12 Naskh: Ilohiy hukmlarning bekor qilinishi va almashtirilishi
12 Naskh: Repeal And Replacement Of Divine Laws
Ilohiy qonunlar Alloh tomonidan Uning elchilariga insonning Xudo haqidagi e'tiqodini (aqida), Xudoga ibodat qilish usullarini (ibodat) va uning ijtimoiy hayoti yoki ijtimoiy xulq-atvorini (muomala) to'g'rilash maqsadida nozil qilingan. Xudo haqida yagona to'g'ri e'tiqod – tavhid bo'lgani uchun, ya'ni Alloh zoti, sifatlari, amallari va ibodatga haqli ekanligida sherigi bo'lmagan Yagona deb tan olinishi lozim bo'lgani uchun, barcha payg'ambarlar insoniyatni aynan shu e'tiqodga bir xil tarzda da'vat qilganlar. Alloh bu haqiqatni Qur'oni Karimda Muhammad ﷺ ga tasdiqlab, shunday degan:
Dvine laws were revealed by Allaah to His messengers for the purpose of correcting man’s beliefs about God (‘aqeedah), his methods of worshipping God (‘ibaadah), and his social life or social conduct (mu‘aamalah). Since there is only one correct belief about God, tawheed, whereby Allaah is considered as One, without partner in His essence, His attributes, His actions, and right of worship, all of the prophets invited mankind to that belief in exactly the same way. Allaah confirmed this fact to Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) in the Qur’aan, stating,
{Va albatta, Biz sendan oldin hech bir payg'ambarni yubormadikki, unga: "Mendan boshqa iloh yo'q, Mening o'zimgagina ibodat qilinglar", deb vahiy qilmagan bo'lsak}. 16
“And, verily, I have not sent any prophet before you without revealing to him that there is no God besides Me, so worship Me.” 16
Lekin ibodat va ijtimoiy muomala usullariga kelganda, barcha hollarda bir xil shakl qo‘llanmagan. Haqiqatan ham, ibodat va ijtimoiy muomala tamoyillarining barchasi nafsni poklash, jamiyatni himoya qilish hamda jamoalarni hamkorlik va birodarlik rishtalari bilan bog‘lashga qaratilgan, ammo har bir millat yoki xalqning ehtiyojlari turlicha edi. Ehtiyojlar hatto bir millat ichida ham vaqt o‘tishi bilan o‘zgarib turishi mumkin. Shunday ekan, bir davrda bir xalqqa mos kelgan narsa boshqa davrda ularga mos kelmasligi mumkin. Shuningdek, payg‘ambar nubuvatining boshida odamlarni chaqirish uchun to‘g‘ri keladigan vosita, Allohning xabari yerda qaror topib, ilohiy qonunga asoslangan davlat vujudga kelgan keyingi bosqichlarda noo‘rin bo‘lishi mumkin. Demak, turli qonunlarning ortidagi hikmat ushbu omillarning barchasini hisobga oladi, chunki Allohning cheksiz rahmati va bilimi borligida hech qanday shubha yo‘q. Bizga buyurish va qaytarish Uning haqqi bo‘lib, U buni bizga shunday xabar bergan:
However, in the case of methods of worship and social conduct, the same format was not used in all cases. It is true that principles of worship and social conduct were all aimed at purification of the soul, protection of society, and tying communities together with bonds of cooperation and brotherhood, but the needs of each nation or people were different. The needs may even vary from time to time within the same nation. Thus, what may suit a people in one age may not suit them in another. Also, what can be suitably used by a prophet to call the people at the beginning of his prophethood may be inappropriate in the later stages, when Allaah’s message has been established in the land and a state based on divine law has come into being. Thus, the wisdom behind the various laws takes all of these factors into account, for there is no doubt about Allaah’s allencompassing mercy and knowledge. It is His right to command and forbid us, as He has informed us:
«U qilgan ishlari haqida so‘roqqa tortilmaydi, ular esa so‘roqqa tortiladilar.» 17
“He (Allaah) cannot be questioned about what He does, but they (mankind) will be questioned.” 17
Shuning uchun, Allohning barcha narsalarni — o'tmishda, hozirda va kelajakda — bilishiga ko'ra, bir shariat hukmini boshqasi bilan almashtirishi hech qanday tarzda g'alati tuyulmasligi kerak.
Therefore, it should not in any way seem strange that Allaah may replace a divine law with another based on His knowledge of all things, past, present and future.
Ilohiy qonunning boshqa ilohiy qonun bilan almashtirilishi arab-islomiy terminologiyada “naskh” deb ataladi. Alloh bu jarayonning mavjudligiga quyidagicha ishora qilgan:
This replacement of a divine law by another divine law is referred to in ArabicIslaamic terminology as “naskh.” Allaah referred to the existence of this process as follows:
“Va agar biz bir oyatning o‘rniga boshqa oyatni almashtirsak — Alloh esa nimani nozil qilishini eng yaxshi biladi — ular: «Sen shunchaki to‘qib olyapsan!» deyishadi.” 18
“And if I place a verse in place of another verse— and Allaah knows best what He bestows from on high, step by step—they say, ‘You are just inventing it!’ ” 18
"Biz qanday oyatni mansux qilsak yoki uni unutdirsak, undan yaxshiroq yoki unga teng bo'lganini keltiramiz." 19
“Whatever verse I have abrogated or caused to be forgotten, I will bring another better than it or equal to it.” 19
16 Soorah al-Ambiyaa’ (21):25.
16 Soorah al-Ambiyaa’ (21):25.
17 Soorah al-Anbiyo’ (21):23.
17 Soorah al-Ambiyaa’ (21):23.
18-Surat an-Nahl (16):101.
18 Soorah an-Nahl (16):101.
19 Surat al-Baqara (2):106.
19 Soorah al-Baqarah (2):106.