Qur'on Payg'ambar Muhammad (ﷺ)ga payg'ambarlik faoliyatlarining yigirma uch yili davomida bo'lak-bo'lak holda nozil qilindi. Qachon bir muammo yuzaga kelsa yoki Alloh Payg'ambar (ﷺ)ga va uning ergashuvchilariga alohida maslahat bermoqchi bo'lsa, Alloh farishta Jibril (alayhissalom)ni Qur'onning bir qismi bilan yuborar edi, u esa uni Payg'ambar (ﷺ)ga o'qib berardi. Shunday qilib, Qur'on avvalgi vahiy kitoblari kabi bir vaqtning o'zida to'liq shaklda emas, balki ma'lum muddat davomida qismlarga bo'lingan holda nozil bo'lgan.

The Qur’aan was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) in sections throughout the twenty-three years of his prophethood. Whenever a problem arose or whenever Allaah wanted to give the Prophet (ﷺ) and his follower’s special advice, Allaah would send angel Jibreel with a part of the Qur’aan, which he would recite to the Prophet (ﷺ). Thus, the Qur’aan was not revealed all at once in its complete form like the earlier books of revelation, but in parts over a period of time.

Jabroil birinchi marta Qur'onning bir qismini Payg'ambar (ﷺ)ga o'qib berganida, Payg'ambar (ﷺ) uni so'zma-so'z ortidan takrorlashga harakat qildi. Keyinchalik Alloh Jabroilga unga bunday qilmaslikni aytishni buyurdi. Uning o'rniga unga Qur'onni diqqat bilan tinglash buyurildi. Payg'ambar (ﷺ) shunday qilganda, Alloh unga hech qanday zo'r berishsiz hammasini yodda saqlash imkonini berdi. Alloh Qur'onda shunday degan:

When Jibreel first recited a part of the Qur’aan to the Prophet (ﷺ), the Prophet (ﷺ) tried to repeat it after him, word for word. Allaah later had Jibreel tell him not to do so. He was told instead to listen to the Qur’aan carefully. When the Prophet (ﷺ) did that, Allaah caused him to be able to remember everything without any effort on his part. Allaah said in the Qur’aan,

Payg'ambar (ﷺ) uchun unga nozil qilingan barcha narsalarni yodda saqlashi juda muhim edi, chunki u na o'qishni, na yozishni bilardi.

It was very important that the Prophet (ﷺ) remember all that was revealed to him, because he could neither read nor write.

Payg'ambar (ﷺ) vafot etishdan oldin butun Qur'onni o'z sahobalariga yetkazdi. U sahobalar uni aynan o'zi o'rgangandek yodlashlari va yozib olishlarini ta'minlash uchun bir qancha turli usullardan foydalandi.

The Prophet (ﷺ) passed on all of the Qur’aan to his companions before he died. He used a number of different ways to make sure that they memorized and recorded it exactly as he learned it.

1. Payg‘ambar (ﷺ) namozlarda (jamoat namozlarida) Qur’onning turli qismlarini ovoz chiqarib tilovat qilar edilar. Shu tariqa, sahobalari Qur’onning bir qismini har kuni eshitib turar edilar.69

1. The Prophet (ﷺ) used to recite aloud various parts of the Qur’aan in the salaahs (congregational prayers). In that way, his followers used to hear parts of the Qur’aan daily.69

2. Islomni qabul qilgan har bir kishiga kunlik namozlarida ishlatishi kerak bo‘lgan Qur’onning ayrim qismlari o‘rgatilardi. Shunday qilib, musulmonlar Qur’onning turli qismlarini doim o‘rganardilar yoki o‘rgatardilar.

2. Everyone who entered Islaam would be taught parts of the Qur’aan that they would have to use in their daily prayers. Thus, Muslims were always learning or teaching various parts of the Qur’aan.

3. Payg‘ambar (ﷺ) o‘z izdoshlariga ularning eng yaxshilari Qur’onni o‘rganadigan va o‘rgatadigan kishilar ekanligini bildirdilar. Bu ularni Qur’onni yodlash va boshqalarga o‘rgatish uchun yanada ko‘proq harakat qilishga undadi.

3. The Prophet (ﷺ) informed his followers that the best of them were those who learned and taught the Qur’aan. This encouraged them to make even greater efforts to memorize the Qur’aan and teach it to others.

4. Qur’on oyatlarini bilgan kishilarga Payg‘ambar (r) ularni nozil bo‘lgan paytida yozib olishni buyurdilar. Payg‘ambar ﷺ oyatlarni qaysi tartibda yozish kerakligini aytib turardilar. Al-Baro’ ibn ‘Ozib rivoyat qilishicha, “O‘tirib qolgan mo‘minlar jihodda qatnashayotganlar bilan teng emas” degan oyat nozil bo‘lganda, Payg‘ambar ﷺ: “Falonchini chaqiringlar”, dedilar. U siyoh idishi va yog‘och taxta yoki yelka suyagi bilan keldi. Payg‘ambar ﷺ: “Yoz: ‘Uyda o‘tirib qolgan mo‘minlar Alloh yo‘lida jihod qilayotganlar bilan teng emas...’”, dedilar.70

4. Those who were able to read and write were told by the Prophet (r) to write down the various sections of the Qur’aan as they were revealed. The Prophet (ﷺ) would tell them the order in which they should record the verses. Al-Baraa’ ibn ‘Aazib stated that when the verse, “Those believers who sit (at home) are not equal with those who strive,” was revealed, the Prophet (ﷺ) said, “Call So-and-so.” He came with an inkpot and a wooden board or a shoulder blade. The Prophet (ﷺ) said, “Write: ‘Those believers who sit (at home) are not equal with those who strive in the cause of Allaah...’ ”70

Arabiston hududida o‘sha paytda qog‘oz bo‘lmagani sababli, Qur’oni karim qo‘lda yetgan narsalarga yozib olingan. Sahobalar Qur’on oyatlarini xurmo barglariga, tekis toshlarga, daraxt po‘stlog‘iga, yog‘ochga, quritilgan hayvon terisiga va hatto qo‘y yoki tuyaning kurak suyaklariga yozganlar. Shunday qilib, Qur’on oyatlari Payg‘ambar ﷺ hayotlik davrida ham musulmonlarning qalbida saqlangan, ham yozib qo‘yilgan. Islom Payg‘ambar ﷺ da’vatining turli bosqichlarida kirgani uchun, ulardan faqat bir qismigina Qur’onni to‘liq Payg‘ambar ﷺ dan bevosita eshitgan. Ba’zi sahobalar boshqalarga qaraganda yaxshiroq yod olardi. Shunday qilib, hammasi Qur’onning bir qismini yod olgan bo‘lsa-da, Payg‘ambar ﷺ hayotlik davrida butun Qur’onni yod olgan kishilar oz edi.

Because there was no paper in Arabia at that time, the Qur’aan was written down on anything that was available. The companions wrote the verses of the Qur’aan on date palm leaves, flat stones, tree bark, wood, dried animal skins, and even the shoulder blades of sheep or camels. Thus, the verses of the Qur’aan were preserved in the hearts of Muslims, as well as written down, during the lifetime of the Prophet (ﷺ). Since people entered Islaam at various points during the Prophet’s mission, only a few of them heard all of the Qur’aan directly from the Prophet (ﷺ). Some companions were able to memorize better than others. So, even though all of them memorized portions of the Qur’aan, only a few were able to memorize all of the Qur’aan during the Prophet’s lifetime.

Payg'ambar (ﷺ) 632-yilda vafot etganlarida, Qur'oni karimning butun matni bitta to'liq kitob shaklida yozilmagan edi. U turli yozuv materiallariga yozib olingan bo'lib, Payg'ambarning (ﷺ) turli sahobalarida saqlanardi. Har birida bir qismlar bor edi, ammo hech kimda butun matn mavjud emas edi. Qur'on oyatlari Payg'ambarning vafotidan bir necha oy oldingacha nozil bo'lishda davom etgani sababli, sahobalar uni bitta kitobga jamlashdan ko'ra, yozib olish va yodlashga ko'proq e'tibor berishdi. Shunday ekan, Qur'onning bitta matnga jamlanishi Payg'ambarning (ﷺ) hayotlik davrida amalga oshirilmagan.

When the Prophet (ﷺ) died in the year 632 CE, the whole of the Qur’aan was not written down in one complete book. It was recorded on various pieces of writing material and kept in the possession of different followers of the Prophet (ﷺ). Each had sections, but none of them had all of it. Because of the fact that the verses of the Qur’aan continued to be revealed up until a few months before the Prophet’s death, the companions were more concerned with recording and memorizing than putting it all together in one book. Consequently, the gathering of the Qur’aan into one text was not done during the lifetime of the Prophet (ﷺ).

68 Soorah al-Qiyaamah (75):16-18.

68 Soorah al-Qiyaamah (75):16-18.

Umm Hishaam bint Haarithah rivoyat qilishicha, u Payg'ambar ﷺ juma kunlari xutba paytida Surah Qaafni o'qiganini eshitib, shunchaki eshitish orqali uni yod olgan. (Sahih Muslim, 2-jild, 412-bet, 1893-1894-raqamlar.)

69 Umm Hishaam bint Haarithah reported that she memorized Soorah Qaaf simply from hearing the Prophet (r) recite it during the khutbah on Fridays. (Sahih Muslim, vol. 2, p. 412, nos. 1893- 4.)

70 Soorah an-Nisaa’ (4):95. Hadis al-Bukhoriy tomonidan to‘plangan, Sahih Al-Bukhari, 6-jild, 95-bet, 118-raqam.

70 Soorah an-Nisaa’ (4):95. The hadeeth was collected by al-Bukhaaree, Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 6, p. 95, no. 118.