9 Lahjalar va Qiroatlar
9 Dialects And Recitations
Arab yarim orolining hamma joyida arab tili umumiy til bo‘lgan bo‘lsa-da, qabilalarning turli muhiti va tarixi turli lahjalarning keng tarqalishiga olib keldi. Ba’zi hollarda har bir qabila bir xil narsani ifodalash uchun turli so‘zlardan foydalangan. Masalan, ba’zi qabilalar sherni “asad” deb atagan, boshqa qabilalar esa uni “layth”, “hamzah”, “hafs” yoki “ghadanfar” deb atagan. Boshqa hollarda esa, unli tovushlardagi farqlar tufayli ayrim harflarning talaffuzi turlicha bo‘lgan. Biroq vaqt o‘tishi bilan turli lahjalar orasidan Quraysh qabilasining lahjasi eng nufuzli lahja sifatida ajralib chiqdi. Quraysh lahjasi quyidagi asosiy sabablarga ko‘ra barcha lahjalar ichida eng hurmatli bo‘lib qoldi:
Although Arabic was the common language throughout the Arabian peninsula, the different environments and histories of the various tribes produced a wide variety of dialects. In some cases, each tribe used different words to describe the same object. For example, some tribes called the lion an “ asad,” while other tribes called it a “ layth,” “hamzah,” “hafs,” or a “ghadanfar.” In other cases, differences occurred in the way certain letters were pronounced due to vowelling differences. However, in time the dialect of the tribe of Quraysh emerged from among the various dialects as the most prominent dialect. The Qurayshee dialect became the most respected of all the dialects for the following basic reasons:
1. Makka va uning atrofidagi hudud, jumladan Ka'ba ziyoratgohi, Quraysh qabilalarining yerlari hisoblanardi. Turli qabilalarning har biri o'z qabilaviy xudolarini ifodalovchi butlarni Ka'ba ichiga va uning atrofiga qo'yib qo'ygan edi. Shu sababli Ka'ba barcha arab qabilalari uchun ruhiy markaz hisoblanar, ziyoratgohga yil davomida hajga borilardi.
1. Makkah and its surrounding area, including the shrine of the Ka‘bah, were part of the tribal lands of the Quraysh. Each of the various tribes had idols representing their various tribal gods placed in and around the Ka‘bah. Thus the Ka‘bah was considered the spiritual center for all of the Arabian tribes, and pilgrimage to the shrine was made throughout the year.
Haj oyida barcha qabilalardan zoʻrlar haj marosimlarini ado etish uchun Makkaga kelardi. Bu odat Ibrohim payg‘ambar va uning o‘g‘illari Ka‘bani birinchi marta qurganlarida boshlangan va ularning arab avlodlari orasida davom etgan; biroq asl marosimlarga butparastlik va xurofotga oid ko‘plab soxta odatlar qo‘shib olingan edi. Quraysh barcha zoʻrlar va ularning hayvonlari uchun ichimlik suvi (siqoya) ta’minlashni o‘z zimmasiga olgan edi. Bu ish saxiylik va olijanobligining dalili sifatida bepul amalga oshirilardi. Shu tariqa Quraysh arablar orasida juda ma’qbul mavqeda turardi.
2. During the month of hajj, pilgrims from all of the tribes used to come to Makkah in order to perform the rites of hajj. This practice was started by Prophet Ibraheem and his sons when they first built the Ka‘bah and it remained a practice among their Arabian descendants; however, many false rituals involving idolatry and superstition were added to the original rites. The Quraysh took personal responsibility for supplying drinking water (siqaayah) for all of the pilgrims and their animals. This was done free of charge as evidence of their generosity and nobility. Thus, the Quraysh were held in a highly praiseworthy position among the Arabs.
3. Makka shimolda Suriya va Fors, janubda esa Yaman va Afrika o‘rtasidagi barcha yirik savdo yo‘llarining tutashgan joyida joylashgan edi. Natijada Quraysh qabilasining savdogar tabaqasi Arabistondagi oilalar orasida eng boy tabaqaga aylandi, bu esa o‘z navbatida Arabistonning turli qabilalari tomonidan Quraysh qabilasiga katta hurmat ko‘rsatilishiga olib keldi.
3. Makkah stood at the junction of all the major trade routes between Syria and Persia to the north, and Yemen and Africa to the south. As a result, the Qurayshee trading class became the richest class among the families in Arabia, which in turn led to the great respect that was given to the Qurayshee tribe by the various tribes of Arabia.