Shubhasiz, Payg'ambar Muhammad (ﷺ)ning hayotlari tarixi ulug' Ilohiy Xabarning to'liq mujassamidir. Ul zot insoniyatni zulmat va shirkning botqog'idan nur va tavhidning jannatiga olib chiqish uchun ushbu Xabarni yetkazdilar. Shu sababli bu Xabarning haqiqiy va keng qamrovli tasvirini faqat ushbu hayotnomaning zamina va masalalarini diqqat bilan o'rganish va chuqur tahlil qilish orqali olish mumkin. Shu bois mazkur kitobda Islomgacha bo'lgan arab qabilalarining tabiati va rivojlanishi hamda Payg'ambarimiz (ﷺ) da'vatini o'rab turgan vaziyat haqida alohida bob keltirilmoqda.

Beyond a shadow of doubt, the biography of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) manifestedly represents an exhaustive embodiment of the sublime Divine Message that he communicated in order to deliver the human race from the swamp of darkness and polytheism to the paradise of light and monotheism. An image, authentic as well as comprehensive, of this Message is therefore only attainable through careful study and profound analysis of both backgrounds and issues of such a biography. In view of this, a whole chapter is here introduced about the nature and development of Arab tribes prior to Islam as well as the circumstantial environment that enwrapped the Prophet’s mission.

"Arab" so'zi lug'atda cho'l, suvsiz va daraxtsiz qurg'oqchil yerlarni anglatadi. Tarix boshlanganidan beri Arabiston yarim oroli va uning aholisi shunday nomlanib kelingan. Arabiston yarim oroli g'arbda Qizil dengiz va Sinay, sharqda Fors ko'rfazi, janubda Hind okeanining bir qismi bo'lgan Arab dengizi, shimolda esa qadimgi Suriya va Iroqning bir qismi bilan chegaradosh. Hududning maydoni taxminan bir million dan bir million va chorak million kvadrat milgacha deb hisoblanadi.

Linguistically, the word “Arab” means deserts and waste barren land well-nigh waterless and treeless. Ever since the dawn of history, the Arabian Peninsula and its people have been called as such. The Arabian Peninsula is enclosed in the west by the Red Sea and Sinai, in the east by the Arabian Gulf, in the south by the Arabian Sea, which is an extension of the Indian Ocean, and in the north by old Syria and part of Iraq. The area is estimated between a million and a million and a quarter square miles.

Yarimorolning joylashuvi tufayli bu yarim orol har doim katta ahamiyatga ega bo'lib kelgan. Ichki tuzilishiga kelsak, u asosan cho'l va qumli joylardan iborat bo'lib, bu uni chet elliklar va bosqinchilar uchun yetib bo'lmas qilgan hamda asrlar davomida uning xalqiga, ikkita qo'shni buyuk imperiya mavjud bo'lishiga qaramay, to'liq erkinlik va mustaqillikni ta'minlagan.

Thanks to its geographical position, the peninsula has always maintained great importance.. Considering its internal setting, it is mostly deserts and sandy places, which has rendered it inaccessible to foreigners and invaders, and allowed its people complete liberty and independence through the ages, despite the presence of two neighbouring great empires.

Uning tashqi joylashuvi esa, aksincha, uni qadimgi dunyoning markaziga aylantirdi va o'sha paytdagi ko'pchilik xalqlar bilan dengiz va quruqlik orqali aloqalar bilan ta'minladi. Ushbu strategik o'rin tufayli Arabiston yarimoroli savdo, madaniyat, din va san'at markaziga aylangan edi.

Its external setting, on the other hand, caused it to be the centre of the old world and provided it with sea and land links with most nations at the time. Thanks to this strategic position the Arabian Peninsula had become the centre for trade, culture, religion and art.

Arab qavmlari nasl-nasabiga ko'ra uch guruhga bo'lingan: Halok bo'lgan arablar: Tarixi kam ma'lum bo'lgan qadimgi arablar. Ular orasida 'Od, Samud, Tasam, Jadis, Imlaq va boshqalar bor edi.

Arab kinfolks have been divided according to lineage into three groups: Perishing Arabs: The ancient Arabs, of whose history little is known, and of whom were ‘Ad, Thamûd, Tasam, Jadis, Emlaq, and others.

Sof arablar: Yashjub ibn Qahtanning o‘g‘li Ya‘rub avlodidan kelib chiqqanlar. Ularni Qahtoniy arablar deb ham atashgan.

Pure Arabs: Who originated from the progeny of Ya‘rub bin Yashjub bin Qahtan. They were also called Qahtanian Arabs.

Arablashgan arablar: Ismoil (alayhissalom) naslidan kelib chiqqanlar. Ularni Adnoniy arablar ham deb atashgan. Sof arablar – Qahtон avlodi – asli Yamanda yashagan va ko‘plab qabilalardan iborat bo‘lgan, ulardan ikkitasi juda mashhur edi:

Arabized Arabs: Who originated from the progeny of Ishmael. They were also called ‘Adnanian Arabs. The pure Arabs – the people of Qahtan – originally lived in Yemen and comprised many tribes, two of which were very famous:

1. Himyar: eng mashhur qabilalari Zayd al-Jumhur, Quda'a va Sakasik bo'lgan.

1. Himyar: The most famous of whose septs were Zaid Al-Jamhur, Quda‘a and Sakasic.

2. Qahlon: eng mashhur urug‘lari Hamdon, Anmar, Tay’, Mudhhij, Kinda, Lakhm, Judham, Azd, Aws, Xazraj va Jafna avlodlari bo‘lib, ular qadimgi Suriyaning shohlari edi.

2. Kahlan: The most famous of whose septs were Hamdan, Anmar, Tai’, Mudhhij, Kinda, Lakhm, Judham, Azd, Aws, Khazraj and the descendants of Jafna — the kings of old Syria.

Kahlan qabilalari Ma’rib to‘g‘oni (Sayl al-‘Arim) toshqinidan oldin, Rim bosimi ostida dengiz va quruqlik savdo yo‘llarida savdoning barbod bo‘lishi tufayli Yamandan Arabiston yarim orolining turli qismlariga ko‘chib ketdi. Rim Misr va Suriyani egallagandan so‘ng bu yo‘llar ularning nazoratiga o‘tgan edi. Tabiiyki, Kahlan bilan Himyar o‘rtasidagi raqobat birinchisining Yamandan ketishiga, ikkinchisining esa unda o‘rnashib olishiga olib keldi.

Kahlan septs emigrated from Yemen to dwell in the different parts of the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Great Flood (Sail Al-‘Arim of Ma’rib Dam), due to the failure of trade under the Roman pressure and domain on both sea and land trade routes following Roman occupation of Egypt and Syria. Naturally enough, the competition between Kahlan and Himyar led to the evacuation of the first and the settlement of the second in Yemen.

1. Azd: ʻImron ibn ʻAmr Muzaiqbiyo boshchiligida Yamanda sarson bo‘lib yurgan, avval öncha (oldindan) kishilarni yuborgan va oxiri shimol tomon yo‘l olgan. Ularning hijrati haqidagi tafsilotlarni quyidagicha qisqacha bayon etish mumkin:

1. Azd: Who, under the leadership of ‘Imran bin ‘Amr Muzaiqbâ’, wandered in Yemen, sent pioneers and finally headed northwards. Details of their emigration can be summed up as follows:

2. Sa‘labah bin ‘Amr o‘z qabilasi Al-Azddan Hijozga ketdi va Sa‘labiya bilan Zu Qar o‘rtasida yashadi.

2. Tha‘labah bin ‘Amr left his tribe Al-Azd for Hijaz and dwelt between Tha‘labiyah and Dhi Qar.

U kuchga to'lgach, u Madinaga yo'l oldi va o'sha yerda qoldi. Uning avlodidan Aws va Xazraj bor, ular Xoris ibn Sa'lab ibn Xoris ibn ... (no) Let me correct and give the clean translation: U kuchga to'lgach, Madinaga yo'l oldi va o'sha yerda qoldi. Uning naslidan Aws va Xazraj, Xoris ibn Sa'laba o'g'illari kelib chiqqan. Xoris ibn 'Amr, Xuz'a nomi bilan tanilgan, qabilasi bilan Hijozda sarson-sargardon yurdi, to Mar az-Zahron degan joyga yetib kelguncha. Keyinchalik ular Haramni egallab, u yerning aholisi, Jurhum qabilasini quvib chiqarib, Makkada joylashdilar.

When he gained strength, he headed for Madinah where he stayed. Of his seed are Aws and Khazraj, sons of Haritha bin Tha‘labah. Haritha bin ‘Amr, known as Khuza‘a, wandered with his folks in Hijaz until they came to Mar Az-Zahran. Later, they conquered the Haram, and settled in Makkah after having driven away its people, the tribe of Jurhum.

ʿImron ibn ʿAmr va uning oilasi Ummonga borib, u yerda Azd qabilasiga asos soldilar; ularning avlodlari Tihomada yashab, "Shanuʼa Azdi" nomi bilan tanildilar.

‘Imran bin ‘Amr and his folks went to ‘Oman where they established the tribe of Azd whose children inhabited Tihama and were known as Azd-of-Shanu’a.

Jafna bin ‘Amr va uning oilasi Suriyaga yo‘l oldi; u Suriyada joylashib, G‘assan podshohligiga asos soldi. Bu nom Hijozdagi bir bulоq suvining nomi bilan atalgan bo‘lib, ular Suriyaga ketayotib, shu yerda to‘xtagan edilar.

Jafna bin ‘Amr and his family, headed for Syria where he settled and initiated the kingdom of Ghassan who was so named after a spring of water, in Hijaz, where they stopped on their way to Syria.

2. Lakhm va Judham: Hiyra shohlari Manāzira (Manadhira)ning otasi Nasr ibn Rabī‘a qaysi qabiladan edi?

2. Lakhm and Judham: Of whom was Nasr bin Rabi‘a, father of Manadhira, Kings of Heerah.

Arabizatsiya qilingan arablar nasabi bo'yicha o'zlarining katta bobolari Ibrohim (alayhissalom)gacha borib taqaladi. U Iroqdagi Furot daryosining g'arbiy qirg'oqida, Kufa yaqinidagi "Ar" nomli shahardan edi. Qazishmalar shaharning, Ibrohim oilasining hamda o'sha davrda keng tarqalgan dinlar va ijtimoiy sharoitlarning batafsil manzarasini ochib berdi.

The Arabized Arabs go back in ancestry to their great grandfather Abraham (Peace be upon him) from a town called “Ar” near Kufa on the west bank of the Euphrates in Iraq. Excavations brought to light great details of the town, Abraham’s family, and the prevalent religions and social circumstances.

Ma'lumki, Ibrohim (alayhissalom) Ar'dan Harron tomon, so'ngra esa o'z da'vati uchun markaz qilib olgan Falastin tomon ketdi. U butun hudud bo'ylab sayr qildi. U Misrga borganida, Fir'avn uning xotini Sora'ga yomonlik qilmoqchi bo'ldi, ammo Alloh uni qutqardi va Fir'avnning yovuz rejasi o'ziga qaytdi. Shu tariqa u Sora'ning Allohga kuchli bog'liqligini angladi va uning ulug'vorligini e'tirof etib, Fir'avn qizi Hojarni Sora'ning xizmatiga berdi. Lekin Sora Hojarni Ibrohimga xotin qilib berdi.

It is known that Abrahaml (Peace be upon him) eft Ar for Harran and then for Palestine, which he made headquarters for his Message. He wandered all over the area. When he went to Egypt, the Pharaoh tried to do evil to his wife Sarah, but Allâh saved her and the Pharaoh’s wicked scheme recoiled on him. He thus came to realize her strong attachment to Allâh, and, in acknowledgment of her grace, the Pharaoh rendered his daughter Hagar at Sarah’s service, but Sarah gave Hagar to Abraham as a wife.

Ibrohim Falastinga qaytib keldi, u yerda Hojar Ismoilni tug'di. Sora Hojarga shunchalik hasad qildiki, Ibrohimni ularni — Hojarni va uning chaqaloqni — Hijozdagi, Muqaddas Uy yonidagi, o'ng va chapdan keladigan toshqin suvlar urib turadigan, o'simliksiz vodiydagi kichik tepalikka olib borib tashlashga majbur qildi. U ularga Makkadagi Masjidning yuqori tomoni yaqinida, Zamzam ustida joylashgan baland daraxt soyasidagi joyni tanladi, bu yerda na odamlar, na suv bor edi. U xotini va chaqaloqqa charm xalta, bir oz xurmo va bir ko'za suv qoldirib, Falastinga qaytib ketdi. Ko'p o'tmay, ularning ham oziq-ovqati, ham suvi tugadi, ammo Allohning inoyati bilan suv otilib chiqib, ularni bir muddat ta'minladi. Zamzam bulog'ining butun hikoyasi hammaga allaqachon ma'lum.

Abraham returned to Palestine where Hagar gave birth to Ishmael. Sarah became so jealous of Hagar that she forced Abraham to send Hagar and her baby away to a plantless valley on a small hill in Hijaz, by the Sacred House, exposed to the wearing of floods coming right and left. He chose for them a place under a lofty tree above Zamzam near the upper side of the Mosque in Makkah where neither people nor water was available, and went back to Palestine leaving with his wife and baby a leather case with some dates and a pot of water. Not before long, they ran out of both food and water, but thanks to Allâh’s favour water gushed forth to sustain them for sometime. The whole story of Zamzam spring is already known to everybody.

• l “Ularning ikkalasi ham (Allohning irodasiga) bo‘ysunganda va (Ibrohim) uni peshonasi bilan (yoki qurbonlik uchun bo‘yin tomoni bilan) yerga yotqizganda, Biz unga nido qildik: “Ey Ibrohim! Sen tushingni (ko‘rgan vahiying)ni amalga oshirding!” Albatta, Biz muhsinlarni (yaxshilik qiluvchilarni, ya’ni yaxshi ishlarni faqat Alloh uchun, riyosiz, shuhrat yoki maqtov uchun emas, balki Allohning amrlariga muvofiq qiluvchilarni) shunday mukofotlaymiz. Albatta, bu aniq bir sinov edi — va Biz unga buyuk bir qurbonlik (ya’ni qo‘chqor) evaziga fido berdik”. [37:103–107].

• l “Then, when they had both submitted themselves (to the Will of Allâh), and he had laid him prostrate on his forehead (or on the side of his forehead for slaughtering); and We called out to him: “O Abraham! You have fulfilled the dream (vision)!” Verily! Thus do we reward the Muhsinûn (good-doers, who perform good deeds totally for Allâh’s sake only, without any show off or to gain praise or fame, etc. and do them in accordance to Allâh’s Orders). Verily, that indeed was a manifest trial — and We ransomed him with a great sacrifice (i.e. a ram)” [37:103- 107].

Genesis'da Ismoil Ishoqdan o'n uch yosh katta bo'lgani aytiladi. Qurbonlik hikoyasining ketma-ketligi shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu voqea Ishoqning tug'ilishidan oldin ro'y bergan va Allohning Ibrohimga yana bir o'g'il, Ishoqni berish haqidagi va'dasi butun hikoya bayon etilganidan keyin kelgan. Bu hikoyada kamida bitta sayohat haqida so'z boradi, bu esa Ismoil yigit bo'lishidan oldin bo'lgan. Al-Bukhariy Ibn 'Abbos rivoyati orqali qolgan uchta sayohatni ham keltirgan; ularning qisqacha mazmuni quyidagicha: Ismoil yigit bo'lganida, u Jurhum qabilasidan arabcha o'rgandi. Jurhum qabilasi uni katta muhabbat bilan sevdi va uning onasi vafot etgach, unga o'z qabilasidan bir ayolni xotinlikka berdi. Ibrohim o'g'li va kelini bilan yana ko'rishni istab, Makkaga keldi, ammo Ismoil uyda yo'q edi. U Ismoilning xotinidan eri haqida va ularning ahvoli qanday ekanini so'radi. Kelin qashshoqlikdan shikoyat qildi. Shunda Ibrohim unga erига aytib, eshigini o'zgartirishini so'radi. Ismoil xabarni tushunib, xotinini taloq qildi va Jurhum qabilasi boshlig'i Mudod ibn 'Amrning qiziga uylandi.

It is mentioned in the Genesis that Ishmael was thirteen years older than his brother Ishaq. The sequence of the story of the sacrifice of Ishmael shows that it really happened before Ishaq’s birth, and that Allâh’s Promise to give Abraham another son, Ishaq, came after narration of the whole story. This story spoke of one journey – at least – before Ishmael became a young man. Al-Bukhari, on the authority of Ibn ‘Abbas, reported the other three journeys; a summary of which goes as follows: When Ishmael became a young man, he learned Arabic at the hand of the tribe of Jurhum, who loved him with great admiration and gave him one of their women as a wife, soon after his mother died. Having wanted to see his wife and son again, Abraham came to Makkah, Ishmael’s marriage, but he didn’t find him at home. He asked Ishmael’s wife about her husband and how they were doing. She complained of poverty, so he asked her to tell Ishmael to change his doorstep. Ishmael understood the message, divorced his wife and got married to the daughter of Mudad bin ‘Amr, chief of the tribe of Jurhum.

Mudar qabilalari ikki katta bo‘linmaga ajraldi: Qays ‘Aylon ibn Mudar va Ilyos ibn Mudarning tarmoqlari. Qays ‘Aylondan Banu Sulaym, Banu Hawozin va Banu G‘atafon bo‘lib, ulardan ‘Abs, Zubyon, Ashja‘ va G‘aniy ibn A‘sur kelib chiqqan. Ilyos ibn Mudardan Tamim ibn Murra, Xudayl ibn Mudrika, Banu Asad ibn Xuzayma va Kinona ibn Xuzaymaning tarmoqlari bo‘lib, ulardan Quraysh kelib chiqqan; ular Fahr ibn Molik ibn An-Nazr ibn Kinonaning avlodlaridir.

Mudar tribes branched out into two great divisions: Qais ‘Ailan bin Mudar and septs of Elias bin Mudar. Of Qais ‘Ailan were the Banu Saleem, Banu Hawazin, and Banu Ghatafan of whom descended ‘Abs, Zubyan, Ashja‘ and Ghani bin A‘sur. Of Elias bin Mudar were Tamim bin Murra, Hudhail bin Mudrika, Banu Asad bin Khuzaimah and septs of Kinana bin Khuzaimah, of whom came Quraish, the descendants of Fahr bin Malik bin An-Nadr bin Kinana.

Quraysh bir necha qabilalarga tarmoqlandi, ulardan eng mashhurlari Jumah, Sahm, ‘Adiy, Maxzum, Tayim, Zahra hamda Qusayy ibn Kilabning uchta tarmog‘i edi: ‘Abdud-Dar ibn Qusayy, Asad ibn ‘Abdul ‘Uzza ibn Qusayy va ‘Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy.

Quraish branched out into various tribes, the most famous of whom were Jumah, Sahm, ‘Adi, Makhzum, Tayim, Zahra and the three septs of Qusai bin Kilab: ‘Abdud-Dar bin Qusai, Asad bin ‘Abdul ‘Uzza bin Qusai and ‘Abd Manaf bin Qusai.

‘Abd Manaf o‘z avlodlarini to‘rt qabilaga ajratdi: ‘Abd Shams, Nawfal, Muttalib va Hoshim. Ammo Alloh tanlagan payg‘ambar Muhammad ibn ‘Abdulloh ibn ‘Abdulmuttalib ibn Hoshim ﷺ aynan Hoshim oilasidan edi.

‘Abd Manaf branched out into four tribes: ‘Abd Shams, Nawfal, Muttalib and Hashim. It is, however, from the family of Hashim that Allâh selected Prophet Muhammad bin ‘Abdullah bin ‘Abdul-Muttalib bin Hashim (Peace be upon him).

Payg'ambar Muhammad ﷺ shunday dedilar:

Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said:

Alloh Ismoilni Ibrohimning o‘g‘illari orasidan tanladi, Kinonani Ismoilning o‘g‘illari orasidan, Quraysh qabilasini Kinonaning o‘g‘illari orasidan, Hoshimni Quraysh qabilasining o‘g‘illari orasidan tanladi va meni Hoshimning o‘g‘illari orasidan tanladi ﷺ.

• l “Allâh selected Ishmael from the sons of Abraham, Kinana from the sons of Ishmael, Quraish from the sons of Kinana, Hashim from the sons of Quraish and He selected me from the sons of Hashim”.

Al-‘Abbos ibn ‘Abdulmuttalib Allohning Elchisi ﷺ dan rivoyat qiladi, u zot shunday degan:

Al-‘Abbas bin ‘Abdul-Muttalib quoted the Messenger of Allâh (Peace be upon him) as saying: