12.4 Almashtirishning turlari
12.4 The Types Of Replacement
Islom huquqshunosligida biror hukm bekor qilinganda, u boshqa hukm bilan almashtirilishi mumkin yoki umuman almashtirilmasligi mumkin. Agar almashtirilsa, yangi hukm oldingisidan osonroq, xuddi shunday qiyinlikdagi yoki oldingisidan qiyinroq bo‘lishi mumkin. Bu hukmning bekor qilinishi va almashtirilishining to‘rt xil ko‘rinishiga olib keladi. Islom huquqshunoslari uchun bu almashtirish tamoyillarini tushunish huquqiy hukmlarning to‘g‘ri qo‘llanilishini ta’minlash uchun muhimdir.
When a law is repealed in Islamic jurisprudence, it can be replaced by another law or not replaced at all. If replaced, the new law can be less difficult, of similar difficulty, or more difficult than the previous one. This results in four possible ways in which a law may be annulled and replaced. Understanding these principles of replacement is important for scholars of Islamic law to ensure the proper application of legal rulings
1. Almashtirishsiz naskh
1. Naskh Without Replacement
Bunday turdagi misollardan biri Payg'ambar (ﷺ) bilan shaxsiy maslahatlashuvdan oldin sadaqa (kambag'allar uchun xayriya sovg'asi) bekor qilinishi edi. Alloh mo'minlarga shunday amr qildi:
An example of this type was the repeal of sadaqah (a charitable gift for the poor) before private consultations with the Prophet (ﷺ). Allaah commanded the believers as follows:
"Ey iymon keltirganlar! Agar Payg'ambar bilan yakkama-yakka maslahatlashmoqchi bo'lsangiz, maslahatlashishdan oldin sadaqa bering." 48
“O you who believe! If you wish to consult the Messenger in private, you should give some charity before your private consultation.” 48
Keyinroq U ularni majburiyatdan ozod qilib, dedi:
Later, He released them from the obligation, saying,
"Siz shaxsiy maslahatlashuvlaringizdan oldin sadaqa berishdan qo'rqyapsizmi? Agar shunday qilmasangiz va Alloh sizni kechirsa, namozni to'kis ado eting, zakot to'lang va Allohga hamda Uning Rasuliga itoat eting." 49
“Are you afraid to give sums of charity before your private consultations? If then you do not do so and Allaah forgives you, you should establish regular prayer, pay zakaah and obey Allaah and His Messenger.” 49
2. Osonroq hukm bilan naskh
2. Naskh by an Easier Law
Ushbu turdagi naskh ro'za qonunlariga oid holda yuz bergan. Ibn ‘Umar rivoyat qilishicha, quyidagi oyat nozil bo'lganda:
This type of naskh occurred in relation to the laws of fasting. Ibn ‘Umar reported that when the following verse was revealed:
“Ey iymon keltirganlar! Sizdan oldingilarga farz qilinganidek, sizlarga ham ro‘za farz qilindi”, 50
“O you who believe: Fasting has been made com-pulsory for you in the same way that it was made for those before you,” 50
Ular namoz o‘qigandan yoki uxlab qolganlaridan so‘ng, ertasi kungi quyosha botguniga qadar ovqat, ichimlik va jinsiy aloqa ularga harom qilingan edi. Keyin Alloh quyidagi oyatni nozil qildi,
food, drink, and intercourse were forbidden to them once they prayed the night prayer or went to sleep until the next sunset. Then Allaah revealed the verse,
“Ro‘za davrida kechasi xotinlaringiz bilan yaqinlik qilish sizlarga halol qilindi.” 51
“Going to your women at night has been made lawful for you during the period of fasting.” 51
3. O‘xshash hukm bilan naskh
3. Naskh by a Similar Law
Bunday naskh misollaridan biri — Bayt al-Maqdisdan Makkaga qiblaning o'zgartirilishi haqidagi oyat bilan sodir bo'lgan.
An example of this kind of naskh is the change of the direction of prayer from Jerusalem to Makkah by the verse,
{Shunday ekan, yuzingizni Masjidul-Haromga qarating va qayerda bo'lsangiz ham, yuzlaringizni unga qarating.} 52
“So turn your face toward al-Masjid al-Haraam, and wherever you all may be, turn your faces toward it.” 52
4. Eng qiyin hukm bilan naskh
4. Naskh by a More Difficult Law
Bunday naskhga yaxshi misol — ro‘za tutishni istamaganlarga uning o‘rniga miskinni ovqatlantirishga ruxsat beradigan hukmning bekor qilinishi. Uning o‘rnini bosgan hukm esa jismonan qodir bo‘lgan barcha kishilar uchun ro‘zani farz qilib qo‘ydi.53
A good example of this kind of naskh is the repeal of the law allowing those who did not want to fast to feed a poor person instead. The law which replaced it made fasting compulsory for all who were physically able.53
48 Soorah al-Mujaadilah (58):12.
48 Soorah al-Mujaadilah (58):12.
Mujodala surasi (58)13
49 Soorah al-Mujaadilah (58):13
50 Surah al-Baqarah (2):183.
50 Soorah al-Baqarah (2):183.
51 Surah al-Baqarah (2):187. Bu rivoyatni Ibn Abu Hotim to'plagan. Qarang: Sahih al-Bukhoriy, 6-jild, 28-bet, 35-raqam.
51 Soorah al-Baqarah (2):187. This report was collected by Ibn Abee Haatim. See also Sahih AlBukhari, vol. 6, p. 28, no. 35.
52 Surah al-Baqara (2):144. Qarang: “Qur’on bilan Sunnatning naskh qilinishi” bo‘limi, 226-bet.
52 Soorah al-Baqarah (2):144. See “Naskh of the Sunnah by the Qur’aan” on p. 226.
53-raqamga qarang: “Nasx ilmi” bo‘limida, 221-betdagi 1-band.
53 See number 1 under “Knowledge of Naskh” on p. 221.