘lganlar esa insoniy klonlashning qizg‘in tarafdorlari hisoblanadi. Xo‘sh, kim haq?

“As soon as questions of will or decision or reason or choice of action arise, human science is at a loss.” -- Noam Chomsky loning has rekindled the ongoing debate centred on ethical concerns, which scientists, procreationists, politicians and religious personalities are struggling to define in terms of right and wrong. Scientists, who favour cloning, argue that the tissue material from cloned embryos could lead to breakthroughs in the treatment of severe human diseases such as Parkinson’ s, Motor Neuron or Diabetes. On the other hand the Church and pro-life campaigners argue that the cloning of embryos constitutes life, and to terminate an embryo would be no different to terminating the life of any other human being. Western politicians are also deeply divided between the two views. In 2003, White House spokesman said that US President George Bush had found the news “deeply troubling”, and added that the news underscored the need for legislation to ban all human cloning in the US. While other politicians most notably those with close ties with biotechnology firms are fervent supporters of human cloning. So who is right?

G'arbda ko'p odamlar fan inson xatti-harakatlari haqida haqiqatlarni to'liq bera oladi, va bu haqiqatlar keyinchalik odamlarning hayotini boshqarish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin, deb hisoblaydilar. Bu qarash noto'g'ri, chunki ilmiy tafakkur faqat laboratoriya sharoitida moddiy narsalarni o'rganishga mos keladigan o'ziga xos turdagi tafakkurdir. Bunday sharoitda hech qanday axloqiy haqiqat ochilmaydi va topilmaydi. Buning sababi shundaki, moddiy narsalarda ichki axloqiy sifat yo'q, u tajriba jarayonida to'g'ri yoki noto'g'ri sifatida namoyon bo'ladi.

Many people in the West believe that science is fully capable of providing truths about human behaviour, which in turn can be used to govern people’ s lives. This view is erroneous as the scientific thought is a particular type of thought only suited to the study of material objects under laboratory conditions. Under these conditions no ethical truths are revealed or discovered. This is because material objects do not possess an inherent ethical attribute, which during experimentation manifests itself as right or wrong.

Fan faqat qanday ishlashini tushuntira oladi va u "bu to'g'rimi?" yoki "bu ruxsat etilishi kerakmi?" kabi savollarga javob bera olmaydi. Xuddi shu gap inson xulq-atvorini sun'iy ravishda o'rganish deb ataladigan narsaga ham tegishli. Insonlar axloqiy kodeks bilan tug'ilmaydi va inson harakatlarida olғ'ilishi ularni to'g'ri yoki noto'g'ri deb hal qilishga yordam beradigan ichki axloqiy sifat ham yo'q. Masalan, fan nasl qoldirish jarayonining qanday kechishini tushuntira oladi, lekin nikohdan tashqarida yoki nikoh ichida jinsiy munosabatda bo'lish, aka-singil o'rtasida yoki katta odam bilan bola o'rtasida bunday munosabatda bo'lish to'g'rimi-yo'qmi, bunni aytib bera oladimi? Qarindoshlik zinosi bilan shug'ullanadigan yoki bolalarni jinsiy zo'ravonlikka uchratadiganlar og'ir og'malar sifatida belgilanadi va jamiyat tomonidan nafratlanadi. Ilgari gomoseksual munosabatlar haqida ham xuddi shunday deyilgan, to'xtovsiz, yaqinda jamoatchilik fikri o'zgarib, gomoseksualizm g'oya sifatida qabul qilinadigan bo'lgan.

Science can only provide explanation of how things function and cannot answer questions such as ‘is it right?’ , or ‘should this be allowed?’ The same argument applies to the so called scientific study of human behaviour. Human beings are not born with an ethical code, nor do human actions have an intrinsic ethical quality, which helps the scientist decide whether the action is right or wrong. For instance science can explain the process by which procreation occurs, but can it tell us whether it is right to have sexual relationships in or out of wedlock, between brother and sister or between an adult and a child? Those who choose to engage in incest or sexually abuse children are branded deviants and abhorred by society. The same was said about homosexual relationships, until recently, when public opinion was changed to make homosexuality acceptable as an idea.

Olim keyin bir olim ba'zi odamlar o'z jinsidagi kishilarga moyillik bilan tug'ilishini taklif qildi. Agar isbotlansa-chi, odamlar inses, bolalarni jinsiy zo'ravonlik qilish yoki qotillikka moyillik bilan tug'iladi, bu harakatlarni biron jihatdan to'g'ri qilarmidi? Jamiyat bu harakatlarni maqbul deb qabul qilarmidi?

Scientist then suggested that some people were born with the inclination to prefer people of the same gender. If it were proven that people were born with a tendency to commit incest, sexually abuse children or murder would that in any way make it right? Would these actions be regarded as acceptable by society?

Ilm insoniy harakatlar ustida axloqiy hukm chiqarishga qodir emas va hech qachon insoniyat uchun axloq kodeksini bera olmaydi. Aslida odamlar hayotga oid muayyan qarash asosida yashaydi, va bu qarash ularning moyilliklarini va didini shakllantiradi.

Science is unable to pass ethical judgements especially on human actions and can never provide a code of ethics for mankind. In reality, people live according to a specific viewpoint of life, which shapes their inclinations and tastes.

Bu hayot qarashi aqidadan kelib chiqadi va muayyan tizimni yuzaga keltiradi, bu tizim odamlarni bir-biriga bog'lab, o'ziga xos jamiyatni vujudga keltiradi. Aqida o'zining hayot qarashi bilan birga jamiyatni boshqarishga mas'ul bo'lgan axloq kodeksini yuzaga keltiradi.

This viewpoint of life emanates from a creed and gives rise to a specific system, which binds people together to produce a distinctive society. The creed coupled with its viewpoint of life produces a code of ethics responsible for governing society.

G'arbiy jamiyatlarda to'g'ri va noto'g'ri nimaligini belgilaydigan narsa — bu dunyoviy e'tiqod va uning foyda asosiga qurilgan hayotga qarashi. Amalda xalqning saylangan vakillari bo'lgan siyosatchilarga jamiyat nomidan nima to'g'ri, nima noto'g'ri ekanini hal qilish vazifasi yuklatiladi. Siyosatchilar qonun chiqarish jarayonida ilmiy faktlar yoki boshqa manbalardan kelgan dalillarni hisobga olishlari mumkin, ammo oxir-oqibatda G'arb qarashi, ya'ni foyda, axloqning mezoni bo'lib qoladi. Shu sababli G'arb siyosatchilari o'zlariga va homiylariga eng katta foyda keltiradigan axloqiy qarashlarga amal qilishlari odatiy holdir. Bunday qarashlarning homiylari odatda katta biznes, boy sanoatchilar va nufuzli tashkilotlar kabi kuchli manfaatdor guruhlardir. Ko'pincha bu kuchli guruhlar o'rtasida to'qnashuv yuz beradi, chunki har bir guruh o'z manfaatlarini himoya qilish uchun siyosatchilarga bosim o'tkazadi. Bunday vaziyatda siyosatchilar bu manfaatdor guruhlarni xursand qiladigan murosali qaror izlaydilar. Shunga qaramay, ikkala holatda ham haqiqatni izlashga jiddiy urinish qilinmaydi; barcha tomonlarning asosiy maqsadi o'z manfaatlarini himoya qilishdir. Masalan, inson klonlash masalasida Tony Blairning "Yangi Leyborist" partiyasi biotexnologiya kompaniyalari bilan yaqin aloqada bo'lgani uchun inson klonlashini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, shu bilan birga, abortga qarshi xayriya tashkiloti "Life" kabi muxolifat guruhlari inson klonlashning barcha shakllarini to'liq taqiqlashni xohlaydi.

In western societies it is the secular creed together with its view point on life based on benefit, which determines what is right and wrong. In practice the politicians who are the elected representatives of the people are given the responsibility of deciding what is right and wrong on behalf of society. Politicians may entertain scientific facts or arguments from other sources during the law making process, but ultimately the Western point of view i.e. benefit determines ethics. Therefore it is common to find western politicians subscribing to those ethical views, which provide them and their sponsors with the greatest amount of benefit. Usually the sponsors of such views are powerful interest groups such as big businesses, wealthy industrialists and influential organisations. Often there is a clash between these powerful groups as each group competes by lobbying politicians to protect their interests. In such circumstances politicians seek a compromise verdict to appease these interest groups. Nevertheless, in both cases no serious attempt is made to seek the truth, the foremost concern of all parties is to safeguard their interests. For instance on the issue of human cloning Tony Blair’ s New Labour party, which has close links with biotech companies, is in favour of human cloning, while opposition groups such as the anti-abortion charity, Life, want a total ban on all forms of human cloning.

Nihoyat, hukumat o'rtacha yechim izlab, inson embrionlarini klonlashni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi qonun qabul qildi, ammo insonni klonlashni taqiqladi. Bu axloqiy pozitsiya aniq noto'g'ri, chunki u asl savolga javob bermaydi.

In the end, the government sought a middle ground and enacted legislation to support the cloning of human embryosxix, but outlawed the cloning of a human being. An ethical position which is definitely incorrect, as it fails to provide an answer to the original question.

Gʻarbning hayot tarzidagi asosiy kamchiligi shundaki, axloqiy me'yorlar doimiy ravishda manfaat atrofida oʻzgarib, evolyutsiya qilib boradi. Mutlaq haqiqat yoki yolgʻon, toʻgʻri yoki notoʻgʻri yoʻq. Bir davrda yomon va jirkanch deb hisoblangan narsa boshqa vaqtlarda maqtovga sazovor boʻladi va yuksaltiriladi. Masalan, zino, gomoseksualizm, nikohsiz tugʻilgan bolalar va kannabisni iste'mol qilish masalalarini olaylik. Bularning barchasi oʻtmishda yomon koʻrilgan, lekin hozir jamiyat tomonidan qabul qilinmoqda.

A major flaw of Western way of life is that ethical standards constantly evolve and change around benefit. There is no absolute truth or falsehood, right or wrong. What is viewed as evil and abhorrent in a particular age is praised and raised high at different times. Take for example the issues of adultery, homosexuality, and children born out of wedlock or the taking of cannabis. All of these issues have been despised in the past, but now are accepted by society.

Shunga o'xshash ravishda, odamlar tomonidan noto'g'ri deb hisoblangan narsani boshqa odamlar, ular bilan bir xil qadriyatlarni baham ko'rgan holda, to'g'ri deb hisoblaydi. Masalan, Yevropaliklar o'lim jazosini vahshiylik deb hisoblaydilar, Amerikaliklar esa uni jazoning madaniyatli shakli sifatida qo'llab-quvvatlaydilar. Bu odamlarning axloqiy me'yorlarga bo'lgan ishonchini yo'qotishiga olib keladi va oxir-oqibat jamiyat axloqiy jihatdan iflos bo'lib, inqirozga yuz tutadi.

Similarly, what is considered by people as wrong is regarded by other people who share the same values as right. For example, the Europeans consider capital punishment to be barbaric whilst the Americans uphold it as a civilised form of punishment. This leads to people losing confidence in ethical standards and eventually society becomes morally bankrupt and declined.

Islomda haqiqat va botil, to'g'ri va noto'g'ri aniq belgilangan bo'lib, ular yosh, joy yoki odamlarga qarab o'zgarmaydi.

In Islam truth and falsehood, right and wrong are clearly defined and do not change with age, places or people.

Islom huquqiy va axloqiy me'yorlari qat'iy bo'lib, foyda atrofida aylanmaydi va muhit ta'siriga bog'liq emas. Buning sababi shundaki, islomiy aqida yagona hokimiyat sifatida insonni emas, balki Allohni tan olmaydi. Haq va nohaqni faqat Xudo belgilaydi. Demak, musulmonlar tomonidan qilinadigan barcha amallar yoki ular narsalar va voqealar haqida chiqaradigan barcha hukmlar Islomga muvofiq bo'lishi shart. Note: the original says "God", so the rendering uses Xudo rather than Alloh, as the rules require.

The Islamic laws or ethical standards in Islam are fixed and do not revolve around benefit nor are subject to environmental influences. This is because the Islamic creed recognises God as the only sovereign and not man. God alone is the arbiter of what is right and what is wrong. This means that all actions undertaken by Muslims or all judgements pronounced by Muslims on things or events must comply with Islam.

Islom insonlarni bu hayotda hidoyatsiz qoldirmagan. Aksincha, Islom Qur'on va Allohning Elchisi ﷺning Sunnati orqali to'liq va keng qamrovli hayot tarzini taqdim etadi. Qur'on va Sunnatdagi huquqiy matnlar insoniyat duch keladigan barcha muammolarni hal qilishga qodir. Buning sababi shundaki, Islomning huquqiy matnlari muammoning xilma-xilligi yoki murakkabligidan qat'i nazar, insonlar duch keladigan muammolarga ko'plab yechimlar berish qobiliyatiga ega. Xo'sh, Islomning klonlashtirish masalasiga qarashi qanday?

Islam did not leave human beings without guidance in this life. On the contrary, Islam provides a complete and comprehensive way of life in the form of the Quran and the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah (SAW). The legal texts found in the Quran and the Sunnah are more than capable of addressing all human problems. This is because the legal texts of Islam have an immense capacity to produce a multitude of solutions to problems encountered by human beings irrespective of diversity of the problem or its complexity. So what is Islam’ s view on cloning?

Hayvonlar va o‘simliklarni klonlashning maqsadi sifatni yaxshilash va mahsuldorlikni oshirish, shuningdek, ko‘plab keng tarqalgan inson kasalliklari, ayniqsa o‘tkir kasalliklar uchun tabiiy davo topishdir, inson salomatligiga zararli yon ta’sirlarga ega bo‘lgan kimyoviy dorilar o‘rniga.

The aim of cloning in plants and animals is to improve quality and increase productivity, and to find a natural cure for many common human diseases, especially the acute ones, instead of using chemical drugs which have harmful side effects on mans health.

Oʻsimliklar va hayvonlar sifatini yaxshilash hamda mahsuldorlikni oshirish shariat nuqtai nazaridan man etilmagan, balki ruxsat etilgan ishlardan biridir.

The improvement in the quality of plants and animals and the increase of productivity is not prohibited from a shari perspective, and it is among the things that are allowed.

Shuningdek, o'simliklar va hayvonlarni klonlash orqali inson kasalliklarini, ayniqsa o'tkir kasalliklarni davolash Islomda ruxsat etilgan. Hatto bu tavsiya etiladi, chunki kasallikka shifo izlash tavsiya etiladi va shifo uchun dori tayyorlash ham tavsiya etiladi. Imom Ahmad Anasdan rivoyat qiladi: Nabiy ﷺ dedilar: "Alloh (S.W.T) kasallikni ham, shifoni ham yaratdi. Shuning uchun shifo izlanglar." Demak, o'simliklarning sifatini yaxshilash va ularning mahsuldorligini oshirish uchun klonlash jarayonidan foydalanish ruxsat etilgan. Shuningdek, sigir, qo'y, tuya, ot va boshqa hayvonlarning sifatini yaxshilash, ularning mahsuldorligini oshirish va sonini ko'paytirish maqsadida klonlash jarayonidan foydalanish ham ruxsat etilgan, hamda buni ko'plab inson kasalliklarini, ayniqsa o'tkir kasalliklarni davolashda qo'llash mumkin.

Also, the use of plants and animal cloning to cure human diseases, especially acute ones, is allowed in Islam. It is even recommended because seeking a cure for illness is recommended and manufacturing medicine for curing is recommended as well. Imam Ahmad narrates from Anas that the Prophet (SAW) said, “Allah (S.W.T) has created the illness and the cure. So seek a cure.” Therefore, it is allowed to use the cloning process to improve the quality of plants and to increase their productivity. It is also allowed to use the cloning process to improve the quality of cows, sheep, camels, horses, and other animals, in order to increase productivity of these animals and to increase their numbers, and to utilise this to cure many of the human diseases especially the acute ones.

Bu o'simliklar va hayvonlarni klonlashga oid hukm. Inson zotini klonlashga kelsak, u quyidagicha:

This is the ruling concerning cloning plants and animals. As for cloning human beings, it is as follows:

Homilada klonlash uchun zigota er va xotinning tuxum hujayrasidan hosil bo‘lgan urug‘ hujayrasi natijasida xotinning bachadonida shakllanadi.

For foetal cloning, the zygote is formed in the womb of a wife as a result of the husband’ s sperm and the wife’ s egg.

Shu zigota keyin ko'p hujayralarga bo'linadi, ular bo'linib o'sishi mumkin. Bu hujayralar shunday bo'linadiki, har bir hujayra asl zigotaning nusxasi sifatida alohida homilaga aylanadi. Keyin, agar ular begona ayolning bachadoniga yoki erning ikkinchi xotinining bachadoniga ko'chirilsa, klonlashning bu ikki shakli harom bo'ladi, chunki bu nasab aralashuviga olib keladi. Keyin esa nasabning yo'qolishiga sabab bo'ladi va Islom bunga qat'iy man qilgan.

That zygote is then divided into many cells, which can divide and grow. These cells are divided so that each cell becomes a foetus by itself, as a duplicate of the original zygote. Then, if they were to be implanted in the womb of a foreign woman or in the womb of the husband’ s second wife, these two forms of cloning would be prohibited (Haram) because this would result in mixing of kinship. Then, it would cause loss of kinship, and Islam has prohibited this.

Agar boshqa tomondan, bu zigotalardan bir yoki bir nechtasi xotinning bachadoniga joylashtirilgan bo‘lsa (asl hujayra kimdan olingan bo‘lsa, o‘sha xotinning bachadoniga), bunday klonlashning bu shakli ruxsat etilgan (halol) bo‘ladi. Chunki bu xotinning bachadonida mavjud bo‘lgan zigotaning, bir xil egizaklarni hosil qilish maqsadida tibbiy muolaja orqali ko‘paytirilishidir. Homila klonlashiga oid hukm shudir.

If on the other hand, one or more of these zygotes were implanted in the wife’ s womb (who was the source of the original cell) then this form of cloning would be permitted (Halal). This is because it is a multiplying of the zygote, which existed in the wife’ s womb through a medical procedure to bring about identical twins. This is the rule concerning foetal cloning.

Insonlarni klonlashga kelsak, buni erkakdan tana hujayrasini olib, uning yadrosini ajratib, ayolning tuxum hujayrasiga qo'shish orqali amalga oshirish mumkin, bunda tuxum hujayrasining o'z yadrosi oldindan olib tashlanadi.

As for the cloning of humans, it could be done by taking a body cell from the male, extracting its nucleus, merging it with a female’ s egg after removing the egg’ s own nucleus.

Bu erkak yadrosi ayol tuxumiga joylashtirilib, ayolning bachadoniga o‘tkazilardi, u yerda ko‘payib, o‘sib, homila va keyin chaqaloq bo‘lardi, bu esa yadro olingan asl erkakning nusxasi bo‘lardi. Shuningdek, klonlashtirishni erkaksiz, faqat ayollar o‘rtasida ham amalga oshirish mumkin. Bu ayolning tanasidan hujayra olib, uning yadrosini ajratib, ayolning tuxumi bilan birlashtirish orqali amalga oshiriladi. So‘ngra tuxum hujayra yadrosi bilan birlashtirilgach, ayolning bachadoniga o‘tkaziladi, u yerda o‘sib, homila va keyin chaqaloqqa aylanadi, bu esa hujayra olingan ayolning nusxasi bo‘ladi. Qo‘y Dolli bilan shunday bo‘ldi: yadro qo‘yning ko‘krak hujayrasidan olindi. Keyin bu yadrodan ko‘krakka oid elementlar chiqarib olindi va yadro o‘z yadrosi olib tashlangan qo‘y tuxumiga joylashtirildi. Hujayra qo‘yning bachadoniga qo‘yildi, u yerda ko‘payib, o‘sib, homilaga aylandi. Qo‘y Dolli hujayra olingan birinchi qo‘yning aniq nusxasi bo‘lib tug‘ildi.

This male nucleus in a female egg would be transferred to a woman’ s womb to double and grow. Hence, it would become a foetus and then a baby, which is a duplicate of the original male from whose body the cell was taken. Also, cloning could be done among females only without a need for a male. This is done by taking a cell from the body of a female and extracting its nucleus in order to merge it with a female’ s egg. Then, the egg is transferred to a woman’ s womb after it is merged with the cell’ s nucleus, to grow and become a foetus and then a baby, which is a duplicate of the female from which the cell was taken. This is what happened with Dolly, the sheep, where the nucleus was taken from a sheep’ s breast cell. Then, the elements related to the breast were taken out from this nucleus and the nucleus was placed in a sheep’ s egg after removing its own nucleus. The cell was placed in the womb of a sheep to multiply and grow, and become a foetus. Dolly, the sheep, was born as an exact duplicate of the first sheep from which the cell was taken.

Insonlarni, erkak yoki ayol bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, klonlash amalga oshirilsa, bu dunyo uchun ulkan falokat bo'lar edi. Bu holat sifatni yaxshilash, aqlliroq, kuchliroq, jasurroq, sog'lomroq yoki go'zalroq avlodni tanlash maqsadida qilinganda ham, yoki aholi sonini oshirish uchun, yoki davlatni kuchaytirish maqsadida qilinganda ham shunday bo'lardi. Quyidagi sabablarga ko'ra bu taqiqlangan:

This cloning of humans, males or females, if done, would be a disaster for the world. This would be the case whether the aim was to improve quality, select the offspring which is smarter, stronger, braver, healthier, or more beautiful, or if the aim was to increase the number in order to increase the population or to make the state stronger. It is prohibited because of the following reasons:

1. Bolalarni bunday usulda dunyoga keltirish Allohning (SWT) insonlarga naslini davom ettirish uchun yaratgan tabiiy yo‘lidan farq qiladi. Alloh (SWT) shunday deydi: “Va U (Alloh) erkak va urg‘ochi juftliklarni yaratdi. Otiladigan nutfadan (erkak va ayol suyuqliklaridan).” [TMQ 53:45-46] Alloh (SWT) yana shunday deydi: “Otilgan nutfa emasmidi u? Keyin u laxta bo‘ldi; keyin (Alloh) uni shakllantirib, muvofiq tarzda to‘g‘riladi. Va uni ikki jinsda, erkak va urg‘ochi qilib yaratdi.” [TMQ 75:37-39] 2. Erkaksiz, faqat urg‘ochilardan klonlash yo‘li bilan tug‘ilgan bolalarning otasi bo‘lmaydi. Bundan tashqari, agar hujayra yadrosi bilan birlashtirilgan tuxum hujayra, klonlash jarayonida tuxumi ishlatilgan ayoldan boshqa ayolning bachadoniga joylashtirilsa, ularning onasi ham bo‘lmaydi. Chunki tuxum hujayra joylashtirilgan bachadon egasi tuxumning faqat uy-joyi vazifasini bajaradi, xolos. Bu esa insonning otasi ham, onasi ham bo‘lmagan holda yo‘qolib ketishiga olib keladi. Bu holat Allohning (SWT) “Ey insonlar! Biz sizlarni erkak va urg‘ochidan yaratdik” [TMQ 49:13] degan so‘zi hamda “Ularni otalari nomi bilan chaqiringlar, bu Alloh huzurida adolatliroqdir” [TMQ 33:5] degan oyati bilan ziddiyat tashkil etadi. 3. Qarindoshlik rishtasining yo‘qolishi. Islom qarindoshlik aloqalarini saqlash va mustahkamlashni farz qilgan. Ibn Abbos rivoyat qilishicha, Alloh Rasuli (SAW) shunday degan: “Kim o‘z otasidan boshqasiga nasab orqali mansub bo‘lishni da’vo qilsa yoki o‘zi mansub bo‘lmagan kishilarga mansub bo‘lsa, unga Allohning, farishtalarning va barcha odamlarning la’nati bo‘lsin.” (Ibn Moja rivoyat qilgan.)

1. The production of children in this manner is different from the natural way that Allah (SWT) made humans to reproduce their offspring. Allah (SWT) says, “And that He (Allah) created the pairs, male and female. From Nutfah (drops of semen - male and female discharges) when it is emitted.” [TMQ 53:45-46] Allah (SWT) also says, “Was he not a Nutfah (drops of semen) poured forth? Then he became a clot; then (Allah) shaped and fashioned (him) in due proportion. And made him in two sexes, male and female.” [TMQ 75:37-39] 2. The children who are born out of cloning females, without a male, have no fathers. In addition, they will not have mothers if the egg that was merged with the nucleus of the cell was placed in the womb of a female different from that female whose egg was used in the cloning process. This is the case because the female whose womb was used to implant the egg is no more than a place to house the egg. This will lead to the loss of that human, where he has no father and no mother. This contradicts the saying of Allah (SWT),"O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female.” [TMQ 49:13] And also His (SWT) saying, “Call them by the names of their fathers, that is more just in the sight of Allah.” [TMQ 33:5] 3. Loss of kinship. Islam has obligated preserving affinity and maintaining it. Ibn Abbas said that the Prophet of Allah (SAW) said, “Whoever claims relationship by birth to other than his father or belonged to other than those he belongs to, then the curse of Allah, the Angels, and all the people be upon him.” (Narrated by Ibn Majah).

Abu Usmon an-Nahriy aytdiki, u Sa’d va Abu Bakra ikkovining har birini shunday deganini eshitgan: ular Muhammad (SAW)dan eshitib, tushunganlarini aytganlar: “Kim o‘z otasidan boshqasiga da’vo qilsa va u haqiqatda uning otasi emasligini bilsa, unga jannat haram qilinadi.” (Ibn Moja rivoyat qilgan.)

Abi ‘Uthman an-Nahri said that he heard Sa’d and Abu Bakrah each of them saying that they had heard and understood from Muhammad (SAW) saying, “Anyone who makes a claim for somebody other than his father and he knows that he is not his father, then Paradise is forbidden for him.” (Narrated by Ibn Majah).

Abu Hurayrah ham rivoyat qiladiki, u Allohning Elchisi (SAW) (la'nat oyati nozil bo'lganda) shunday deganlarini eshitgan: "Qaysi ayol bir qavmga ularga tegishli bo'lmagan farzandni kiritsa, u Allohdan hech narsa topmaydi va Jannatga kirmaydi; qaysi erkak esa o'z farzandini ko'rib turib inkor qilsa, Alloh unga Oʻzini ko'rsatmaydi va Alloh uni avvalgi va keyingi avlodlar oldida xor qiladi". [Ad-Darimiy rivoyat qilgan].

Abu Hurayrah also narrated that he heard the Prophet of Allah (SAW) saying (when the verse of cursing was revealed),"Any woman who introduced to some people an offspring that does not belong to them, then she has nothing to do with Allah and she will not enter Paradise; and any man who denies his son while looking at him, Allah will not reveal Himself to him and Allah will disgrace him in front of the first and last generations.” [Narrated by Al- Darimi].

Aql-zakovat, kuch-quvvat, salomatlik va go'zallik jihatidan ajralib turadigan odamlarni yaratishga qaratilgan klonlash, erkaklar va ayollar orasidan, ular turmush qurgan juftliklar bo'lsin yoki bo'lmasin, ma'lum xususiyatlarga ega kishilarni tanlashni anglatadi. Natijada hujayralar talab qilinadigan xususiyatlarga ega bo'lgan erkaklardan olinadi, tuxum hujayralari esa tanlangan ayollardan olinib, tanlangan ayollarning bachadoniga joylashtiriladi. Bu esa nasab aloqasining yo'qolishiga va aralashib ketishiga olib keladi.

The cloning which aims at producing people who are outstanding in terms of their intelligence, strength, health, and beauty would mean choosing the people with characteristics among the males and the females regardless of if they were married couples or not. As a result, the cells would be taken from the males who had the required characteristics, and the eggs would be taken from selected women and implanted in selected women. This would lead to the kinship being lost and mixed.

4. Bolalarni klonlash yo‘li bilan ishlab chiqarish nikoh, qarindoshlik, nafaqa, otalik, o‘g‘illik, meros, tarbiyaga olish, mahram va ‘usbat (qon-qarindoshlikning taqiqlangan darajalari) qoidalari kabi ko‘plab shariat hukmlarini qo‘llashga to‘sqinlik qiladi, shuningdek, boshqa ko‘plab shariat qoidalariga ham ta’sir qiladi. Nasab aralashib ketadi va yo‘qolib boradi. Bu esa Alloh (SWT) insonlarni ko‘payish jihatidan yaratgan tabiiy tartibga zid keladi. Shu sababli, shariat nuqtayi nazaridan inson klonlashtirish harom hisoblanadi va ruxsat etilmaydi.

4. The production of children through cloning prevents applying many of the shari rules, such as the rules of marriage, kinship, alimony, fatherhood, sonship, inheritance, custody, Maharim and ‘Usbat (forbidden degrees of consanguinity) in addition to many other shari rules. The affinity would get mixed and would be lost. This goes against the natural way that Allah (SWT) has created people, in terms of reproduction. Therefore, human cloning is prohibited (Haram) from a shari perpective and it is not allowed.

Alloh (SWT) layloq shayton la'nat qilingan shaytonning so'zini keltirib aytdi: "Albatta, men ularga Allohning yaratilishini o'zgartirishni buyuraman." [TMQ 4:119] Allohning yaratilishi (fitra) — Alloh (SWT) odamlarni tug'ilishida yaratgan tabiat (fitra) bo'lib, va tabiat (fitra)

Allah (SWT) said quoting the cursed Satan, “I will command them to change the creation of Allah.” [TMQ 4’ :119] The creation of Allah (SWT) is the nature (fitra) which Allah (SWT) has created in people at birth, and the nature (fitra)

insonning ikki jinsdan — erkak va ayol — erkakning spermasi ayolning tuxum hujayrasi bilan urug'lanishi orqali bo'lishi. Allohning (SWT) hukmi shuki, bu jarayon erkak va ayol o'rtasida haqiqiy nikoh shartnomasi bilan amalga oshirilishi kerak. Tabiiy yaratilish (fitra) nuqtai nazaridan, ko'payish va tug'ilish klonlash yo'li bilan amalga oshirilishi mumkin emas. Bundan tashqari, bu erkak va ayol o'rtasida, ularni bog'lovchi haqiqiy nikoh shartnomasi bo'lmagan holda sodir bo'ladi.

of reproduction of humans from a male and a female through the fertilisation of the sperm of the male with the egg from the female. The law of Allah (SWT) is that this process is to be done between a male and a female with a valid contract. It is not the nature (fitra) that reproduction and birth are achieved by cloning. This is in addition to the fact that this would happen between a male and a female who do not have a valid marriage contract that binds them.

Aniqki, 1400 yillik islom huquqiy matnlari inson klonlashtirishdan kelib chiqadigan masalalarga aniq javoblar beradi, G'arb jamiyatlari va fan esa ularga javob bera olmaydi. Musulmonlar Sekulyarizm va fanning jamiyat uchun axloqiy hukm chiqarish qobiliyatsizligini ko'rsatish uchun har bir imkoniyatdan foydalanishlari kerak.

Clearly, the 1400 year old legal texts of Islam present unambiguous answers to issues arising out of human cloning, which Western societies and science are unable to answer. Muslims should take every opportunity to highlight the inability of Secularism and science to make ethical judgements for society.

8-dekabr, 2005-yil

December 8, 2005