15.2 ʻAmmning tavsifi
15.2 Specification Of The ‘aamm
Umumiy ifodaning (al-'aamm) oyatlar kelgan kontekstga va ko‘zda tutilgan hukmlar yoki qoidalarga nisbatan uch asosiy turga bo‘linishi mumkin.71
The ‘aamm expression may be divided into three main categories in relationship to the context of the verses in which they occur and the laws or principles which were intended.71
Birinchisi, ‘aamm ibora bo'lib, umumiy bo'lib qoladi. Bu toifada misollar ko'p emas, chunki aksariyat umumiy hukmlar qandaydir tarzda tahsis qilingan. Lekin bunga misolni quyidagi oyatda topish mumkin:
First, there is the ‘aamm expression which remains general. This category does not have many examples because most generalities are specified in one way or another. However, an example can be found in the verse,
"Va Alloh barcha narsani (kull) biladi," 72
“And Allaah knows all (kull) things,” 72
Allohning ilmi mutlaqdir. Yana bir misolni quyidagi oyatda topish mumkin,
since Allaah’s knowledge is absolute. Another example can be found in the verse,
“Sizlarga onalaringiz (ummahaatukum) nikohlanish harom qilindi”, 73
“Your mothers (ummahaatukum) have been made forbidden (in marriage) to you,” 73
chunki bu hukmda istisno yo‘q, u haqiqiy onalar, o‘gay onalar, qaynonalar yoki emizish (ridoʻ) orqali bo‘lgan onalar bo‘lsin.
as there are no exceptions to this law, whether they be real mothers, stepmothers, mothers-in-law, or mothers by ridaa‘ (suckling).
Ikkinchidan, majoziy ‘ām bor, unda iboraning umumiy ma’nosi asla nazarda tutilmagan; masalan, quyidagi oyat:
Second, there is the figurative ‘aam in which the general meaning of the expression was never intended; for example, the verse,
“Ular odamlar ularga: «Odamlar sizlarga qarshi to‘planishdi, shuning uchun ulardan qo‘rqinglar», deganlarida.” 74
“Those to whom the people (an-naas) said, ‘The people have gathered against you, so fear them.’ ” 74
“Odamlar” degan birinchi ibora aniq Nu‘aym ibn Mas‘ud ishora qiladi, ikkinchisi esa Abu Sufyon va Quraysh qo‘shinini nazarda tutadi, ibora ko‘rsatadigan umumiy ma’noni emas.75
The first expression “the people” refers specifically to Nu‘aym ibn Mas‘ood and the second refers to Aboo Sufyaan and the Qurayshee army, and not the generality which the expression implies.75
Uchinchisi, aniqlangan ‘om (umumiy) bo‘lib, bunda ‘om ifodaning umumiyligi aniqlovchi so‘zlar yoki iboralardan biri bilan cheklanadi. Masalan, Allohning Qur’ondagi buyrug‘i,
And third, there is the specified ‘aam, wherein the generality of the ‘aam expression is qualified by one of the specifying words or phrases. For example, Allaah’s command in the Qur’aan,
"Allohning uyiga (Ka‘bага) haj qilish — qodir bo‘lgan odamlarga (an-nos) Alloh oldidagi farzdir." 76
“Hajj to the House (the Ka‘bah) is an obligation to Allaah on all people (an-naas) who are able to find a way there.” 76
Umumiy ma'noda "barcha odamlar" degan ibora uni izohlovchi sifat gapi bilan aniqlashtiriladi.
The generality of “all people” is specified by the adjectival clause following it
71 Qarang: al-Itqaan, 3-jild, 44-45-betlar.
71 See al-Itqaan, vol.3, pp. 44-5.
72 Surat an-Nisa’ (4):176
72 Soorah an-Nisaa’ (4):176.
Nisa surasi (4):23.
73 Soorah an-Nisaa’ (4):23.
Ali Imron surasi (3):173.
74 Soorah Aal ‘Imraan (3):173.
75 Al-Itqaan, 3-jild, 45-bet.
75 Al-Itqaan, vol. 3, p. 45.
Oli Imron surasi (3):97.
76 Soorah Aal ‘Imraan (3):97.