11.3 Farqni bilishning ahamiyati
11.3 The Importance Of The Distinction
Makkiy va Madaniy suralar hamda oyatlarni farqlash zarurati bir necha sabablarga ko'ra mavjud. Quyidagilar ularning eng muhim uch sababidir:
There are a number of reasons why a distinction needs to be made between Makkan and Madeenan soorahs and verses. The following are three of the most important reasons:
1. Fiqh (Islom huquqi):
1. Fiqh (Islamic Law):
Islom qonunlari yigirma uch yil davomida bosqichma-bosqich nozil bo‘lgan. Ba’zi qonunlar o‘zidan oldingi qonunlarni bekor qilgan, boshqa qonunlar esa asta-sekin nozil qilingan. Shu sababli, ularni to‘g‘ri amalga oshirish uchun turli qonunlarning qaysi vaqtda nozil bo‘lganini bilish zarur. Madinadagi keyingi davrning qonunlari ba’zan o‘zidan oldingi qonunlar o‘rnini egallagan. Masalan, spirtli ichimliklar bosqichma-bosqich taqiqlangan. Spirtli ichimliklarga oid birinchi hukm faqat uning xavfi haqida ogohlantirish edi. Alloh taolo shunday deydi:
The various laws of Islaam were revealed over a period of twenty-three years. Some laws canceled earlier laws and other laws were revealed bit by bit. Thus, it is necessary to know at which point in time the various laws were revealed in order to apply them properly. The laws of the later Madeenan period sometimes took the place of earlier laws. For example, alcohol was made forbidden in gradual stages. The first law concerning alcohol was simply a warning of its dangers. Allaah said,
"Ular sizdan xamr (spirtli ichimlik) va maysir (qimor o‘yini) haqida so‘raydilar. Ayting: «Ularda ba’zi foyda bor, lekin ularning gunohi foydasidan kattaroqdir»." 11
“And they ask you about khamr (alcohol) and maysir (gambling); tell them that they contain some benefit, but the sin is greater than the benefit.” 11
Ikkinchi nozil bo'lgan hukm musulmonlarni mast (sarxush) holatda namozga yaqinlashishdan qaytargan edi. Alloh taolo aytadi:
The second law that was revealed warned Muslims away from salaah when they were intoxicated (drunk). Allaah said,
"Mast holatda namozga yaqinlashmanglar, to'g'ri nima deyayotganingizni bilguningizcha." 12
“Do not come to salaah when you are intoxicated, until you know what you are saying.” 12
Biroq uchinchi hukm spirtli ichimliklarga hatto yaqinlashishning ham butunlay man etilishi edi. Alloh taolo aytdi:
The third law, however, was a complete prohibition of even coming near any form of alcohol. Allaah said,
"Albatta, xamr, maysir va azlam (folbinlik) — bular shaytonning ishidan bo'lgan nopoklikdir, shuning uchun ulardan uzoq turinglar." 13
“Verily, khamr, maysir and azlaam (fortunetelling) are filth, as a result of Shaytaan’s work, so stay away from them.” 13
Agar kishi bu oyatlarning nozil bo‘lish tartibini bilmasa, u xato ravishda o‘ylab qolishi mumkin: agar mast bo‘lmasa va namozga kelmasa, unga spirtli ichimlik ichish ruxsat etilgan, deb. Yoki u spirtli ichimliklarni sotishdan foyda olishi mumkin, deb o‘ylashi mumkin.
If one was unaware of the order in which these verses were revealed, he may mistakenly think that he is allowed to drink alcohol as long as he doesn’t get drunk and come to salaah. Or, he may think that it is allowed for him to benefit from the sale of alcohol.
2. Da‘vat:
2. Da‘wah:
Qur’on oyatlarining nozil bo‘lish tartibini tushunish orqali, insonlar Islomni o‘rgatishning eng yaxshi usulini bilib olishlari mumkin. Masalan, Qur’on mo‘minlarga kofirlarning butlarini so‘kmaslikni va ularni masxara qilmaslikni o‘rgatgan, toki ular butlarni so‘kish orqali uzoqlashtirib yubormasinlar va toki ular johillik sababli Allohni so‘kmasinlar. Buning o‘rniga ularga kofirlar bilan aql yordamida munozara qilish, butparastlikning noto‘g‘ri ekanligini mantiqiy ravishda ko‘rsatish buyurilgan. Alloh Ibrohim payg‘ambarning o‘z qavmiga aytgan so‘zlarini shunday keltiradi:
By understanding the order in which the verses of the Qur’aan were revealed, one can learn the best method of teaching Islaam. For example, the Qur’aan taught the believers not to curse or make fun of the idols of the disbelievers in order not to drive them away and in order that they not curse Allaah out of ignorance. Instead they were told to reason with the disbelievers and show them logically why the worship of idols was incorrect. Allaah quoted Prophet Ibraaheem as saying to his people,
"Allohdan tashqari sizga hech qanday foyda keltira olmaydigan va zarar yetkaza olmaydigan boshqa xudolarga sig'inasizmi?" 14
“Are you worshipping besides Allaah other gods which cannot benefit you at all nor harm you?” 14
Ibrohim ning o‘z qavmiga va ular Alloh o‘rniga sig‘inayotgan narsalarga nisbatan dushmanlik e’lon qilganini bayon qiluvchi oyat:
The verse quoting Ibraaheem’s declaration of enmity to his people and what they worshipped instead of Allaah:
“Ibrohim va u bilan birga bo‘lganlarda sizlar uchun go‘zal namuna bor, ular o‘z qavmlariga dedilar: «Biz sizlardan va Alloh’dan tashqari sig‘inayotgan narsalaringizdan bezormiz; biz sizlarni inkor etdik va Alloh’gagina iymon keltirmaguningizcha, biz bilan sizlar o‘rtasida abadiy adovat va nafrat paydo bo‘ldi», 15”
“There is an excellent example for you in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their people, ‘We are clear of you and of whatever you worship besides Allah; we have rejected you, and there has arisen, between us and you, enmity and hatred forever, unless ye believe in Allah alone,’ ” 15
u Madinada nozil bo'lgan, musulmonlar Makkadagi qarindoshlari bilan yillar davomida sabr bilan dalil-hujjat orqali bahslashganlaridan keyin. Makkaning kofirlari oqilona bahsga zulm va zo'ravonlik bilan javob berdilar. Ular musulmonlarni uylaridan quvib chiqardilar va ikki tomon o'rtasida qurolli to'qnashuv holati vujudga keldi. Shuning uchun inson Islomni qabul qilib, bu oyatni o'qib, uni oila a'zolariga va tanishlariga nisbatan qo'llashga urinishi sunnat emas.
was revealed in Madeenah, after the Muslims had practiced years of patient argument with their relatives in Makkah. The disbelievers of Makkah had met reasoned argument with persecution and violence. They had driven the Muslims from their homes, and a state of armed conflict existed between the two sides. It is not, therefore, Sunnah for a person to accept Islaam, read this verse and try to apply it on his family and acquaintances.
3. Siyra:
3. Seerah:
Пайғамбаримиз (ﷺ) ҳayotlarining eng muhim voqealarining aksariyati Qur'onning turli oyatlarida qayd etilgan. Shunday ekan, oyatlarning nozil bo'lish tartibini bilish orqali Payg'ambar (ﷺ) tarjimai holining katta qismini tiklash mumkin.
Most of the most important events in the Prophet’s life have been recorded in various verses of the Qur’aan. Thus, by knowing the order in which the verses were revealed, it is possible to piece together a large portion of the biography of the Prophet (ﷺ).
2:219 Surah al-Baqara
11 Soorah al-Baqarah (2):219.
Nisā’ surasi (4):43
12 Soorah an-Nisaa’ (4):43
13 Soorah al-Maa’idah (5):90.
13 Soorah al-Maa’idah (5):90.
14 Soorah al-Ambiyaa’ (21):66.
14 Soorah al-Ambiyaa’ (21):66.
15 Sura al-Mumtahina (60:4).
15 Soorah al-Mumtahinah (60:4).