Bayt al-Mal wani kalma ce da aka haɗa ta, kuma tana nufin wurin da ake ajiye kuɗin shiga na Gwamnati har zuwa lokacin da za a kashe su. Haka kuma tana iya nufin hukumar da ke da alhakin karɓa da kashe kuɗaɗen da suka halatta ga Musulmi.

Bayt al-Mal is a compound phrase construction, and indicates the place where the State's revenues are kept till they are spent. It could also mean the authority responsible for receiving and spending the funds entitled for the Muslims. .

Mun riga mun amince cewa wali yana da iko na musamman wanda ya keɓe rundunar soja, ɓangaren shari'a da kuɗaɗe. Saboda haka, dukkan rundunar soja za ta zama sashe na tsakiya (wanda Amir al-Jihad ke shugabanta). Ɓangaren shari'a kuma zai zama sashe na tsakiya (wanda ake kira shari'a), sannan dukkan kuɗaɗen za su zama sashe na tsakiya (wanda ake kira bayt al-mal), wanda ya bambanta da kowace ƙungiya a cikin Dawla, kuma yana biyayya ga Khalifah kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi.

We have already adopted that the wali is given a special authority that excludes the army, judiciary and funds. Thus, the whole army will be a central department (presided over by Amir al-Jihad). The judiciary will be a central department (known as judiciary), and the entire funds form a central department (known as bayt al-mal), which is separate from any other organisation in the State, and follows the Khalifah as do the other organisations. .

Akwai hujjoji masu yawa da ke nuna cewa bayt al-mal yana ƙarƙashin ikon kai tsaye na Manzon Allah ﷺ ko Khalifa, ko kuma wanda ya naɗa ya jagorance shi. Manzon Allah ﷺ ya kan yi mu'amala da kuɗaɗen kai tsaye a wasu lokuta, inda suke da wurin ajiyarsu mai tsaro. Yana karɓar kuɗaɗen, yana raba su, kuma yana kashe su a wuraren da suka dace. A wasu lokuta kuma yana naɗa wani ya kula da hakan. Haka Khulafa'u Rashidun suka yi bayan sa, inda ko dai su kansu suke jagorantar bayt al-mal, ko kuma su wakilta wasu su yi hakan a madadinsu. Manzon Allah ﷺ ya kan sa kuɗaɗen a masallaci, kamar yadda Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito daga Anas, ya ce: "An kawo wa Annabi ﷺ wasu kuɗaɗe daga Bahrain. Ya ce: 'Ku yada su a masallaci.'" [Bukhari, Sahih, #421]. A wasu lokuta kuma yana sa su a ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan matansa, kamar yadda Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito daga Uqbah, ya ce:

There are abundant evidences that the bayt al-mal was under the direct authority of the Messenger (PBUH) or the Khalifah, or whoever he appointed to preside over it. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used to on occasions deal directly with the funds, where they had a safe. He used to receive the funds, distribute them and spend them in their due place. On other occasions He (PBUH) used to appoint somebody to take care of that. This is what the Khulafaa' Rashidun used to do after him, where they either they took charge of the Bayt al-mal by themselves or they delegated others to do that on their behalf.. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used to place the funds in the mosque, as Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas, he said:. "Some funds were brought to the Prophet (PBUH) from Bahrain. He said: ‘Spread it in the mosque’" [Bukhari, Sahih, #421].. He would sometimes put it in one of the rooms of his wives, as it was narrated by Al-Bukhari from Uqbah, he said: .

riƙe ni, kuma na umarce shi da a raba shi". In sauran lokuta yakan ajiye su a cikin akwatin ajiyarsa, kamar yadda Muslim ya ruwaito daga ‘Umar cewa ya ce:

hold me back, and I ordered it should be divided’". He otherwise kept them in his safe as Muslim narrated from ‘Umar that he said: .

"Sai na ce mata, ‘Ina Manzon Allah (ﷺ)?’ Ta ce, ‘Yana cikin rumfarsa ta katako.’ Sai na duba cikin rumfar Manzon Allah (ﷺ), sai na ga wani adadin sha'ir kimanin sa'i ɗaya (wani ƙaramin ma'auni na kubu), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa irin waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen yin ruwan 'ya'yan itace a gefe ɗaya na ɗakin. Na kuma ga wata fatar dabba da ba a yi mata magani ba tana rataye a cikin ɗakin. Idanuna suka zubar da hawaye. Sai Annabi ya ce, ‘Me ya sa kake kuka, ɗan Al-Khattab?’ Na ce, ‘Ya Annabin Allah! Ta yaya ba zan yi kuka ba, alhali wannan tabarma ta yi tasiri a gefenka, kuma wannan ce rumfarka, wadda ba na ganin a cikinta face abin da nake gani?’"

"So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (PBUH)?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an untanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet said ‘What does make you weep, son of Al-Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see’.” .

A lokacin khulafa’ al-rashidun, wurin da ake ajiye kuɗaɗe ya zama sananne da suna bayt al-mal. Sa'd ya ambata a cikin Al-Tabaqaat daga Shall ibn Abi Haythma da wasu cewa: "Abu Bakr yana da wani gida a Al-Sanh wanda babu wanda yake tsaronsa. Sai aka ce masa, ‘Don me ba ka sa wani ya yi tsaronsa ba?’ Ya ce, ‘Yana da kulle.’ Yana raba abin da ke cikinsa har sai da ya zama babu komai. Sa'ad da ya koma Madina, ya kwashe shi ya ajiye a gidansa."

At the time of the khulafa’ al-rashidun, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as bayt al-mal. Sa'd mentioned in Al-Tabaqaat from Shall ibn Abi Haythma and others: "Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it till it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house." .

Hinad ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Zuhd ta hanyar ingantaccen isnadi daga Anas, ya ce: "Wani mutum ya zo wurin ‘Umar ya ce: ‘Ya Amir ul-Mu'minin! Ka taimake ni, domin ina so in tafi Jihadi.' ‘Umar ya amsa: ‘Ka riƙe hannunsa ka kai shi bayt al-mal, saboda ya ɗauki kuɗin da yake so.'" Al-Shafi'i ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Umm, wanda Ibn Hajar ya tabbatar da ingancinsa, daga ‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah, ya ce: "Salim, bawan Abu Hudhaifah, bawa ne ga wata mace daga cikinmu mai suna Salma bint Ya'ar. Ta 'yanta shi a zamanin Jahiliyya. Lokacin da aka kashe shi a Yamama, an kawo gadonsa wurin ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Sai ya kira Wadi'ah ibn Khidham ya ce: ‘Wannan shi ne gadon bawanka, kuma kai ka fi cancantar sa.' Ya ce: ‘Ya Amir ul-Mu'minin! Allah ya sa mu ba mu da bukatar sa. Matarmu ta 'yanta shi ba tare da wani sharadi ba; don haka ba ma son mu jawo wa kanmu kunya (ko asara) saboda al'amarinsa.' Sai ‘Umar ya sa gadon nasa a cikin Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi da Al-Darimi sun ruwaito, kuma Ibn Hazm ya gyara cewa: "Sufyan ibn ‘Abdullah ibn Rabi'ah Al-Thaqafi ya samu jakar fata ya kawo ta wurin ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Ya ce: ‘Ka sanar da ita tsawon shekara guda; idan an gane ta, to a ba shi, idan kuwa ba haka ba, to tana naka.'"

Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd through a good narration from Anas, he said: "A person came to ‘Umar and said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. ‘Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to bayt al-malso he can take the funds he wants." Al-Shafi'i narrated in Al-Umm, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah, he said: "Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Yeaar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadeeah ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, ‘Umar put his heritage wealth in the Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazim corrected that "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al- Thaqafy found a leather bag and brought it to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. He said, announce it for one year; and if it was recognised then give it, otherwise it is yours.’ .

Ba wanda ya gane shi ba, sai ya haɗu da shi shekara mai zuwa ya ambata masa haka. ʿUmar ya ce, "Naka ne, domin Manzon Allah ﷺ ya umarce mu…" "Na yi sallar asir a bayan Annabi ﷺ a Madina. Ya yi sallama a ƙarshen sallar, sai ya tashi da sauri. Ya ratsa layukan Musulmi da ke bayansa zuwa ɗakunan wasu daga cikin matansa. Mutane sun yi mamakin saurinsa. Ya dawo wurinsu, ya ga suna mamakin saurinsa. Ya ce, 'Na tuna da wasu zinariya da ke wurinmu, sai na ƙi cewa za ta riƙe ni, don haka na umarci a raba ta.'" Sai dai ya ajiye su a cikin akwatinsa na ajiya, kamar yadda Muslim ya ruwaito daga ʿUmar cewa ya ce: "Sai na ce mata, 'Ina Manzon Allah ﷺ?' Ta ce, 'Yana cikin akwatinsa na ajiya a cikin ɗakin katako.' Na duba cikin akwatin Manzon Allah ﷺ, sai na ga wani adadin sha'ir kamar sa'i ɗaya (wani ma'aunin busasshen abu), da kuma wani adadin 'ya'yan itatuwa da ake amfani da su wajen yin ruwan 'ya'yan itace a gefe ɗaya na ɗakin. Na kuma ga wata fatar dabba da ba a yi mata magani ba tana rataye a cikin ɗakin. Idanuna suka zubar da hawaye. Annabi ﷺ ya ce, 'Me ke sa ka kuka, ɗan Al-Khattab?' Na ce, 'Ya Annabin Allah! Me zai hana in yi kuka, alhali wannan tabarma ta yi tasiri a gefenka, kuma wannan ne akwatinka wanda ba na ganin a cikinsa sai abin da nake gani?'"

Nobody recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. ‘Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) ordered us "I prayed the asr behind the Prophet (PBUH) in Madinah. He gave salam at the end of the prayer and stood up quickly. He crossed the lines of the Muslims behind him going to some of his wives' rooms. The people were amazed of his speed. He came back to them, and saw they were surprised of his speed. He said, ‘I remembered some gold dust with us, so I hated it would hold me back, and I ordered it should be divided’". He otherwise kept them in his safe as Muslim narrated from ‘Umar that he said: "So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (PBUH)?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an untanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet said ‘What does make you weep, son of Al-Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see’.” .

A zamanin khulafa’ al-rashidun, wurin da ake ajiye kuɗaɗen jama’a ya zama sananne da suna bayt al-mal. Sa'd ya ambata a cikin Al-Tabaqaat daga Shall ibn Abi Haythma da wasu, ya ce: "Abu Bakr yana da wani gida a Al-Sanh wanda babu wanda ke tsare shi. Sai aka ce masa, ‘Don me ba ka sa wani ya tsare shi ba?’ Ya ce, ‘Yana da kulle.’ Ya kasance yana raba abin da ke cikinsa har sai ya zama babu kome a ciki. Lokacin da ya koma Madinah, ya ɗauke shi ya ajiye a gidansa.” Hinad ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Zuhd ta hanyar ingantaccen ruwaya daga Anas, ya ce: "Wani mutum ya zo wurin ‘Umar ya ce: ‘Ya Amir ul-Mu'minin! Ka taimake ni, domin ina so in tafi jihadi.’ ‘Umar ya amsa: ‘Ka riƙe hannunsa ka kai shi bayt al-mal, don ya ɗauki kuɗin da yake so.’” Al-Shafi'i ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Umm, wanda Ibn Hajar ya tabbatar, daga ‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah, ya ce: "Salim, bawan Abu Hudhayfah, ya kasance bawa ga wata mace daga gare mu mai suna Salma bint Yeaar, ta 'yantar da shi a zamanin Jahiliyya. Lokacin da aka kashe shi a Al-Yamamah, aka kawo gadonsa wurin ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Sai ya kira Wadeeah ibn Khidham ya ce: ‘Wannan ne gadon bawanka, kai kuma ka fi cancanta da shi.’ Ya ce: ‘Ya Amir ul-Mu'minin, Allah ya sa mu ba mu da bukatar sa. Matarmu ta 'yantar da shi ba tare da sharadi ba; don haka ba ma son kawo wa kanmu kunya (ko asara) ta dalilin al’amarinsa.’ Sai ‘Umar ya sanya dukiyar gadonsa a Bayt al-Mal.” Al-Bayhaqi da Al-Darimi sun ruwaito, Ibn Hazim kuwa ya gyara cewa: "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al-Thaqafy ya samu jakar fata ya kawo wa ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Ya ce: ‘Ka yi sanarwa na shekara guda; idan an gane ta, a ba shi; in ba haka ba, taka ce.’”

At the time of the khulafa’ al-rashidun, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as bayt al-mal. Sa'd mentioned in Al-Tabaqaat from Shall ibn Abi Haythma and others: "Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it till it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.". Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd through a good narration from Anas, he said: "A person came to ‘Umar and said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. ‘Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to bayt al-malso he can take the funds he wants." Al-Shafi'i narrated in Al-Umm, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah, he said: "Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Yeaar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadeeah ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, ‘Umar put his heritage wealth in the Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazim corrected that "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al- Thaqafy found a leather bag and brought it to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. He said, announce it for one year; and if it was recognised then give it, otherwise it is yours.’ .

Ba wanda ya gane shi ba, sai ya haɗu da shi shekara mai zuwa ya ambata masa haka. ‘Umar ya ce, "Naka ne, domin Manzon Allah (PBUH) ya umarce mu da hakan." Ya ce, "Ban so shi ba." ‘Umar ya karɓe shi ya sa shi a Bayt al-mal. Al-Darimi ya ruwaito daga Abdullahi ɗan Amru, ya ce: "Wani bawa ya rasu a zamanin ‘Uthman ba tare da wani dangi ba. Sai ya umarta a sa dukiyarsa a Bayt al-mal." Ibn Abd al-Barr ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Istidhkar daga Anas ɗan Sirin, ya ce: "‘Ali yana raba kuɗaɗe har Bayt al-mal ya ƙare. Sai a share shi, kuma ya zauna a cikinsa." Wannan yana nufin ma’anar farko ta Bayt al-mal, wato wuri. Dangane da ma’ana ta biyu, wato hukumar da ke da alhakin dukiyar, wannan ya zama dole saboda wasu lokuta ba a adana kuɗaɗe a wuri ɗaya ba, kamar filaye, rijiyoyin mai, rijiyoyin iskar gas, ma’adinai, da kuɗaɗen zakka da ake karɓa daga dukiya a raba su ga waɗanda suka cancance su ba tare da an adana su a wuri ɗaya ba. Bayt al-mal wani lokaci kan nufi hukumar da ke da alhakin, kamar yadda Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmad a cikin Al-Musnad, da ‘Abd al-Razzaq a cikin Musannafinsa suka ruwaito daga Lahiq ɗan Humayd: "An aika Ibn Mas'ud ya jagoranci shari’a da Bayt al-mal." Ba yana nufin ‘Umar ya aike shi ya zama mai tsaron ƙofar Bayt al-mal ba, a’a yana nufin hakkin tattarawa da kashe kuɗaɗen ne. Wannan ma’ana ɗaya ce da Ibn Al-Mubarak ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Zuhd daga Al-Hasan, lokacin da amirorin Basrah suka zo wurin Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari suka nemi ya ware musu abinci. Ya ce a ƙarshen maganarsa a gare su: "Ya ku amirorin! Na ware muku daga Bayt al-mal tumaki biyu da gareeb guda biyu (wani fili mai noma)," don haka yana iya nufin hukumar da ke da alhakin.

Nobody recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. ‘Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ ‘Umar took it and put it in the Bayt al- mal." Al-Darimi narrated from Abdullah ibn Amru, he said: "A servant passed away at the time of ‘Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt al-mal." Ibn Abd al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the bayt al-mal became empty. It would then be cleaned and he would sit in it.". This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt al-mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as like the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserved people without being kept in a place. The Bayt al-malis sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmad in Al-Musnad, and ‘Abd al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq ibn Humayd "Ibn Mas'ud was sent to preside over the judiciary and bayt al-mal.” It would not mean that ‘Umar sent him as a doorman to the bayt al-mal, rather with responsible authority of collecting and spending the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al- Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al-Hasan, when the amirs of Al-Basrah came with Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari and requested from him to assign food for them. He said in concluding his words to them: "O folk of amirs! I have assigned to you from the Bayt al-maltwo sheep and two gareeb (a patch of arable land)", thus it can mean the responsible authority.

Manzon Allah ﷺ ne ya karɓi sadakar ‘Uthman ga rundunar matsanancin hali (’usrah) a cikin cinyarsa. Ahmad ya ruwaito, Al-Tirmidhi ya ruwaito daga hasan da gharib, Al-Hakim ya ruwaito shi ya kuma gyara shi, Al-Dhahabi ya amince da shi, daga Abdul Rahman ibn Samrah cewa ya ce:

The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was the one that received the donations of ‘Uthman to the army of hardship ('usrah) in his lap. Ahmad narrated and Al-Tirmidhi narrated from hasan and gharib, and Al-Hakim narrated it and corrected it, Al-Dhahabi agreed with him, from Abdul Rahman ibn Samrah that he said: .

ʻUthman ya zo wurin Annabi ﷺ da dinari dubu guda lokacin da yake shirya rundunar wahala (yakin Tabuk), sai ya zuba su a cikin cinyar Annabi ﷺ. Ya ce Annabi ﷺ ya fara juya su yana cewa: "ʻUthman ba zai cutu da duk wani aiki da zai yi bayan yau ba," ya kuma maimaita hakan sau da yawa. Wani lokaci kuma yana raba su da kansa. Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito daga Anas:

"‘Uthman came to the Prophet (PBUH) with one thousand dinar when he prepared the army of the hardship (ghazwah of Tabuk) and he emptied it in the lap of the Prophet (PBUH). He said the Prophet (PBUH) started to turn them around and say: ‘Uthman will not be harmed by any work he does after today, and he said that many times". He used sometimes to divide them by himself. Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas: .

An aka kawo kuɗaɗe daga Bahrain zuwa ga Annabi ﷺ. Ya ce a warwatsa su a masallaci. Bayan ya gama sallah, sai ya zauna kusa da su, kuma bai bar kowa da ya gani ba face ya ba shi. Don haka, a lokacin da Manzon Allah ﷺ ya tashi, babu ko dirham ɗaya da ya rage a wurinsu. Abu Bakr ya ɗauki nauyin raba kuɗaɗen da ke zuwa daga Bahrain da kansa. Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito daga Jabir, ya ce:

"Funds from Bahrain were brought to the Prophet (PBUH). He said spread them in the mosque. When he finished the prayer, he sat down close to them and left nobody he saw without giving him. So, when the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) stood up there was no single dirham left with them.". Abu Bakr took responsibility of dividing by himself the funds coming from Bahrain. Al-Bukhari narrated from Jabir, he said: .

Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ce: ‘Idan kudin Bahrain ya zo, zan ba ka kaza da kaza da kaza,’ wato sau uku. Lokacin da Manzon Allah ﷺ ya rasu kuma kudin Bahrain ya zo, Abu Bakr ya umarci wani ya kira: Duk wanda yake da bashi ko wani abu a wurin Manzon Allah ﷺ, ya zo gare mu. Sai na je wurinsa na ce masa Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ce: ‘a gare ni kaza da kaza,’ sai ya ba ni sau uku.

"The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: ‘If funds came from Bahrain, I would give you thus and thus and thus, i.e. three times. When the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) passed away and the funds came from Bahrain, Abu Bakr ordered somebody to call: Whoever has some debt or something with the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) let him come to us. So I went to him and said the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: ‘for me is thus and thus, so he gave me three times.’".